Bloody Sunday• Czar Nicholas II ordering troops to fire on peaceful protesters who

attempted to encourage him to enact Enlightened reforms.

The Duma• A body intended to represent the Russian people, but would be

disbanded every time critical of Czar Nicholas.

Alexander Kerensky• Established a provisional government after Czar Nicholas. Shared

power with soviets, that proved to be ineffectual.

Soviets• Local councils during the Russian Revolution.

Bolsheviks• Socialist party led by Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution.

Vladimir Lenin• Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks, issued April Theses.

April Theses• Issued by Vladimir Lenin which demanded peace, land for peasants,

and power to the soviets.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk• Treaty between the Soviets and Germany which a huge peace of

western Russia was ceded to Germany, so Russia dropped out of World War I and was not apart of the negotiation during the Treaty of Versailles.

Soviet Union• Baltic republics, Ukraine, Siberia, and other parts of the former

Russian Empire.

Red Army• Military force under the command of Leon Trotsky created by the

Bolsheviks.

Leon Trotsky• Commander of the Red Army

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, "Father of the Turks")• Led successful military campaigns against the Greeks, and overthrew

the Ottoman sultan. First President of modern Turkey. Set Turkey on a path toward Europe as opposed to the Middle East.