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Transcript of Tutorial 10
Chapter 10 Database Management
Chapter 10 Objectives
Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs
Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs
Identify the qualities of valuable information
Identify the qualities of valuable information
Explain why data is important to an organization
Explain why data is important to an organization
Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file
Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file
Identify file maintenance techniquesIdentify file maintenance techniques
Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach
Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach
Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and
multidimensional databases
Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and
multidimensional databases
Explain how Web databases workExplain how Web databases work
Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators
Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators
Next
Data and Information
How are data and information related?
p. 10.02 Fig. 10-1 Next
processing
data stored on diskStep 1. The member data, including a photograph, is entered and stored on the hard disk.
Step 2. The computer extracts the member data from disk.
Step 3. The receipt is created and printed.
Data is raw facts Information is data that is organized
and meaningful
receipt
Computers process data into information
Add, change,
and delete data
Add, change,
and delete data
CreatedatabaseCreate
database
Sort and
retrieve data
Sort and
retrieve data
Createforms and
reports
Createforms and
reports
Data and Information
What is a database?
p. 10.03 Next
Database software allows you to
Database software allows you to
Collection of data organized so
you can access, retrieve, and
use it
Collection of data organized so
you can access, retrieve, and
use it
Database software also called database management system
(DBMS)
Database software also called database management system
(DBMS)
Click to view animation
Data and Information
What is data integrity?
p. 10.03 Next
Degree to which data is correct Garbage in, garbage
out (GIGO)—computer phrase that means you cannot create correct information from incorrect data
Garbage out
Garbage in
Data integrity is lost
UsefulUsefulAccessibleAccessible
OrganizedOrganized
Data and Information
What are the qualities of valuable information?
p. 10.04 Next
TimelyTimely
VerifiableVerifiable
AccurateAccurate
Cost-effectiveCost-effective
The Hierarchy of Data
What is a hierarchy?
p. 10.05 Fig. 10-2 Next
Database contains files, file contains records, record contains fields, field contains characters
The Hierarchy of Data
What is a field?
p. 10.05 Fig. 10-3 Next
Combination of one or more characters
Smallest unit of data user accesses Field size defines the maximum
number of characters a field can contain
Field name uniquely identifies each field
Data type specifies kind of data field contains
Yes/NoYes/No(also called Boolean)
—only the values Yes or No (or True
or False)
HyperlinkHyperlinkWeb address that links to document or Web page
Yes/NoYes/No(also called BLOB for binary large object)—photograph, audio, video,
or document created in other application such as word processing or spreadsheet
The Hierarchy of Data
What are common data types?
p. 10.06 Next
CurrencyCurrencydollar and cent amounts or
numbers containing decimal values
DateDatemonth, day, year, and
sometimes time
MemoMemolengthy text entries
TextText(also called
alphanumeric)—letters, numbers, or special
characters
NumericNumericnumbers
only
AutoNumberAutoNumberunique number automatically assigned to each new record
The Hierarchy of Data
What is a record?
p. 10.06 Next
Group of related fields
Key field, or primary key, uniquely identifies each record
The Hierarchy of Data
What is a data file?
p. 10.07 Next
Collection of related records stored on disk
key field
records fields
22 Fifth Avenue
P.O. Box 45
15 Duluth Street
33099 Clark Street
1029 Wolf Avenue
Address
Auburn
Clanton
Prattville
Montgomery
Montgomery
City
ALWeinbergJonah3928
ALMarcus4872
ALValesquezAdrian3376
ALMurrayShannon2928
ALVandenbergDonna2295
StateLast NameFirst NameMember ID
Green
Maintaining Data
What is file maintenance?
p. 10.08 Next
Changing recordsAdding records
Deleting records
Procedures that keep data current
Maintaining Data
Why do you add records?
p. 10.08 Fig. 10-5 Next
Add new record when you obtain new data
Maintaining Data
Why do you change records?
p. 10.09 Fig. 10-6 Next
Correct inaccurate data Update old data
Maintaining Data
Why do you delete records?
p. 10.10 Fig. 10-7 Next
When record no longer is needed Some programs remove record immediately,
others flag record
Maintaining Data
What is validation?
p. 10.10 Fig. 10-8 Next
Process of comparing data with a set of rules to find out if data is correct
SAMPLE VALID AND INVALID DATA
10-20-200410-13-2004
10-20-200410-27-2004
Date JoinedTraining Date
ConsistencyCheck
ValesquezLast NameCompletenessCheck
$95.25$39.50Monthly FeeRange Check
3rto936109Postal CodeNumericCheck
Ad33nAdrianFirst NameAlphabetic Check
Invalid DataValid DataField Being Checked
Validity Check
Reduce data entry errors and enhance data integrity before program writes data on disk
Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields
Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields
Maintaining Data
p. 10.11 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Check Digits below Chapter 10
What are the types of validity checks?
