CMY1501/101/3/2017

Tutorial letter 101/3/2017

Introduction to Criminology: Crime, Offenders and Criminal Behaviour

CMY1501

Semesters 1 & 2

Department of Criminology and Security

Science

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:

This tutorial letter contains important information about your module.

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CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES 4

2.1 Purpose 4

2.2 Outcomes and assessment criteria 4

3 LECTURER AND CONTACT DETAILS 5

3.1 Lecturer 5

3.2 Department 6

3.3 University 6

4 RESOURCES 6

4.1 Prescribed books 6

4.2 Recommended books 6

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) 6

4.4 Library services and resources information 6

4.5 Tutorial offerings at Unisa 7

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES 7

6 STUDY PLAN 8

7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING 10

8 ASSESSMENT 10

8.1 Assessment plan 10

8.2 General assignment numbers 11

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers 11

8.2.2 Due dates for assignments 11

8.3 Submission of assignments 11

8.4 Assignments 14

9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS 35

10 EXAMINATION 35

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 36

12 IN CLOSING 36

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1. INTRODUCTION

Dear Student We are pleased to welcome you to this module and hope that you will find it both interesting and rewarding. We shall do our best to make your study of this module successful. You will be well on your way to success if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments properly. The study material for this module consists of the following:

One study guide

Tutorial letters 101 and 301 at registration and you will receive a number of tutorial letters during the year

A tutorial letter is our way of communicating with you about teaching, learning and assessment. Tutorial letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and assignments for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working through the study material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and addressing questions to your lecturer/s. Please read Tutorial letter 301 in combination with Tutorial letter 101 as it gives you an idea of generally important information when studying at a distance and within a particular college. In this tutorial letter (101), you will find the assignments and assessment criteria as well as instructions on the preparation and submission of the assignments. We have also included certain general and administrative information about this module. Please study this section of the tutorial letter carefully. Right from the start we would like to point out that you must read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and carefully, as they always contain important and sometimes urgent information. Please note that students must visit the myUnisa website for CMY1501 on a regular basis to receive the latest announcements. The postal service has unfortunately become notoriously unreliable of late and it can therefore occur that a student's hard copy tutorial letter never reaches its destination. All information relevant to the module is, however, placed on the myUnisa website and students should therefore never be in a position where they are not aware of any announcements. If you cannot access myUnisa website from a personal computer please visit a Telecentre, an internet café, library or post office where these facilities are readily available. It will be students' own responsibility to ensure that they are up to date with all the relevant announcements regarding CMY1501 placed on the myUnisa website. We hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best!

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2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES

2.1 Purpose The purpose of this module is for students to gain knowledge, problem solving skills and competencies about crime, offenders and criminal behaviour. The curriculum for CMY1501 (module1) covers the following topics:

Understanding the term “ criminology”

Giving an overview of the role of criminologists in South Africa

Sketch the shifting parameters of crime

Describing the juridical and nonjuridical approaches to the study of crime 2.2 Outcomes and assessment criteria Theme 1: What is Criminology? Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the theory and practice of criminology, especially in terms of crime, criminals and criminal behaviour. ASSSESSMENT CRITERIA After you have completed this theme, you will be able to understand the following specific outcomes:

Explain the various schools of criminological thought within the context of Africa and South Africa

Understand the terms, rules, concepts and principles related to crime, criminals and criminal behaviour

Demonstrate awareness of how criminology relates to cognate areas, such as the role of a criminologist, approaches to the study of crime and schools of criminological school of though

Outcomes for Theme 2: Crime in South Africa Students must be able to demonstrate logical understanding of and insight into the prevalence of crime in South Africa. ASSSESSMENT CRITERIA

Sketch the reasons why crime is classified and why it is necessary to produce reliable information on crime

Discuss official crime statistics

Indicate the dropout of offenders as they move through the legal system

Demonstrate the shortcomings in official statistics

Give an overview of crime information according to unofficial sources

Investigate victim surveys

Argue the advantages and drawbacks of victim surveys

Describe self-report studies

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Outcomes for Theme 3: Individuals in the crime situation Demonstrate the ability to construct a profile of the offender and to understand the needs and motives for criminal behaviour ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Define the concept “criminal”

Describe the general profile of the offender with regard to cultural and ethnic diversity, gender and age

Give an overview of key concepts such as “needs”,” drives”, “motivation” and “emotion”

Explain the motivation process

Understand the different categories of needs

Illustrate the different types of crime according to specific emotions Outcomes for Theme 4: Explanation of criminal behaviour Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of crime causation and explanation ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Understand the different dimensions of the causation of criminal behaviour.

Describe the general and specific risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour

Illustrate the application of crime theories in understanding criminal behaviour

Use your knowledge about crime causation and explanation to solve well-defined problems presented scenarios.

3 LECTURE AND CONTACT DETAILS 3.1 Lecturer Professor FJW Herbig Brooklyn House G-06 Veale Street Brooklyn Telephone number 012 433 9527 E-mail address: herbifjw@unisa.ac.za Students are advised to make contact via e-mail so that a record of the communication can be retained. PLEASE NOTE: Letters to lecturers may not be enclosed with or inserted into the same envelopes as assignments.

