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CHAPTER – 14

TURMERIC

1. Introduction

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is native to Asia and India. The tuberous rhizomes or underground stems of turmeric have been used from antiquity as condiments, a dye and as an aromatic stimulant in several medicines. Turmeric is very important spice in India, which produces nearly entire whole world’s crop and consumes 80% of it. India is by far the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world. Turmeric occupies about 6% of the total area under spices and condiments in India.

World scenario

Turmeric is also cultivated in China, Myanmar, Nigeria and Bangladesh. However, authentic figures about area and production are not available. Major area is in India which constitutes 82% followed by China (8%), Myanmar (4%), Nigeria (3%) and Bangladesh (3%) Indian scenario There is an increase from 162.9 thousand ha in 2001-02 to177.5 thousand ha in 2005-06. Similarly, the production has increased from 552.3 thousand tons in 2001-02 to 846.7 thousand tons in 2005-06.The details are given in table 14.1.

Table 14.1: Area, production and productivity of turmeric in India

Source: http://www.indianspices.com/pdf/state_prd.pdf

2. Major producing states with production of last three years

The main turmeric producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Gujarat and Kerala. Maximum area under turmeric cultivation is in Andhra Pradesh (69.9 thousand ha), where production is very high ie.518.5 thousand tons. Then comes Tamil Nadu (area 25.9 thousand ha and production is 143.3 thousand tons), followed by Orissa and West Bengal (area is 24.0 thousand ha and 11.8 thousand ha respectively whereas production is 57

YEAR AREA ( 000’ha)

PRODUCTION (000’tons)

PRODUCTIVITY (tons/ha)

2001-02 162.9 552.3 3.3 2002-03 149.8 526.4 3.5 2003-04 150.7 567.2 3.7 2004-05 158.4 718.1 4.5 2005-06 177.5 846.7 4.7

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thousand tons. and 25 thousand tons. respectively) Productivity of turmeric like ginger is highest in Gujarat. The details are given below in the table 14.2 Table 14.2: Area, production and productivity of leading turmeric growing states in India

AREA (000’ha)

PRODUCTION (000’tons)

PRODUCTIVITY (tons/ha)

STATE

2003-04

2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Andhra Pradesh

58.4 60.3 69.9 320.6 417.8 518.5 5.4 6.9 7.4

Tamil Nadu 16.1 21.6 25.9 67.2 118.4 143.3 4.1 5.4 5.5

Orissa 23.7 23.5 24.0 56.4 55.9 57.0 2.3 2.3 2.3

West Bengal 12.6 12.4 11.8 24.5 24.4 25.0 1.9 1.9 2.1

Karnataka 5.4 5.4 5.4 26.3 26.3 26.3 4.8 4.8 4.8

Gujarat 0.95 1.02 1.4 11.1 14.1 16.5 11.6 13.8 11.7

Kerala 2.7 2.8 3.3 5.6 6.2 8.2 2.0 2.2 2.4

Sikkim 0.51 0.52 0.67 1.7 1.74 3.6 3.3 3.3 5.3

Others 30.3 30.9 35.2 53.8 53.4 48.3 1.7 1.7 1.3

Total 150.7 158.4 177.5 567.2 718.1 846.7 3.7 4.5 4.7

Source: http://www.indianspices.com/pdf/state_prd.pdf

3. Commercially grown varieties

There are about 30 turmeric varieties grown in India. Among them Alleppey and Madras (Perianadan) are of great commercial importance. Some of the improved varieties are: CO-11983, BSR-11986, Krishna, Roma, Suroma, Ranga, Rasmi, Megha Turmeric-1, Suguna, Sudarshana, Suranjana, Duggirala, Kodur, Suvarna, Varna, IISR Prabha, IISR Pratibha, Rajendra Sonia etc. Description of some of the varieties is given below: Table 14.3: Some of the commercial and improved varieties Variety Characteristics

Alleppey Highly coloured variety.It is grown in Kerala and is marketed as Alleppey turmeric. Duggirala A long duration type (9 months), major variety of Andhra Pradesh. Rhizomes are

bright yellow in colour.Grown mostly in Guntur district. Yield of raw material 25 tons./ha.