Range Check determines whether number is within specified range
Range Check determines whether number is within specified range
Completeness Checkverifies that a required field contains data
Completeness Checkverifies that a required field contains data
Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value
Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value
Alphabetic/Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered
Alphabetic/Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered
Isolated data—data stored
in separate files so it is difficult to
access
Isolated data—data stored
in separate files so it is difficult to
access
File Processing Versus DatabasesWhat is a file processing system?
p. 10.11 Next
Data redundancy—
same fields stored in
multiple files
Data redundancy—
same fields stored in
multiple files
Each department or
area within organization
has own set of files
Each department or
area within organization
has own set of files
May have weaknessesMay have
weaknesses
Records in one file may not relate to
records in any other file
Records in one file may not relate to
records in any other file
File Processing Versus DatabasesWhat is the database approach?
p. 10.12 Fig. 10-9 Next
Many programs and users can share data in database Secures data so only authorized users can access
certain data
File Processing Versus DatabasesWhat are the strengths of the database approach?
p. 10.13 Next
Reduced data
redundancy
Reduced data
redundancy Improved data
integrity
Improved data
integrityShared
dataShared
dataEasier accessEasier access
Reduced development
time
Reduced development
time
File Processing Versus DatabasesHow do a database application and a file processing application differ in the way they store data?
p. 10.13 Fig. 10-10 Next
File Processing Example
Database Example
Database Management Systems
What are popular database management systems (DBMSs)?
p. 10.14 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Database Management System below Chapter 10
Personal computer, midrange server, mainframe
IBM CorporationDB2
Personal computer, midrange server, mainframe
IBM CorporationInformix
ServerMicrosoft CorporationSQL Server
Personal computer, midrange server, PDA
Sybase Inc.Sybase
Personal computer, midrange server, mainframe, PDA
Oracle CorporationOracle
Personal computer, midrange server, mainframe
Computer Associates International, Inc.
Ingres
Personal computer, server, PDAMicrosoft CorporationAccess
Computer TypeManufacturerDatabase
Database Management Systems
What is a data dictionary?
p. 10.14 Fig. 10-12 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Data Dictionary below Chapter 10
Contains data about each file in database and each field within those files
Database Management Systems
What is a query?
p. 10.16 Fig. 10-13 Next
Request for specific data from a database
Query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify data to display, print, or store
Step 1. Select the fields you want to display in the resulting query.
Step 2. Assign a name to the query, so you can open it later.
Step 3. View query on the screen.
Database Management Systems
What is a query by example (QBE)?
p. 10.17 Fig. 10-14 Next
Program retrieves records that match criteria entered in form fields
Query by example screen
criteriaQuery results
Has a graphical user interface that assists users with retrieving data
Database Management Systems
What is a form?
p. 10.17 Fig. 10-15 Next
Window on screen that provides areas for entering or changing data in database
Used to retrieve and maintain data in a database
Form that sends data across network or Internet is called e-form, short for electronic form
Database Management Systems
What is a report generator?
p. 10.18 Fig. 10-16 Next
Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve data into report design, then display or print reports
Also called report writer
Database Management Systems
What is data security?
p. 10.18 Next
Read-only privilegesuser can
view data, but cannot change it
Read-only privilegesuser can
view data, but cannot change it
DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access
data
DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access
data
Access privileges
define activities that specific user or group of users
can perform
Access privileges
define activities that specific user or group of users
can perform
Full-update privileges user can view and
change data
Full-update privileges user can view and
change data
Database Management Systems
What are backup and log?
p. 10.19 Fig. 10-17 Next
Backup is a copy of the entire database
Log is a listing of activities that change database contents DBMS places three items
in log: before image, actual change, and after image
before image
change
after image
Database Management Systems
What is a recovery utility?
p. 10.20 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Backup and Recovery below Chapter 10
Uses logs and/or backups to restore database when it is damaged or destroyed
Rollforward— DBMS uses log to re-enter changes made to data-base since last save or backup
Also called forwardrecovery
Rollback— DBMS uses log to undo any changes made to database during a certain period of time
Also called backwardrecovery
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What is a data model?