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3.2 Department Department of Criminology and Security Science P O Box 392 UNISA 0003 Departmental Secretary: Ms. Z. Skhosana – skhoszp@unisa.ac.za (012 429 9434) Administrator: Ms. Z. Groenewald – groenz@unisa.ac.za (012 433 9525) Administrator: Ms. J. Motha – maponjm@unisa.ac.za (012 433 9475) 3.3 University Communication with University If you need to contact the university about matters not related to the content of this module, please consult the publication my Studies @ Unisa which you received with the study material. This brochure contains information on how to contact the university (e.g. to whom you write for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of the times certain facilities are open). Always have your student number at hand when you contact the university.

4 RESOURCES 4.1 Prescribed books There is no prescribed textbook for module CMY1501. This means that you do not have to buy any additional books for CMY1501. You need only study your study guide and tutorial letters. 4.2 Recommended books There are no recommended books for this module. 4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) There are no electronic reserves for this module.

4.4 Library services and resources information

For brief information go to: http://www.unisa.ac.za/contents/studies/docs/myStudies-at-Unisa2017-brochure.pdf

For more detailed information, go to the Unisa website: http://www.unisa.ac.za/, click on Library

For research support and services of Personal Librarians, go to: http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7102

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The Library has compiled numerous library guides:

find recommended reading in the print collection and e-reserves -

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/undergrad

request material - http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/request

postgraduate information services - http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/postgrad

finding , obtaining and using library resources and tools to assist in doing research

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/Research_Skills

how to contact the Library/find us on social media/frequently asked questions -

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask

4.5 Tutorial offerings at Unisa

Please be informed that, with effect from 2013, Unisa offers online tutorials (e-tutoring) to students registered for certain modules at NQF levels 5, 6 and 7. This means qualifying first year, second year and third year modules.

Once you have been registered for a qualifying module, you will (where applicable) be allocated to a group of students with whom you will be interacting during the tuition period as well as an e-tutor who will be your tutorial facilitator. Thereafter you will receive an SMS informing you about your group, the name of your e-tutor and instructions on how to log onto myUnisa in order to receive further information on the e-tutoring process.

Online tutorials are conducted by qualified e-tutors who are appointed by Unisa and are offered free of charge. All you need to be able to participate in e-tutoring is a computer with internet connection. If you live close to a Unisa regional centre or a Telecentre contracted with Unisa, please feel free to visit any of these to access the internet. E-tutoring takes place on myUnisa where you are expected to connect with other students in your allocated group. It is the role of the e-tutor to guide you through your study material during this interaction process. For you to get the most out of online tutoring, you need to participate in the online discussions that the e-tutor will be facilitating.

There are modules which students have been found to repeatedly fail. These modules are allocated face-to-face tutors and tutorials for these modules take place at the Unisa regional centres. These tutorials are also offered free of charge. However, it is important for you to register at your nearest Unisa Regional Centre to secure attendance of these classes.

5. STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES

Free computer and internet access Unisa has entered into partnerships with establishments (referred to as Telecentres) in various locations across South Africa to enable you (as a Unisa student) free access to computers and the Internet. This access enables you to conduct the following academic related activities: registration; online submission of assignments; engaging in e-tutoring activities and signature courses; etc. Please note that any other activity outside of these is for your own costing e.g. printing, photocopying, etc. For more information on the Telecentre nearest to you, please visit www.unisa.ac.za/telecentres.

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Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure. For information on the various support systems and services available at Unisa (including student counselling, tutorial classes and language support), please consult the publication my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material. CONTACT WITH FELLOW STUDENTS Study groups It is advisable to form study groups and to have contact with fellow students. The addresses of students in your neighbourhood are obtainable from: Directorate Student Administration and Registration P.O. Box 392 Unisa 0003 myUnisa If you have access to a computer that is linked to the internet, you can quickly access resources and information at the university. The myUnisa learning management system is Unisa’s online campus that will help you to communicate with your lecturers, with other students and with the administrative departments of Unisa all through the computer and the internet. To go to the myUnisa website, start at the main Unisa website: http://www.unisa.ac.za, and then click on the “Login to myUnisa” link on the right-hand side of the screen. This should take you to the myUnisa website. You can also go there directly by typing in http://my.unisa.ac.za. Please consult the publication: my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material for more information on myUnisa. Tutorials You will be advised in a separate tutorial letter. Video group discussion You will be advised in a separate tutorial letter.

6 STUDY PLAN Use the my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

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Inventory letter At the time of registration, you will receive an inventory letter that will tell you what you have received in your study package and also show items that are still outstanding. Also see the booklet entitled my Studies @ Unisa. Check the tutorial material you received against the inventory letter. You should have received all the items specified in the inventory, unless there is a statement like “out of stock” or “not available”. If any of the items is missing, follow the instructions on the back of the inventory without delay. STUDY MATERIAL The study material for this module consists of the following:

One study guide

Tutorial letters 101 and 301 at registration and others later A study guide In your study guide you will find a number of activities with each study unit. You will also find feedback or answers to all activities at the back of the study guide. The activities form an extremely important part of the module. In the activities you must prove your ability to deal with the subject matter. Thus, it is very important to do these activities as you work through each study unit and assess your answers by using the feedback. Please do not submit these activities to us for marking. If you have any difficulties with any of the activities, please contact us. At the beginning of the study guide you will find detailed instructions on how to use the study guide. Tutorial letters Tutorial letter 101 is an extremely important tutorial letter. It contains very important information regarding the University and the module, as well as all the assignments for this module. You should therefore study Tutorial Letter 101/2017, very carefully. Apart from Tutorial letter 101 and Tutorial letter 301, you will also receive other tutorial letters during the semester. These tutorial letters will not necessarily be available at the time of your registration. Tutorial letters will be dispatched to you as soon as they are available or needed. If you have access to the Internet, you can view the study guides and tutorial letters for the modules for which you are registered on the University’s online campus, myUnisa, at http://my.unisa.unisa.ac.za How do I study the study material? In order to answer the questions posed in the assignments and the activities in the study guide satisfactorily, you should carefully work through the prescribed study material.

