Turfgrass Species - dunnam.netdunnam.net/triton/turf/turfgrass_classification.pdf · adapted to...
Transcript of Turfgrass Species - dunnam.netdunnam.net/triton/turf/turfgrass_classification.pdf · adapted to...
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C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F T U R F G R A S S E S , F A M I L I E S , G E N E R A , S P E C I E S , S E A S O N A N D
C L I M A T E
Turfgrass Species
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Turfgrass Taxonomy
Family- Poaceae (formerly Graminaceae) Subfamily Tribe Genera Species Subspecies or variety
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Organization of Grass Family
Graminaceae or Poaceae Contains: 6 subfamilies 25 tribes 600 genera 7500 species
Only a few dozen species in 3 subfamilies are adapted to turf use
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Festucoideae
Festucoid grasses include all “cool-season” turfgrasses
Optimal growth in temperature range of 60-75F Environmental adaptation is limited mostly by heat
and drought stresses Principal genera are bluegrasses, fescues, ryegrasses
and bentgrasses
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Eragrostoideae
Eragrostoid grasses include the “warm-season” turfgrasses zoysia and bermudagrass
While warm-season grasses have optimum growth at 80-95F eragrostoids are slightly more cold tolerant than panicoids, the other warm season group
Poleward adaptation is limited by intensity and duration of cold temperatures
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Panicoideae
Panicoid grasses include warm-season turfgrasses These are less cold tolerant than the eragrostoids
and in the US occur primarily along the lower Atlantic and Gulf coasts
Genera include bahiagrass, centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass
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Climatology
Temperature-based Moisture-based Turfgrass climatic adaptation
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World Climate Zones
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Tropical Climates (A)
Humid, frost-free belt from the equator to ~20 degrees north and south lattitude
Types of tropical climates Tropical-wet (Ar) with a wet season of 10-12 months Tropical wet and dry (Aw) with a dry season of more than 2
months
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Subtropical Climates (C)
Humid belt with at least eight months of >50F average temperatures
Subtropical humid (Cf) with wet summers and occurring on the east side of a continent
Subtropical dry summer (Cs) with wet winters and dry summers occurring on the western side of continents
Subtypes are hot (a) and cool (b) summers
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Temperate Climates (D)
Humid belt with average temperature >50F for 4 to 7 months
Temperate oceanic (Do) with mild winters and occurring on western side of continents
Temperate continental with severe winters and occurring inland or on eastern side of continents
Subtypes are hot (a) and cool (b) summers
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Subarctic Climates (E)
Also called boreal with an average temperature >50F from 1 to 3 months per year
Short cool summers and long cold winters and relatively low rainfall
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Polar (F)
Average temperature <50F all months of the year
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Moisture-based Climate
Dry (B)- occurs where evaporation exceeds annual rainfall
Types are – arid (BW) and semi-arid (BS) Subtypes are cold (k) where a dry climate occurs in
temperate and sub-arctic regions and hot (h) where a dry climate occurs in tropical and subtropical regions
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Turfgrass Climatic Adaptation
Cool-season grasses (festucoid) are generally adapted to temperate and subarctic climates
Warm-season grasses (eragrostoid and panicoid) are generally adapted to tropical and subtropical climates
Separating subtropical and temperate climates is the so-called “transition zone” where tall fescue is well adapted
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Characterization of Turfgrasses
Turfgrasses are generally grouped into seven groups
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Fine Fescues
Have fine-textured leaves that can appear almost needle-like when under stress
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Creeping Red Fescue
Festuca rubra Rhizomatous species Adapted to Moderately shady Well drained Droughty Infertile Acidic
Intolerant of wet conditions and high fertility
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Chewings Fescue
Festuca rubra ssp. commutata Gaud Non-creeping bunch-type grass Otherwise similar to creeping red fescue
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Sheep and Hard Fescues
Related fine fescue species Growing in importance for turfgrasses
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Coarse Fescues
Have coarse textured leaves that may be objectionable when mixed with finer textured turfgrasses
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Tall Fescue
Festuca arundinaceae Schreb. Bunch-type grass Used for utility turf in temperate climates and for
lawns in transitional and cool subtropical climates
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Meadow Fescue
Festuca elatior Similar to tall fescue but not widely used in the U.S.
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Bluegrasses
The best-known turfgrass in temperate zones in the U.S.
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Kentucky Bluegrass
Poa pratensis Rhizomatous Adapted to: Well-drained, moist, fertile soils Sunny or slightly shaded sites
Used throughout subarctic and temperate climates and high altitudes in subtropical and tropical climates
Widely used for lawn and sports turf (except greens)
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Kentucky Bluegrass
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Rough Bluegrass
Poa trivialis Fine-textured, delicate stoloniferous Adapted to damp or moist fertile soils on
moderately shaded sites Not good for mixtures with other turfgrasses Usually occurs as a weed patch that is especially
unsightly in summer when it thins and goes off-color
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Annual Bluegrass
Poa annua A winter annual or short-lived perennial that
occurs as a volunteer species in intensively cultivated turf
Not very stress tolerant but grow vigorously in cool periods and can become dominant in closely clipped golf and other turf
Quite adapted to shady sites and tends to populate sites with compacted soils
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Annual Bluegrass
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Ryegrasses
Annual and perennial types
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Annual Ryegrass
Lolium multiflorum Bunch-type annual or short-lived perennial Sometimes used as a temporary lawngrass or as a
nursegrass Because of its competitive, aggressiveness it is no
longer recommended as a nursegrass
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Annual Ryegrass
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Perennial Ryegrass
Lolium perenne Bunch-type perennial adapted to moist, cool
environments where severe climatic stress is not likely
Frequently used in seed mixtures for athletic fields and other heavily trafficked sites
Greatest current use is for overseeding warm-season turfs for winter play and color
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Perennial Ryegrass
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Bentgrasses
Low-growing and fine textured
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Creeping Bentgrass
Agrostis palustris Stoloniferous grass adapted to moist, fertile, acid to
slightly acid soils Used for greens, closely mowed tees and fairways
and exotic lawns Not compatible with Kentucky bluegrass and other
lawn species (becomes invasive weed)
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Creeping Bentgrass
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Colonial Bentgrass
Agrostis capillaris Bunch-type to weakly rhizomatous grass adapted
to temperate oceanic climates and well drained sandy, acid to slightly acid soils of moderate fertility
A related species, dryland bentgrass (Agrostis castellana Boiss and Reut) represented by the cultivar Highland is also sometimes called colonial bentgrass
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Colonial Bentgrass
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Bermudagrasses
Warm season turfgrass
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Common Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon Warm season species that spread by both stolons
and rhizomes. Adapted to a wide range of soil conditions and
sunny sites. Because it is intolerant to shade alternative warm-
season grasses must be used in shady areas Used as general purpose turf in lawns, sports fields
and roadsides
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Common Bermudagrass
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Hybrid Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon X transvaalensis Fine-textured grass Specifically developed for intensively cultured lawns
and sports turf including greens
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Hybrid Bermudagrass
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Zoysiagrasses
Warm-season Some are quite cold-tolerant but go off-color with
first hard frost
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Japanese Lawngrass
Zoysia japonica Medium-textured warm-season grass Spreads by both stolons and rhizomes Adapted to a wide range of conditions but does
best on well-drained, slightly acid soils of moderate fertility
Although very stress tolerant it is slow to green up in spring and goes off-color early in fall
Principal use is in the transition zone
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Zoysiagrass
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Hybrid Zoysiagrass
Zoysia japonica X tenuifolia Fine-textured grass Forms a very dense turf similar in appearance to
hybrid bermudagrass Not as cold tolerant as Z. japonica Used in subtropical and tropical climates principally Emerald is the most popular variety
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Emerald Zoysia