p. 10.20 Fig. 10-18 Next
Rules and standards that define how database organizes data
Defines how users view organization of data
Three popular data models Relational Object-oriented Multidimensional
DATA MODELS FOR POPULAR DBMSs
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What is a relational database?
p. 10.20 Fig. 10-19 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Relational Databases below Chapter 10
Stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns Each row has primary key Each column has unique name
Stores data relationships Uses specialized terminology
DATA TERMINOLOGY
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What is a relationship?
p. 10.21 Fig. 10-20 Next
Connection within data
Click to view animation
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?
p. 10.22 Fig. 10-21 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click SQL below Chapter 10
Allows you to manage, update, and retrieve data Has special keywords and rules included in SQL
statementsSQL statement
SQL statement results
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What is an object-oriented database (OODB)?
p. 10.22 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Object-Oriented Databases below Chapter 10
Advantages
Often uses object query language (OQL)
Stores data in objectsObject is item that contains data, as well as actions that read or process data
Can store more types of dataCan access data faster
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What are examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented database?
p. 10.22 Next
Multimedia databasesMultimedia databases
Store images, audio clips, and/or video clips
Store images, audio clips, and/or video clips
Groupware databasesGroupware databases
Store documents such as schedules, calendars, manuals,
memos, and reports
Store documents such as schedules, calendars, manuals,
memos, and reportsComputer-aided design (CAD) databasesComputer-aided design (CAD) databases
Store data about engineering, architectural,
and scientific designs
Store data about engineering, architectural,
and scientific designs
Hypertext databasesHypertext databases
Contain text links to other documentsContain text links to other documents
Hypermedia databasesHypermedia databases
Contain text, graphics, video, and sound
Contain text, graphics, video, and sound
Web databasesWeb databases
Link to e-form on Web pageLink to e-form on Web page
What is a multidimensional database?
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
p. 10.23 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Multidimensional Databases below Chapter 10
Stores data in dimensions
Multiple dimensions, also called hypercube, allow users to analyze any view of data
Can consolidate data much faster than relational database
Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
What is a data warehouse?
p. 10.24 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Data Warehouses below Chapter 10
Data mart is smaller version of data warehouse
Uses multidimensional databases
Often uses a process called data mining to find patterns and relationships among data
Huge database system that stores and manages data required to analyze historical and current transactions
Quick and efficient way to access large amounts of data
Web Databases
What is a Web database?
p. 10.24 Fig. 10-23 Next
Database you access through the Web by filling in a form on a Web page
Usually resides on a database server, a computer that stores and provides access to a database
Click to view video
Web Databases
How might a search engine interact with a Web database?
p. 10.25 Fig. 10-24 Next
Step 1. Browser sends search text to Web server.
Step 2. Web server sends search text through a CGI script to database. Database retrieves list of hits that contains search text and sends it through CGI script back to Web server.
Step 3. Web server sends list of hits to browser.
Click to view video
3. Design the fields for each table2. Design the tables
1. Determine the purpose of the database1. Determine the purpose of the database
4. Determine the relationships among the tables
4. Determine the relationships among the tables
Design tables on paper first Each table should contain
data about one subject
Database Administration
What are guidelines for developing a database?
p. 10.26 Next
Be sure every field has a unique primary key
Use separate fields for logically distinct items
Do not create fields for information that can be derived from entries in other fields
Allow enough space for each field Set default values for frequently
entered data
Database Administration
What is the role of the database analyst and administrator?
p. 10.27 Next
Click to view Web Link,then click Database Administrators below Chapter 10
Database analyst (DA)Database analyst (DA) Database administrator (DBA)Database administrator (DBA) Focuses on meaning and
usage of data Decides proper placement
of fields, defines relationships, and identifies users’ access privileges
Creates and maintains data dictionary, manages database security, monitors database performance, and checks backup and recovery procedures
Summary of Database Management
Chapter 10 Complete
How data and information are valuable assets to an organization
How data and information are valuable assets to an organization
Methods for maintaining high-quality data
Methods for maintaining high-quality data
Assessing the quality of valuable information
Assessing the quality of valuable information
Advantages of organizing data in a database
Advantages of organizing data in a database
Various types of databasesVarious types of databases
Role of the database analysts and administrators
Role of the database analysts and administrators