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7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING There are no practicals for this module.

8 ASSESSMENT

8.1 Assessment plan All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will automatically receive admission to the examination. Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on the 20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) which will be added to the examination mark to calculate the final mark for this module. No extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments and you are requested not to apply for extension under any circumstances. Assignments are seen as part of the learning material for this module. When you do the assignment, study the reading texts, discuss the work with fellow students or conduct research, you are actively engaged in learning. The assessment criteria given for each assignment will help you to understand what is required of you more clearly. Comments on the two compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module in follow-up tutorial letters. In terms of a decision of Senate and the College of Law all students must submit two compulsory assignments per module. One of the reasons for this is that a student is required to provide proof that he or she “actively studied” before writing examination. Proof of active study regarding registered students must be submitted by the University to the Department of Education before a specific date, and consequently no extension of submission dates for the assignments is possible. Students will also not be permitted to submit assignments after the due date because commentaries on the assignments will be mailed to them in time to enable them to study it for examination purposes. We trust that you have understood this explanation of the system. The importance of the assignments and the fact that they must be submitted on time are factors which you must keep in mind when studying.

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8.2 General assignment numbers This tutorial letter contains two (2) compulsory assignments for each semester: Semester 1: Assignment 01 and 02 Semester 2: Assignment 01 and 02 8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers In addition to the general assignment number (01 or 02), a unique assignment number (e.g. 205207) should also appear on the cover docket of your assignment. First semester Assignment 01: Unique number: 739952 Assignment 02: Unique number: 699431 Second semester Assignment 01: Unique number: 759050 Assignment 02: Unique number: 780876 8.2.2 Due dates for assignments First semester Closing date for assignment 01 is: 3 March 2017 Closing date for assignment 02 is: 7 April 2017 Second semester Closing date for assignment 01 is: 18 August 2017 Closing date for assignment 02 is: 22 September 2017 8.3 Submission of assignments Students may submit assignments either by post or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may not be submitted by fax or e-mail. For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, please refer to the my Studies @ Unisa brochure, which you received with your study package. To submit an assignment via myUnisa

Go to myUnisa

Log in with your student number and password

Select the module

Click on the assignment in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen

Click on the assignment number you want to submit

Follow the instructions

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Please ensure that the following information appears on your assignment cover: Course code Semester code Assignment number Student number Unique number Assignment date You will receive the correct answers to multiple questions automatically. However, comments on compulsory assignments will be sent to all students registered for this module in a follow-up tutorial letter, and not only to those students who submitted the assignments. The tutorial letter number will be 201, 202, and so on. As soon as you have received the comments and feedback please check your answers. The assignments and the comments on these assignments constitute an important part of your learning and should help you to be better prepared for the next assignment and the examination. As stated above - please note that students will not be permitted to submit assignments after the due date because commentaries on the assignments will be mailed to them in time to enable them to study it for examination purposes. How to approach multiple choice questions Please read through the following remarks on answering multiple-choice questions and think about them. Of course, you don’t need to learn them, but please make sure that you understand what is being said. A multiple-choice question is the type of short question with a number of options from which the student has to select the one he or she thinks is correct. The following is a simple example of a multiple-choice question: Which of the following objectives of punishment is/are designed to prevent crime? (1) rehabilitation (2) individual deterrence (3) incapacitation (4) general deterrence (5) all of the above-mentioned options The components of a multiple-choice question consist of - Problem statement or question

(1) rehabilitation (2) individual deterrence

Distracters (3) incapacitation Alternatives (4) general deterrence

Correct answer → (5) all of the above-mentioned options

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The problem statement or question provides the perspective from which, or the context within which you have to work to find the most correct alternative. It gives an indication of how to approach the question. Therefore, always read and consider the problem statement carefully. It is thus the function of the problem statement is to ensure that one alternative is more correct than another. What is the perspective from which or the context within which you have to work to find the most correct alternative or answer to the question in the above example? The key words are objectives of punishment and to prevent crime. In the example, the key words objectives of punishment are important indicators because alternatives 1 to 4 can all be classified as objectives of punishment. You know that all the mentioned objectives of punishment are designed to prevent crime. Therefore, alternative 5 is the most correct answer. Which of the following objectives of punishment is/are designed to prevent crime? It is important to consider all the alternatives from the perspective provided by the problem statement or question. Sometimes students choose one of the first alternatives without even looking at the next. That chosen alternative may be correct (1) rehabilitation in the above example), but one of the later examples may be even more correct in the light of the perspective provided by the problem statement. Bear in mind that the distracters in a multiple-choice question are not necessarily wrong. You must choose the most correct alternative. Note that an incorrect answer does not mean that a mark or a fraction of a mark will be subtracted from the number of correct answers, but merely that no mark is awarded for that answer.

