Turf Management_ Assignment 2

8/13/2019 Turf Management_ Assignment 2

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Prepared by

Farha binti Salim1014326

Nazathul Atiqah binti Abdul Aziz1010412

Nur Arifah binti Azizan 1019960

Zur Atiqa binti Zulkifely 1013372

Turf Management


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PART 1Introduction to Golf Course

Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club(KLGCC)


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KLGCCKUALA LUMPUR GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB

PROJECT BY EGP ARCHITECTURE


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Background

opened in 1991 36-hole courses West and East Courses were completely redesigned

by renowned international golf course architects E &

G Parslow, constructed by Sime Darby andincorporated state

Facilities

Conference hall Gathering space Fitness centre Swimming pool Tennis, badminton, and

squash court Bowling alley Theatre room


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GOLF COURSE FEATURES


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GOLF COURSE FEATURES

Tee boxthe area where golfers begin to play each hole (a tee is a

small movable stand for positioning the ball before hitting )fairwaya larger area of mown grass, providing a consistent bounceand direction for the ball after it is struckRoughan area of longer grass surrounding the fairway. Players aim tokeep their balls from entering this areaOut of boundsarea outside course where playing the ball isprohibited, and players are instead penalised one stroke.

Hazardsobstacles designed to make the hole more difficult, such asbodies of water, bunkers or treesGreenarea of carefully mown grass at the opposite end of thefairway from the tee. A ball lying on the green is played with a specialsmall-faced club called a putterPinstick with a flag attached indicating the location of the hole within

the green. The ball is struck to land in the hole, which has a cup inside toallow easy removal of the ball.

(Source : New Zealand Encyclopedia; Golf


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EAST COURSEWEST COURSE


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EAST COURSE

Design concept of East courseAn Exceptional Risk Reward Design

18-hole parkland and native style

impeccable fairways and greens elevation changes local terrain environment design in harmony with nature; natural grasses, wetlands and a sanctuary to provide a

habitat to the numerous forms of wildlife and

birds in the area.


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Design concept of West course -Offering Pristine Playing Conditions 18-hole Tournament garden offers pristine playing conditions

exceptional detail aesthetic beauty


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PART 2Turf Management of Kuala Lumpur

Golf & Country Club (KLGCC)

TURF SPECIES


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TURF SPECIES

Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC) has used two main types of species frompaspalum sp. for the golf course.

Thepaspalum sp. that being implemented are:1. Paspalum vaginatum

2. Paspalum supreme Both species are specifically imported from Georgia, United States (USA)

Paspalum vaginatumPaspalum supreme

Paspalum vaginatum


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Paspalum vaginatum

COMMON NAME

seashore paspalum, biscuit grass, saltwater couch, silt grass,and swamp couch in the English language, grama de costa,grama de mar, gramilla blanca, and gramn in Spanish,herbe rampante in French, and hai que bai in Chinese

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Monocots

(unranked): Commelinids

Order: PoalesFamily: Poaceae

Genus: Paspalum

Species: P. vaginatum

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

Seashore paspalum is a very salt tolerant warm-season grasssometimes used in warm-season areas where either the soil orirrigation water has a high salt content.

It does well near the ocean where it is subject to saltwater.

QUALITIES

Paspalum supreme


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Paspalum supreme

Salinity Resistance ExcellentThrives near coastal areas. This Paspalum will tolerate most types of alternatewater sources including treated effluent, gray water, and brackish water.

Drought Resistance

ExcellentSeaIsle Supreme requires less water than many other warm-season turfgrasses. Cold Tolerance ExcellentExhibits excellent cool weather color retention. Wear / Traffic Tolerance ExcellentThis low-growing, rapid-spreading, semi-dwarf variety exhibits excellent damagerecovery due to wear. Shade Tolerance Moderate

like most other warm-season grasses, does not tolerate tree shade very well andshould not be planted in areas with thick tree canopies or heavy shade. Mowing Height Tolerance Excellent

tolerates a wide range of mowing heights suitable for fast greens, as well asfairways, roughs and tee boxes.

This new fine-bladed seashore paspalum cultivar, developed by Dr. R.R. Duncan at the University of Georgia'Griffin Experiment Station.

Paspalum supreme has a very fine leaf blade with excellent green color that can be closely mowed to

heights of 1/8 inch to 3 inches. The grass is a very aggressive grower and can be grown in and playable twoto three weeks faster that other Paspalums.

QUALITIES

CHARACTERISTICS


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Culms : 2.5-5 (-10) dm long, glabrous, the flowering ones usually shorter, and conspicuously distichous,stiffly ascending blades, or bladeless.

Sheathsoften keeled, with small auricles Ligulemembranous, ca. 0.5 mm long, with a ring of soft white hairs behind it, the hairs sometimes up to 5

mm long; blades usually stiff, ascending at an uniform angle, 2.5-15 cm long, 3-8 mm wide at base,

narrower than summit of sheath, apex attenuate, involute, base abruptly contracted. Racemes 2 (-5), opposite or closely approximate, at first erect and appressed together, usually

spreading or reflexed at maturity, often subfalcate, 1.5-7.5 cm long, rachis naked at base, 1-2 (-2.5) mmwide, triangular, flexuous, margins minutely scabrous;

Spikelets pale, solitary, imbricate, oblong, 3-4.5 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide; first glume rarely developed,second glume and first lemma equal, thin, 3-7-nerved, the midnerve of both usually obscure, glabrous;

Caryopsis narrowly obovate, slightly concavo-convex, 2.5-3 mm long, subacute

CHARACTERISTICS

Source : wagner et al., 1999; pp. 1577-1578

Collar of seashore paspalumOverall plant structure of seashore paspalum

PESTS AND DISEASES


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SOD WEB WORM Damage is often seen as a small area of leaves that

are yellow to brown. Need to know the life cycle ofa sod web worm.

They are the least damaging and easiest killed inthe very small larval state, as in a couple, threedays old.

Regular monitoring is extremely important and birds

acts as indicator of the presence of sod web worm The chemical pesticides that usually used to destroy

the sod web worm are Orthene, