Low Energy Lighting Guide for TV Productions - BBC - Homepage
TV Lighting
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Transcript of TV Lighting
TV LIGHTING
What is Light
Light is a form of energy ,that associated with molecular motion
Duel Nature of Light
1. Light Travel in straight rays
2. Light Travel in Packets (photon)
What is Light?Light is made up of different wavelengths of energy. Colour we see falls into the bracket of the visible spectrum.
Red has the longest wavelength and blue has the shortest.
Physical Science 7.3a - The Nature of Light.flv
Light Theory White light is actually made from a mixture of full
red, full green and full blue wavelengths as shown below.
RGB can make all colours in the visible spectrum. Mixing pairs of the primary colours makes the secondary colours (cyan, magenta and yellow).
How We See Light – The Eye Light is gathered through
the pupil and focused by the lens onto the retina.
The retina is covered in light sensitive cells called rods and cones.
Tiny electrical pulses are sent down the optical nerve to the brain where they are assembled into an image.
A Journey Through the Human Eye_ How We See.mp4
How The Eye Deals Detects Light 95% of the retina is made of rods and are
sensitive to luminance (brightness/intensity/black or white info) and work at low light levels only.
5% of the retina is made of cones that are sensitive to chrominance (colour) and work in only good light levels.
This is why in darkness we see black and white and edges.
Process of Vision Animation[1].flv
The Eye There three cones are all sensitive to a different
wavelengths of light. We have cones sensitive to red, green and blue light. We are most sensitive to green, less to red and even
less to blue. We actually see 60% green, 29% red and 11% blue All video devices work on the same principles as the eye
and because we are least sensitive to colour. This is where the most compression is used.
Without light it is virtually impossible to make television images.
Lighting has both a technical and aesthetic function
The right light will create excellent pictures
Objectives of TV Lighting
To fulfill the technical requirement of the system
Lighting must provide sufficient level of illumination for the camera’s
To provide a three dimensional prospective
The TV screen is two dimensional. Depth must be provided through the - use of camera angels
- set design
- Performer blocking
- Proper use of light to emphasize texture, shape and form
To direct attention to important element in a scene
The use of light and shadow can reveal and conceal important elements in the scene ,
The director uses light to guide the
viewer’s attention within a scene.
To establish the mood of a scene
Lighting can provide the viewer with a sense of a scene emotional mood.
To fix the time of the action
It conveys the feeling about time i.e morning, evening, night and season.
Amount of light The amount of lighting a shot will
determine how clearly we see the images
The type of light affects the color
MOOD Lighting affects mood…two messages
can be conveyed in the same room with different lighting.
Video Cameras Video cameras require more light than
other cameras. There must be enough light reflected
off a scene to produce an image.
BRIGHTNESS The intensity or brightness of the light on a
subject affects how well a camera can see it Too little= too dark and underexposed The image will be soft and underexposed Will create a grainy look (this is called
picture noise) Bright light creates sharp and clear images
BASE LIGHT The light that already exists in an environment is
its base light. If you turn the lights off in a room you lower the
base light If you turn more light on then you raise the base
light Base light is often all you will have to work with
but that doesn’t mean you can’t think about lighting
DIRECTION The direction of a light source affects the
way light and shadow fall on a subject. Direction is determines by how you position
both the subject and the lighting fixture. Light from the side produces dimension and
texture where as light coming directly in front (from the angle of the camera) will reduce texture and shape.
QUALITY The quality of light refers to whether it is
hard or soft . Hard light creates sharp and well defined
dark shadows. It brings out the shapes and textures of the
subject Hard light is created by sunlight and
directional focused lighting fixtures
SOFT LIGHT Soft light is diffused and creates very few or
no shadows (like a cloudy day)
COLOR Light also determines the color an object will be White light is an equal mixture of colors across
the full spectrum of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
Our eyes compensate for these differences in color temperature
Cameras don’t The type of light affects the color of the object
Color Temperature Different types of lighting casts a different
temperature of light. Different temperatures cast different color
tints of light. Indoor Lighting generally is 3200 K (Kelvin)
**red** Outdoor Lighting 5600 K **blue**
COLOR TEMPERATURE The exact color and tone of light is called
color temperature Color characteristics are classified on a
KELVIN (K) color temperature scale. This scale measures the degree of red or
blue in the light (not the heat or brightness) The higher the color temperature the more
prominent the blue tones
COLOR TEMP…. As the light gets brighter or as the light
source changes the color temperature changes
Daylight has more blue tones Video lights usually have red tones Lights in homes are even redder Fluorescent lights are green
Color Temperature For example, in the photo on the right,
both sources of light (sunlight on the right; a standard light bulb on the left) normally appear as white light to the eye. It's only when we see them together that we notice that the colors of the two sources of light are quite different.
Color Temperature.flv
Example of Color TemperatureExample of Color Temperature
Warm(2000-3000K
Mid-range(3000-4000K)
Cool(4000K +)
Video Production Lighting _ Color Temperatures in Video Lighting.mp4
Studio and Field Light Levels Although most TV cameras need at least 1000 lux (about 90 FC) of light to produce good quality video in the middle of the lens f-stop range, many can produce acceptable pictures under a few foot-candles of light.
Today, many on-location shoots are done with as little as 30 foot-candles (about 300 lux) of light.