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8.4 Assignments

SEMESTER 01

ASSIGNMENT 01

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 3 MARCH 2017

UNIQUE NUMBER: 739952

CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER

1. Which one of the following statements regarding the limitations of victim surveys is correct?

1. Victims often forget important facts if they are questioned about them soon

after the event 2. Some victims think that nothing can be done about the matter and never

report it 3. Victim surveys reflect the number of offenders, but not the number of

crimes 4. Certain offences are repeatedly committed by different offenders

2. Alternative sources of information are needed to establish the true extent of crime

patterns. Self-report items aim to measure which characteristics?

1. Data-sets and computational methods 2. Chronic criminological activities 3. Attitudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviours 4. Violence and delinquent habits

3. What is the name given to the relatively new criminological technique whereby

multiple advanced computational methods are used to analyse large datasets involving one or more data sources?

1. Data farming 2. Data acquisition 3. Data synthesising 4. Data mining

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4. What can best be used to create graphic representations of the spatial geography

of crime assisting in the analysing and correlating of data to create detailed visuals of crime patterns?

1. Crime reports 2. Case dockets 3. Crime maps 4. Victim surveys

5. Which perspective assumes that men and women ‘are the same’, but women are

denied opportunities to do the same things as men including participation in crime?

1. Radical feminist approach 2. Amalgamated feminist approach 3. Reformed feminist approach 4. Liberal feminist approach

6. This group of offenders is notorious for using their learnt skills to commit various

offences.

1. Criminally violent offenders 2. Culturally violent offenders 3. Pathologically violent offenders 4. Situationally violent offenders

7. These offenders as a group are usually acquainted with their victims by being close relatives, friends, school mates, etc., and seldom have a history of prior offences.

1. Criminally violent offenders 2. Culturally violent offenders 3. Pathologically violent offenders 4. Situationally violent offenders

8. Which statement regarding relative deprivation is correct?

1. Relative deprivation becomes greater when expectations increase or when

capabilities decrease 2. Capabilities usually rise faster than expectations, and therefore relative

deprivation increases and crime rates rise 3. Both of the above 4. None of the above

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9. With regard to gender and crime identify the correct statement.

1. Females behave as aggressively as males when they have the means to do

so and believe that their behaviour is justified 2. Females are less likely to empathise with the victim, in other words, put

themselves in the victim’s place 3. Females are less likely to feel anxious or guilty about behaving

aggressively, and these feelings tend to inhibit aggression 4. Females may feel less freedom than males to express anger and

aggression in the family setting

10. With regard to gender and crime identify the correct statement.

1. Female arrest rates seem to be increasing at a faster pace than that of men 2. Females, under certain circumstances, may be more aggressive than men 3. Women are generally involved in crime of a less serious nature than men 4. All of the above

11. What generally accepted explanation is suggested for the enormous difference in crime committed between the genders?

1. Different methods of socialisation 2. Different levels of opportunity 3. Pathological differences 4. Different levels of frustration and anxiety

12. According to which theory are gender and social class differences linked to the

structure of the family?

1. Differential association 2. Power-control theory 3. Liberal feminist theory 4. Equal opportunity theory

13. Which theory predicts that male-female differences in delinquency will be greater

in patriarchal families and in the lower and working classes where such families are most common?

1. Anomie 2. Power-control theory 3. Biological determinism 4. Postmodern theory

14. Which theory holds that males are substantially more likely than females to have

delinquent friends and tend to be more strongly influenced by delinquent peers than females?

1. Neutralisation theory 2. Power-control theory 3. Differential association 4. Liberal feminist theory

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15. With regard to age and criminality identify the correct statement.

1. Age is inversely related to criminality – young offenders have the highest

crime rate 2. As offenders mature, their offending rate increases 3. Young people are arrested at a proportionate rate to their numbers in the

population 4. Universally there is a tendency for criminal involvement to peak during

adolescence and upscale thereafter

16. With regard to habitual criminals identify the correct statement.

1. The late onset of crime is a risk factor that may contribute to habitual offending patterns

2. Habitual criminals usually only take stock of their lives in their late thirties or early forties

3. Both of the above 4. None of the above

17. Which one of the following can not be regarded as a social factor contributing to

the high crime rate amongst the youth?

1. Peer pressure & social stressors 2. Available funds surpassing material needs 3. Experiences at school & frustration 4. Advertising stimulating materialistic cravings

18. With regard to the needs and motives for criminal behaviour which need

encompasses ‘competence and a sense of belonging’?

1. Biological need 2. Social need 3. Psychological need 4. Materialistic need

19. Emotions are multidimensional, which means that they are studied from many

different points of view. With regard to emotions identify the incorrect statement.

1. They are short-lived 2. They are objective phenomena 3. They are biological reactions 4. They are energy-mobilising responses

20. Emotions consist of four main components. Which one of the following is not a

component of emotion?

1. Feelings 2. Bodily arousal 3. Purposive component 4. Cognition

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21. The terms ‘motive’ and ‘intent’ are often viewed as having the same meaning, but

this is incorrect. Which one of the following statements refers specifically to ‘intent’?