Armoor Mostly grown in Nizamabad district of Andhra Pradesh. Medium duration type. Yield of raw material 25-30 tons/ha.

Suvarna This is a high yielding type released by IISR, Calicut. It has yield potential of 43 tons/ha.It has also high curcumin content of 8.7%

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4. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)

• Use of improved cultivars namely, Suvarna, Suguna, Sudharshana, Prabha and Pratibha. • For control of shoot borer namely, application of insecticides and biopesticides (Bacillus

thuringiensis product) need to be used. • Proper technologies for the storage of seed rhizomes, seed treatment with fungicides and

insecticides and use of leaf mulches should be adopted. 5. Harvesting season of crop

Fig. - 34 *The above graph showing harvest pattern in leading turmeric growing states. Source: http://www.indianspices.com/ 6. Arrival pattern Turmeric is available in the markets almost throughout the year. 7. (a) Concentrated pockets The details of concentrated pockets of turmeric in different states are given below in table 14.4. Table 14.4: Showing concentrated pockets of turmeric in India.

State Districts Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah, Adilabad, Medak, Nizamabad, Guntur Gujarat Kheda, Anand, Sabarkantha Kerala Wayanad, Palakkadu, Idukki, Kollam,Kozhikode Tamil Nadu Karur,Villupuram,Coimbatore,Salem,Dharmapuri,Krishnagri,Erode Orissa Gajapati,Kalahandi,Keonjhar,Koraput,Belasore,Mayurbhanj,

Phulbani,Nayagarh,Cuttack. 7. (b) Catchment areas of market Table 14.5: Showing the details of catchment areas of market of turmeric in leading states

States Districts Blocks Andhra Pradesh

Cuddapah Jammalamdugu, Proddatur, Muddanaru, Kamalapuram, Lakkireddipalle, Rajampet, Rayachoti, Koduru.

STATES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu Orissa West Bengal Karnataka Gujarat

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States Districts Blocks Adilabad Boath, Mudhol, Nirmal, Utnur, Sirpur, Chinnur, Lakshettipet,

if b dMedak, Dubak,Mirdoddi,Siddipet,Sadaseopet,Zanirabad,Sangareddi,Narsapur,

Nizamabad Madnur,Bodhan,Banola,Banswada,Kamareddi,Yellareddi, d

Guntur Piduguralla, Prattipadu, Ponnuru, Pallapatla, Repalle, Manglagiri, Puru, Vinukonda, Durgi.

Kheda, Kapadwanj, Balasinor, Tharsa, Madhudha, Mehmedabad, Matar.

Anand Sojitra,Umrath,Khambhat,Borsad,Sarsa,Tarapur,Undel,Vadtl

Gujarat

Sabarkantha Khedbrahma, Vijaynagar, Vadali, Idar, Bhiloda, Himatnagar, Prantij, Meghraj, Malpur, Bayad, Dhansura.

Wayanad Thavinhal,Valatl,Hatika,Puthady,Kalpetta,Chegual,Thariode, Vallarimela,Koltappadi,Vayittri.

Palakkad Tudikki,Mukkali,Korgad,Pallavur,Chittadi,Mudarachal, Parambikolam, Elattodu, Kollangod, Naitala, Chittur

Idukki Painavu,Nadunkandam,Devikulam,Todupulai,Piramad.

Kollam Tekku,Todi,Karupra,Veliyam,Kanur,Anchal,Pallinam, li i k

Kerala

Kozhikode Chekkiad,Valayam,Mariyur,Kottur,Pudipaddi,Vavad, Kuruvattur, Mavur, Olavanna.

Karur Paramatti,Muntipalavau,Thantoni,Mayanur,Panjapatti, Kadavur, Kulittatai, Kadavur, Kulittatai, Krishnarayapuram

Villupuram Avalurpettai,Gingee,Sankarapuram,Kallakkurichchi, Ulundurpettai, Tirukkovilur, Vlundurpetti, Vanum,Vallam

Coimbatore Muttuppalaiyam,Avinashi,Tiruppur,Palladam,Udumallaippettai,Pollachi l i

Salem Mettur, Yercaud, Idappadi, Omalpur, Attur, Gangavalli, Sankagiri

Tamil Nadu

Dharmapuri Pennagaram, Harur, Pappireedipatti, Palakkodu, Pochampalli Kalahandi Dharamgarh, Bhawanipatna, Lanjigarh, Jayapatna

Koraput Kotapad,Boriguma,Jaypur,Machhakund,Nandapur,Singpuru,Bagra, Rayisingi,Jalaput,Gupteshwar.

Orissa

Mayurbhanj Hemagiri, Banel, Panposh, Raj Gangpur,

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8. Criteria and description of grades

a) AGMARK standards for rhizomes

Table 14.6: AGMARK standards for turmeric rhizomes a

Grade Flexibility

Broken pieces, fingers<15 mm

Foreign matter

Defectives Percentage of bulbs by weight, max.

No more than (% by weight)

No more than (% by weight)

No more than (% by weight)

Alleppey fingers b

Good Hard to touch 5 1 3 4 Fair Hard 7 1.5 5 5 Fingers, other than Alleppey b

Special Hard to touch, metallic twang on break

2 1 0.5 2

Good Same 3 1.5 1 3 Fair Hard 5 2 1.5 5 “Rajapore” fingers c

Special Hard to touch, metallic twang on break

3 1 3 2

Good Same 5 1.5 5 3 Fair Hard 7 2 7 5 Non specified - - 4 - -

Bulbs d

Special - - 1 1 - Good - - 1.5 3 - Fair - - 2 5 - ahttp://www.turmeric.8m.com/standards.html b: Fingers shall be of secondary rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.; shall be well set and close grained; free from bulbs; be perfectly dry and free from weevil damage and fungus attack; not be artificially coloured with chemicals. c: same as (b); have the characteristics of the variety; admixture of varieties of turmeric allowed at a maximum of 2%, 5%, 10% and 10% in the four grades, respectively.

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d: Bulbs shall be primary rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.; shall be well developed, smooth and free from rootlets; have the characteristics of variety; be perfectly dry and free from weevil damage and fungus attack; not be artificially coloured with chemicals b) Agmark standard for turmeric powder Table 14.7: Grade designation and definitions of quality of Turmeric Powder

Special Characteristics Grade designation

Moisture % by wt

Total ash %by wt max

Acid insoluble ash, %by wt max

Lead (ppm) max

starch % by wt max

chromate test

General Characteristics

Standard 10.0 7.0 1.5 2.5 60.0 Negative 1. Turmeric powder shall be prepared by grinding clean, dry turmeric rhizomes.2. It shall have its characteristic taste, flavour and be free form musty odour.3. It shall be free form dirt, mould growth & insect infestation.4. It shall be free from any colouring matter such as lead chromate, preservatives and extraneous material such as cereal or pulse, ,flour or any added starch. 5. It shall be ground to such a fineness that all of it passes through a 300 microne sieve.

Source: http://www.turmeric.8m.com/standards.html

Table 14.8: Grade designation and definitions of quality of Turmeric Powder (Coarse Ground)

Grade designation Grade designation

Moisture % by wt

Total ash %by wt max

Acid insoluble ash, %by wt max

Lead (ppm) max

starch % by wt max

chromate test

General Characteristics

Standard 10.0 9.0 1.5 2.5 60.0 Negative

1. Turmeric powder shall be prepared by grinding clean, dry turmeric rhizomes.2. It shall have its characteristic taste, flavour and be free form musty odour.3. It shall be free form dirt, mould

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growth & insect infestation.4. It shall be free from any colouring matter such as lead chromate, preservatives and extraneous material such as cereal or pulse, flour or any added starch.5. It shall be ground to such fineness that all of it passes through a 500 micron sieve.