The latest generation of professional video cameras can produce good quality video under less than one foot-candle (less than 10 lux) of light
Intensity Control Through Varying Distance
Light CoherenceCoherence, often called quality, is the hardness or softness of light. Light quality is probably the least understood and the most neglected of the three variables.
In the photos above the objects are exactly the same. Two of the variables of light are also exactly the same: intensity and color temperature. The only difference is the third variable: the coherence of the light. The first photo was shot with soft light, the second with a hard light source.
Hard LightHard light casts a sharp, clearly defined shadow.
When hard light is used to illuminate a face, imperfections in the skin stand out.
The result is less than flattering. But in other applications, such as bringing out the texture in leather, or the engraving on a piece of jewelry, this can be an advantage.
Primary Factor of Lighting
Understand 3 point lighting to illuminate subject, give shape, add texture, fill in harsh shadows and separate from background
Not too large contrast light and dark Create an even base light Working knowledge of two type of instruments Reasonable understanding of color temperature
Measuring Light
Reflected Light- gives shape and texture, paints visual image
We perceive shape and color by what is not reflected
Incident Light- direct path from instrument to subject
Without enough there are black holes
Foot Candles- Light’s Measurement Amount of light collected
in a one foot radius of a standard candle.
Using a light meter, you measure the objects.
Example-Suit 15 ftc/Wall 700 ftc… 46:1 ratio
WHITE BALANCE Most cameras will white balance
automatically but some will have the option to do this manually
To do so you would select the color temperature for the dominant light source,; place a white object or card in that areas; point the camera at the white object completely filling the screen and perform the white balance function
Lighting for Television & Video
Design & Practice
Hue, Saturation, Brilliance
Hue and saturation are the two qualitative differences of physical colors.
The quantitative difference is brilliance, the intensity or energy of the light.
"Color," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Essential character, inherent feature, property
Hue & Saturation
HUE - Actual color: Human color perception is based on only 4 HUES:Yellow, green, blue, & red.
SATURATION: (“chroma”)Amount, strength, purity of color
Computers& TVs
Zettl, H. (2005). Sight, sound, motion: Applied media aesthetics, 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth
The Look & Feel of Lighting
Look sensory, surface properties, visual style; “slick”,
hard, soft, bright, dark, etc.
Feel emotional, subjective, connotative; rhythms,
textures, colors, tonal values
Viera, D. & Viera, M. (2005). Lighting for film and digital cinematography, 2nd ed. Belmont CA: Thompson-Wadsworth.
Aesthetics
Shadows Falloff Color High Key / Low Key lighting Patterns
Patterns
Kukuloris (“Cookies”) or Gobos
24” or 42” sq. panel frame
Shadow projected on background
…and actors in this case
Viera & Viera, p. 35.
Shadows
Shape Location Mood Time, season Texture
Suggest:
Shadows
“Flat” withdiffused source
Directional source, off to side.
What shape are these objects?
Shadows Define Shape & Location
Attached Shadow vs. Cast Shadow:
Gives info on shape of object & where it is relative to its surroundings.
• Where is the light source? • How far from the ground is the cone?
Shadow
Indicates distance, time, mood.
Zettl, H. (2005). Sight, sound, motion: Applied media aesthetics, 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth, p23
Falloff Facial texture
Fast falloff Slow Falloff
Zettl, H. (2005). Sight, sound, motion: Applied media aesthetics, 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth, p28
Ext shadow Time of day
Angle
Predictive Lighting Portends a coming event…
Often used along with predictive sound, music…
Soft & Hard Light
Dramatically different shadows and moods
Background Lighting and Composition
Bkgd. divided into B & W, separates characters
Bkgd. Light used to create composition; where does the light bkgd. lead you?
Photographs, Viera & Viera, p. 34
(The Third Man, Studio Canal Image, 1949) (8 ½, Corinth Films Inc., 1963.)
Background Light The same ¾ key, fill, background set up Different intensity for different moods
Bkgd.
KeyFill
Photographs, Viera & Viera, p. 33
Cameo Black background, subjects sharply set off
from bkgd. No fill, no bkgd light. Sometimes a kicker.
Zettl, p. 43
Chiaroscuro
Zettl, p. 41
Here, light seems to radiate from a single candle hidden behind the
left woman’s hand.
Three functions: Organic, Directional, and Spatial / Compositional.
Back Key- back light is dominant When light comes from behind. Frontal fill
Viera & Viera, p. 25
Eyelight, cont. Without
eyelight, eyes would be lost in shadow.
Give a sense of “aliveness,” twinkle
Viera & Viera, p. 37, 81/2, Corinth Films, Inc. 1963
Eyelight: Do you see a difference?
No eyelight
Eyelight
High Key / Low Key
What kind of lighting is this?
a. Low Key
b. High Key
c. Flat lighting
d. Cameo
Hollywood style lighting
Hollywood style lighting
Silhouette - opposite of cameo
a) Key
b) Back
c) Fill
d) Kicker
e) Background
Shows contour but no volume, no texture.
What’s being used?
Review: Lighting lingo L.D., Gaffer, Best Boy Gaffer:
lighting personnel
“INSTRUMENT”= light
“LAMP”= bulb
Reflectors Flags
Barn doors
Scrims
Gels
Cookies Baselight
fc, lux
Light meters
(gaffer’s tape)
Shadow
Contrast
(Color Temperature)
Thank you!