1. It refers to the reason behind an action. 2. It is the causative factor or impetus that drives an action 3. Does not involve conscious deliberation and purposefulness 4. It indicates the desire that a specific result will follow.

22. Maslow’s theory is probably one of the most widely cited theories of motivation. To

which group of motivation theories does it belong?

1. Content theories 2. Instrumental theories 3. Process theories 4. None of the above

23. Which theory holds that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs

can be satisfied?

1. Traits theory 2. Rational choice theory 3. Maslow’s theory 4. Differential association theory

24. Which one of the following is not a component of motivation?

1. Direction 2. Effort 3. Persistence 4. Affection

25. What involves thought, judgement, interpretation and understanding?

1. Cognition 2. Emotion 3. Affection 4. Self-esteem

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SEMESTER 01

ASSIGNMENT 02

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 7 APRIL 2017

UNIQUE NUMBER: 699431

CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER

1. Which theories have gained prominence because of work done in the field of what is known as chronic recidivism and criminal careers?

1. Traits theories 2. Social structure theories 3. Social process theories 4. Rational choice theories

2. Which theories originated in an attempt to explain the link between crime, poverty and unemployment?

1. Social structure theories 2. Traits theories 3. Social process theories 4. Critical/liberal theories

3. Which one of the following is not a branch within the social structure perspective?

1. Social learning theory 2. Social disorganisation theory 3. Strains theory 4. Cultural deviance theory

4. Which one of the following is not a branch of the social process theories?

1. Social learning theory 2. Social control theory 3. Cultural deviance theory 4. Social action theory

5. Cultural deviance theory is a branch within which perspective?

1. Social process theories 2. Social structure theories 3. Traits theories 4. Social action theories

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6. With regard to the motivation factors in relation to rape, power rape can be divided

into how many subcategories?

1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5

7. Which of the following can be regarded as a subcategory of power rape?

1. Power assertion 2. Power minimisation 3. Power internalisation 4. Power assimilation

8. What subcategory of rape is motivated by the rapist’s attempt to resolve lingering doubts about his sexual adequacy and masculinity?

1. Power reassurance 2. Power assertion 3. Power retaliation 4. Power excitation

9. Which one of the following typologies is associated with anger rape?

1. Anger retaliation 2. Anger assertion 3. Anger reassurance 4. Anger management

10. Which one of the following is not regarded as a possible motive for serial rape?

1. Righteousness rape 2. Peer rape 3. Control, supremacy & fantasy rape 4. Greed rape

11. To which possible motive for serial rape does ‘the rapist blaming someone else, such as the victim, for the crimes he has committed, rather than acknowledging his own blame’ relate?

1. Peer rape 2. Righteous rape 3. Fantasy rape 4. Supremacy rape

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12. Envy and possessive jealousy are important motivators of criminal behaviour.

Which one of the following incidents can not be regarded as an example hereof?

1. The Nancy Kerrigan incident 2. The Najwa Petersen incident 3. The Eersterus vigilante incident 4. The Dina Rodrigues incident

13. Xenophobia attacks are usually motivated by which one of the following primary

motives?

1. Revenge 2. Hatred 3. Jealousy 4. Religion

14. In the context of criminal motivation, bias-motivated crimes are also known as …

1. jealousy crimes. 2. revenge crimes. 3. hate crimes. 4. religious crimes.

15. With regard to risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour, and more specifically basic body types (somatotypes), mesomorphs have …

1. a heavy build and are slow moving. 2. well developed muscles and an athletic appearance. 3. small skeletons and weak muscles. 4. a tall appearance with short arms and legs.

16. With regard to risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour, and more specifically basic body types (somatotypes), ectomorphs have …

1. a heavy build and are slow moving. 2. well developed muscles and an athletic appearance. 3. small skeletons and weak muscles. 4. a tall appearance with short arms and long legs.

17. With regard to risk factors contributing to criminal behaviour it is important to understand that even though genetics can instill a predisposition towards certain behavioural traits … … will act as triggers of these dispositions.

1. personality influences 2. physical influences 3. environmental influences 4. intelligence influences

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18. Somatotypes (body types) are characterised by physical and emotional character

traits. Which emotional character trait is associated with an Ectomorph?

1. Aggressive and likely to commit violent crimes 2. Relaxed and extroverted, and relatively non-criminal 3. Introvert and overly sensitive 4. Athletic, muscular and extroverted

19. Somatotypes (body types) are characterised by physical and emotional character traits. Which emotional character trait is associated with a Mesomorph?

1. Aggressive and likely to commit violent crimes 2. Relaxed and extroverted, and relatively non-criminal 3. Introvert and overly sensitive 4. Athletic, muscular and extroverted

20. Considerable research has been done regarding intelligence as a risk indicator of criminal causation. Notwithstanding, the debate between the link between IQ and criminality is controversial and has still not been conclusively proven. What kind of link has research, at most, established between IQ and a predisposition to criminal behaviour?

1. A direct link 2. An indirect link 3. No link at all 4. A weak link

21. Temperament and personality are regarded as important criminal risk predictors.

Which one of the following relates to temperament?

1. Emotions and thoughts that distinguish one person from another 2. Inability to experience empathy 3. Inherent, individual and emotional reaction to challenges and demands 4. Impulsivity and intelligence

22. Lykken (in Schoeman 2002:99) maintains that socialisation comprises three

principal components. Which one of the following is not a component?