Source: http://www.turmeric.8m.com/standards.html c) European Spice Association (ESA) quality and sanitation specifications Table 14.9: ESA quality specifications

Turmeric S.No. Specification

Whole Ground

1 Extraneous matter % 1 1

2 Foreign matter % 2 2

3 Ash % w/w max (ISO) 8 (BSI) 9(ISO)

4 Acid insoluble ash % w/w max 2(BSI) 2.5 (ESA)

5 Maximum water % w/w max 12(BSI) 10 (ISO)

6 Volatile oil 2.5(BSI) 1.5 (ESA)

7 Microbe

c. Salmonella abs in 25 g, yeast &

molds

d. E. coli

105/g target, max 106/g absolute

102/g target, max 103/g absolute

Source:http//www.espspices.org/content/pdts/ESAQualityMinimalDocument191104.pdp

BSI : Bureau Standards Institute

ESA : European Spices Association

ISO : International Organization for Standardization

d) ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) Cleanliness Specifications for Turmeric: Turmeric exported to USA should conform to the cleanliness specification stipulated by the American Spice Trade Association (ASTA)

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Whole Insects dead(by count)

Excreta Mammalian (mg/lb)

Excreta Other (mg/lb)

Mold % (wt)

Insect defiled infested (% wt)

Extraneous Foreign Matter(%/Wt)

3 5.0 5.0 3.0 2.50 0.50 9. Packaging and its details

(a) For exports Packaging is normally done in clean gunny bags and it should be polythene laminated gunny bags. (b) For domestic markets For domestic markets, turmeric are packed in gunny bags and jute sacks.

10. Distribution of produce from primary to terminal market

Turmeric grown in southern states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh find major markets in states like Maharashtra, M.P, U.P, and further goes to Delhi, Punjab and Haryana.

Turmeric grown in Gujarat is distributed in nearby markets of Rajasthan. Turmeric from Orissa and West Bengal finds markets in Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar etc. Turmeric from Sikkim is distributed in North Eastern states.

11. Price graph of turmeric

Price Graph of Turmeric in leading states

0500

1000150020002500300035004000

Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka

States

Pric

e (R

s./Q

tl.)

janfebmaraprmayjunejulyaugsepoctnovdec

Fig. - 35

*The above graph showing the price (in Rs./Qtl.) of turmeric in leading states

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12. Exports and export potential

A. Domestic strengths for exporting turmeric Domestic strengths for exporting turmeric are given below:

India is a largest producer of turmeric in the world. India has bred improved and high yielding cultivars of turmeric India is in dominant position as far as production; trade etc. of turmeric is concerned. There is a strong research support for cultivation of turmeric on scientific lines, as Indian

Institute of Spices Research is located in Callicut and also State Agricultural Universities in various states.

More than 80% of turmeric is cultivated in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states. APEDA has sanctioned an Agri Export Zone for turmeric in Orissa state to enhance

export of turmeric from the state B. Export

India has monopoly in turmeric trade at world level. Although India is the largest producer of turmeric in the world (846700 tons) but it exported only 6% of the total production. India, exported 51500 tons of turmeric during 2006-07. This is substantial compared to 37,644 tons during 2003-04. (Table 14.10 & Fig. 36).

Table 14.10: Export of turmeric from India

Year Quantity(tons) Value(Rs. Lakh) 2003-2004 37044.3 13111.72004-2005 43096.6 15625.02005-2006 46404.9 15286.02006-2007 51500.0 16480.0

Source: Spices Board, Cochin.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Qua

ntity

in to

ns

2003

-200

4

2004

-200

5

2005

-200

6

2006

-200

7

Years

Export of turmeric from India

Fig. - 36

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C. Export potential Present exports and export potential of turmeric, region wise is discussed in the following pages:- (i) GCC countries

India exported 9550 tons of turmeric to GCC countries. UAE imported maximum quantity of 7823 tons, whereas Saudi Arabia imported 1406 tons and Kuwait 320 tons. Export potential should be further exploited by exploring exports to Bahrain, Oman and Qatar.

(ii) Middle East countries

Exports of turmeric was mainly to Iran (6094 tons), Egypt (2057 tons), Morocco (736 tons), Israel (632 tons) etc. amounting approx. to 9821 tons. India must also explore the opportunity of exporting to Turkey, Algeria, Kenya, Yemen, Jordan etc.