1. Conscientiousness 2. Pro-sociality 3. Acceptance of adult responsibility 4. Questioning of adult responsibility

23. With regard to alcohol and drug abuse as risk factors for offending, research has found that young offenders often consume alcohol before committing offences. For what purpose is this done?

1. To provide an alibi 2. To provide an excuse 3. To provide a diversion 4. To provide an incentive

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24. With regard to drug abuse as a risk factor for offending, Conklin (2001) states that

the need to support a drug habit can lead to … crimes.

1. principal 2. violent 3. secondary 4. property

25. The following factors, namely inadequate nutrition, exposure to smoking, alcohol and drugs, as well as violence and abuse are associated with juvenile delinquency and adult crime. What are these risk factors known as?

1. Prenatal risk factors 2. Perinatal risk factors 3. Presumptive risk factors 4. Parental risk factors

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SEMESTER 02

ASSIGNMENT 01

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 18 AUGUST 2017

UNIQUE NUMBER: 759050

CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER

1. Which one of the following is not a contemporary branch of critical criminology?

1. Leftist realism 2. Rightist realism 3. Peacemaking criminology 4. Feminist criminology

2. Which one the following did not contribute to the rise of critical criminology?

1. Labelling theory 2. Conflict sociology 3. Marx’s works 4. Postmodern theory

3. Beccaria & Bentham are considered the founders of which school of

criminology?

1. Positivist school 2. Classical school 3. Feminist school 4. Postmodern school

4. This school of thought accepts the legal/juridical concept of crime, but rejects free will and rational choice.

1. Positivist criminology 2. Classical criminology 3. Peacemaking criminology 4. Radical criminology

5. One of the premises of the social-environment school of thought.

1. It adopts an integrated approach to explain and prevent crime 2. It accepts both the juridical and nonjuridical crime concepts 3. The criminal and the victim are seen as pivotal role players 4. There is no concern with punishment or rehabilitation

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6. They contributed significantly to the development of criminological positivism.

1. Beccaria & Bentham 2. Ferri & Garofalo 3. Guerry & Quetelet 4. Esbenson & Geis

7. The school of thought that considers it unjust to expect victims to protect

themselves against crime.

1. Postmodern criminology 2. Critical criminology 3. Feminist criminology 4. Liberal criminology

8. This type of criminology is not bound to a particular school of thought and rejects

theories based on social class or structure.

1. Postmodern criminology 2. Feminist criminology 2. Critical criminology 4. Liberal criminology

9. This type of crime is representative of an instrumental crime.

1. Rape 2. Assault 3. Selling drugs 4. Sexual violence

10. This type of crime is representative of an expressive crime.

1. Selling drugs 2. Rape 3. Stealing valuables 4. Stealing vehicles

11. The term “dark figure” refers to?

1. Crimes not reported to the police 2. Crimes that are not committed 3. Crimes not investigated by the police 4. Crimes that are committed at night

12. Crime trends refer to?

1. A specific pattern in the incidence of crime 2. The rise and fall of crime in a particular year 3. The falling crime rate in a particular year 4. The classification of crime in a particular year

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13. According the Department of Correctional Services this is the highest crime

category for sentenced children in South Africa.

1. Aggressive crimes 2. Economic crimes 3. Violent crimes 4. Sexual crimes

14. This school of thought is regarded as the fourth great movement in criminology.

1. Liberal criminology 2. New criminology 3. Feminist criminology 4. Postmodern criminology

15. These types of criminology stereotype female criminals as “sick”, implying that

they need treatment, for instance that they are intellectually inferior, have male attributes and are psychologically disturbed.

1. Feminist and liberal feminist criminology 2. Critical and conflict criminology 3. Classic and positivist criminology 4. Left realism and peacemaking criminology

16. The name “Walton” is associated with this school of thought.

1. Critical criminology 2. Feminist criminology 3. Peacemaking criminology 4. Postmodern criminology

17. To whom (an author) can the statement that “all criminology has, to some extent, become positivistic” be attributed?

1. Quinney 2. Turk 3. Cohen 4. Garland

18. With regard to positivist criminology identify the correct statement.

1. The emphasis is on the crime not the criminal 2. The purpose of sanctions is specifically to punish criminals 3. Medical/psychological treatment can prevent crime and victimisation 4. Positivist criminology is valuable for its ability to reduce crime levels

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19. The reliability of positivist findings is called into question because it is rarely

possible, in research procedures, to distinguish accurately between criminals and non-criminals. How many criminals, according to estimation, are ever caught and prosecuted?

1. One in five 2. One in six 3. One in seven 4. One in ten

20. The reliability of positivist findings is called into question because it is rarely possible, in research procedures, to distinguish accurately between criminals and non-criminals. What percentage of criminals, according to estimation, are ever jailed?

1 One percent 2. Three percent 3. Five percent 4. Eight percent

21. This school of thought is regarded as the third movement in the scientific development of criminology

1. Feminist criminology 2. Radical feminist criminology 3. Critical criminology 4. Peacemaking criminology

22. Which school of thought believes in empowering the community through, amongst others, self-defence units and community courts?

1. Critical criminology

2. Postmodern criminology 3. Social milieu criminology 4. Feminist criminology

23. According to Heidensohn (1994) how many crimes worldwide are committed by women?

1. 12% to 15% 2. 10% to 12% 3. 15% to 20% 4. 8% to 11%

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24. Which school of thought focuses, amongst others, on community-based policing,

restorative justice and community-based punishments?

1. Feminist criminology 2. Postmodern criminology 3. Critical criminology 4. Social milieu criminology

25. Criminological perspectives such as rational choice, lifestyle and routine activities can be linked specifically to this school of thought.

1. New rightist criminology

2. Leftist realism criminology 3. Postmodern criminology 4. Conflict criminology

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SEMESTER 02

ASSIGNMENT 02

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS - COMPULSORY

CLOSING DATE: 22 SEPTEMBER 2017

UNIQUE NUMBER: 780876

CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER

1. With regard to the individual-oriented perspectives on the causes of crime, which one of the following advanced scientific apparatus is not used to study the functioning of the brain in living persons?

1. EEG (electroencephalogram) 2. CAT scanner 3. PET scanner 4. ECG (electrocardiogram)

2. Which one of the following options is an assumption of positivism that says that individual differences in behaviour are rooted in factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control of individuals?

1. Free will 2. Biological dimension 3. Determinism 4. Social learning

3. According to research conducted by Nathaniel Palone and James Hennesy,

chronic violent offenders have far higher levels of … …, than the general population?

1. brain dysfunction 2. brain disease 3. brainwave activity 4. brain metabolism

4. Research has determined that the incidence of brain pathology in homicide offenders is … times greater than in the general population.

1. 32 2. 33 3. 34 4. 35

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5. Biochemical factors may play a role in criminal behaviour. Biocriminologists

believe that if diet could be improved the frequency of which one of the following criminal behaviours would be reduced?

1. Aggressive behaviour 2. Deviant sexual behaviour 3. Violent behaviour 4. Predatory behaviour

6. With regard to the relationship between hormones and crime, identify the missing word. Hormones cause areas of the brain to become … sensitive to environmental stimuli.

1. less 2. more 3. increasingly 4. highly

7. With regard to the individual-oriented perspectives on the causes of crime, which

one of the following is not a subdivision of the psychological dimension?

1. Neurophysiological component 2. Volitional component 3. Cognitive component 4. Emotional component

8. A number of components of social cognition have been associated with criminal behaviour. Which one of the following is the ability to see things from another person’s point of view?

1. Locus of control 2. Moral reasoning 3. Empathy 4. Social problem solving

9. A number of components of social cognition have been associated with criminal behaviour. Delinquency appears to be associated with a delay in the development and maturation of which one of the following.

1. Self-control 2. Impulsiveness 3. Problem solving 4. Moral reasoning

10. For criminologists, the theory of moral reasoning (as a cognitive approach to explaining criminal behaviour) is of great importance. Who formulated this theory?

1. Lawrence Kohlberg 2. Richard Walters 3. Albert Bandura 4. Cesare Beccaria

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11. In terms of the social learning approach (for the explanation of criminal behaviour)

aggressive behaviour in adolescents is the result of a distorted dependency relationship with which one of the following.

1. Peers 2. Parents 3. Siblings 4. Friends

12. In relation to emotion and criminal behaviour, research findings indicate that people who are passive and unassertive are … likely to experience intense frustrations and to find themselves in situations where they feel threatened, insecure and powerless. Identify the missing word.

1. highly 2. less 3. more 4. not

13. In relation to emotion and criminal behaviour, which one of the following cannot be regarded as a characteristic of a psychopath?

1. Lack of emotional depth 2. Lack of emotional maturity 3. Lack of remorse or guilt 4. Lack of criminal capacity

14. With regard to parental conflict and broken homes, research by Rankin found that running away, truancy and car theft are strongly related to a which specific type of broken home.

1. A broken home in which both biological parents are missing 2. A broken home in which the biological father is missing 3. A broken home in which the biological mother is missing 4. A broken home where one of the stepparents are missing

15. Identify the correct statement regarding Wells and Rankin’s analysis of fifty

published studies dealing with broken homes and delinquency.

1. The prevalence of delinquency in broken homes is 10% – 15% higher than in intact homes

2. The prevalence of delinquency in broken homes is 15% – 20% higher than in intact homes

3. The prevalence of delinquency in broken homes is 10% – 20% higher than in intact homes

4. The prevalence of delinquency in broken homes is 5% – 15% higher than in intact homes

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16. Identify the correct statement regarding Wells and Rankin’s analysis of fifty

published studies dealing with broken homes and delinquency.

1. There are no consistent differences in the impact of broken homes between girls and boys or between black youth and white youth

2. There are consistent differences in the impact of broken homes between girls and boys and between black youth and white youth

3. There are consistent differences in the impact of broken homes between girls and boys, but not between black youth and white youth

4. There are inconsistent differences in the impact of broken homes between girls and boys and between black youth and white youth

17. Identify the correct statement regarding Wells and Rankin’s analysis of fifty

published studies dealing with broken homes and delinquency.

1. There is no consistent evidence of the negative impact of stepparents on juvenile delinquency

2. There is consistent evidence of the negative impact of stepparents on juvenile delinquency

3. There is conclusive evidence of the negative impact of stepparents on juvenile delinquency

4. There is inconclusive evidence of the negative impact of stepparents on juvenile delinquency

18. Identify the correct statement regarding Wells and Rankin’s analysis of fifty

published studies dealing with broken homes and delinquency.