(iii) European countries

Turmeric was exported to EU countries up to 9508 tons, the largest importers were UK (2896 tons), Netherlands (1816 tons), Germany (1155 tons), France (627 tons) etc. Turmeric was also exported to East European countries like Russia (567 tons) and Poland (47 tons). Export of turmeric needs to be explored in remaining European countries as there is huge potential for export.

(iv) ASEAN countries

Some amount of turmeric was also exported to ASEAN countries comprising Malaysia (2263 tons) and Singapore (622 tons). Export needs to be pursued in Philippines, also. There is no scope of exporting to Indonesia.

(v) Pacific Rim countries and China

India exported 2631 tons of turmeric to Japan as per APEDA database. There are no authentic figures about exports of Indian turmeric to South Korea and Australia, but as per Comtrade database India exported 267 tons to South Korea and 462 tons to Australia.Further exports to these countries need to be tried, but there is no potential of exporting to China, as this country is itself an exporting country.

(vi) U.S.A and Canada

India exported 2460 tons of turmeric to USA and 347 tons to Canada during 2006. Efforts for further enhancement of exports must be made.

Since India is exporting only 6% of its total production, therefore adequate campaign needs to be launched highlighting healing properties of turmeric for boosting exports of turmeric. Export of turmeric needs to be further explored in Central and South American countries.

D. Measures for enhancing competitiveness in exports-

Following measures are likely to enhance the competitiveness in export of turmeric. • As far as turmeric is concerned, India is in dominant position; however, it has to maintain its

position with other future competitors like Indonesia, China, etc. • India must enhance its product quality, cleanliness of fingers, etc.

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• India must also improve total productivity to remain in dominant position, so that it continues to supply at most competitive prices. For this, the area under high yielding cultivars needs to be increased by supplying micro tubers multiplied through tissue culture.

13. Documents required for exports

a) Documents related to goods

a) Invoice b) Packing List c) Certificate of origin

b) Documents related to shipment

a) Mate Receipt b) Shipping Bill c) Bill of handing d) Airway Bill

c) Documents related to Payment

a) Letter of Credit (L/C) b) Bill of Exchange

d) Documents related to quality of goods

a) Phytosanitary Certificate b) GLOBALGAP Certification c) Health Certificate

e) Organic Certification

- Certificate indicating material produce is based on organic farming.

f) Documents related to Foreign Exchange Regulations

GR Form: Documents required by RBI which assures to RBI that the exporter will realize

the proceeds of goods within 180 days from the date of Shipment.

g) Other Document

Bank Realization Certification (BRC): This is the advice given by Foreign Exchange Bank

after the realization of money from Importer.

14. Chain of events (pack house up to shipment)

Harvesting

Cooking

Curing

Drying

Polishing

Packing

Storage

Shipment

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15. Price prevailing in international markets

The given below tables shows the annual average price range of turmeric in EU markets. The table 14.11 shows the pricing trend in the markets of EU countries.

Table 14.11: Summary of prices for turmeric in target markets for India

Annual Average price Range (2003-08) Country Currency

USD/kg 0.84 to 1.73 EU INR/kg 38.15 to 78.08

Source: Comtrade Database 16. Cost Calculation from harvest to packhouse to port

Cost estimates for exports of turmeric from India (as per information collected during 2008)

(a) Procurement price*: Approx. price (Rs. /kg) : 30-40 *Price of turmeric varies according to variety, month of procurement

(b) Charges for sorting/grading, processing/grinding, packing, transport etc. (below in

table):

Table 14.12: Charges for sorting/grading, processing/grinding, packing, transport, etc.

Particulars (Cost per kg) 20’ container (12500 kg)

Sorting / Grading 3.0

Processing / grinding 3.5

Packing (includes cost of packing material) 4.0

Loading truck/container 2.0

Transport to port includes C & F 2.0

Total 14.5

Source: Spices Board, Cochin

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(c) Sea freight charges*: Freight rates for ordinary container are as follows:

Ordinary containers (Rates in US dollars) 20’ 40’

(i) Dubai/Doha 600 900 (ii) Kuala Lampur/Singapore 100 175 (iii)Flaxo (UK)/Amsterdam 900 1450 * It varies from year to year /season to season, capacity of container and distance covered.