1. The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency is stronger for minor forms of juvenile misconduct and weakest for serious forms of criminal behaviour (such as crimes of violence)

2. The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency is weaker for minor forms of juvenile misconduct and stronger for serious forms of criminal behaviour

3. The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency is stronger for serious forms of juvenile misconduct and weakest for minor forms of criminal behaviour

4. The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency is weaker for serious forms of juvenile misconduct and strongest for minor forms of criminal behaviour

19. Identify the correct statement in relation to Jenkins’ findings regarding parental

rejection and crime.

1. Parental rejection has a direct effect on the child’s ultimate development of conscience

2. Parental rejection has an indirect effect on the child’s ultimate development of conscience

3. Parental rejection has a direct effect on the child’s ultimate development of bad manners

4. Parental rejection has an indirect effect on the child’s ultimate development of bad manners

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20. Identify the correct statement in relation to Bandura and Walters’ findings

regarding parental rejection and crime.

1. There is an indirect correlation between rejection by hostile fathers and delinquent behaviour

2. There is a direct correlation between rejection by hostile mothers and delinquent behaviour

3. There is an indirect correlation between rejection by hostile mothers and delinquent behaviour

4. There is a direct correlation between rejection by hostile fathers and delinquent behaviour

21. The link between ineffective discipline and delinquent behaviour can follow one of

two directions. Which of the following directions involve the parents continually reprimanding the child’s every move, using verbal threats and expressions of disapproval?

1. Disengaged disciplinary style 2. Enmeshed disciplinary style 3. Authoritarian disciplinary style 4. Fragmented disciplinary style

22. With regard to parental control and crime (specifically the disciplining of children), identify the correct statement.

1. Lax or erratic discipline involving punitive methods was strongly related to

delinquency 2. Erratic discipline, especially the amount involved, is the most important

variable causing delinquent behaviour 3. Inconsistent discipline, either by punitive or love-oriented methods, is

significantly related to non-delinquency 4. Consistent discipline, either by punitive or love-oriented methods, is

significantly related to delinquency

23. A hostile parent is usually not concerned about a child’s emotional wellbeing or about the necessary support and guidance. In many cases parents become concerned about their children’s activities outside the home only when the children are involved in difficulty that … them. Identify the missing word.

1. involves 2. implicates 3. embarrasses 4. threatens

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24. With regard to the role of peer group influences and crime, Yablonsky, in his book,

The violent gang, developed a classification of gangs. Identify the correct permutation.

1. Social gangs, delinquent gangs, and violent gangs 2. Antisocial gangs, delinquent gangs, and aggressive gangs 3. Primary gangs, secondary gangs, and ruling gangs 4. Intimidating gangs, violent gangs, and delinquent gangs

25. With regard to population structure as a factor contributing to crime in South Africa Fergusson found that young people between which ages are twice as likely to become the victims or perpetrators of violent crime?

1. 11 and 18 years old 2. 10 and 17 years old 3. 12 and 19 years old 4. 11 and 17 years old

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9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

In some cases, additional assessment might be available on the myUnisa site for your module. For students attending tutorial sessions, tutors may also set additional tasks and give feedback in class.

10 EXAMINATION For general information and requirements as far as examinations are concerned, see the brochure my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material. Examination admission All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will automatically receive admission to the examination. How will this work in practice? Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on the 20 percent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) which will be added to the examination mark to calculate the final mark for this module. No extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments and you are requested not to apply for extension under any circumstances. Examination period This module is offered in a semester period of 15 weeks. This means that if you are registered for the first semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2017 and the supplementary examination will be written in October/November 2017. If you are registered for the second semester you will write the examination in October/November 2017 and the supplementary examination will be written in May/June 2018. The Examination Section will provide you with information about the examination in general, examination venues, examination dates and examination times during the course of the semester in question. Examination paper You will write one two-hour paper. (On an official examination mark reading sheet as the exams will consist only of multiple choice questions). The paper counts 50 marks. Your examination mark out of 50 will be adapted to a mark out of 100.

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To your examination mark out of 50 your year mark based on the 20 percent of your assignment marks (each one of assignments 01 and 02 counts half – 10 percent – towards the year mark) will be added to calculate your final mark for this module. Certain examination papers may be made available to students - please check the ‘official study material’ tab on myUnisa. You may, however, accept that the self-evaluation questions and activities in the study guide will to some extent help you prepare for the exams. Suggestions on how to approach the examination It goes without saying that in order to achieve success in any examination there is no substitute for a sound knowledge of the subject, which can be attained only by way of a thorough study of the study guide! However, our experience has been that students who apparently have a good knowledge of the subject sometimes fail to obtain a pass mark. It is a good idea first to read carefully through each question on the paper before you attempt to answer it. Our endeavour at all times is to set a paper that will test your knowledge in a fair and proper manner and to maintain sound standards. Therefore students who have obtained a degree from this University may take pride in their achievement.

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study information.

12 IN CLOSING

Please do not hesitate to contact me should you need further academic assistance. Please note that MCQ assignments are not processed in any way by your lecturer. All queries about assignment receipt, marks, examination admission, deferment, sick exams, registration etc, etc. must be directed to the relevant Department/Section/Directorate personally. We hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you the very best! Prof. FJW Herbig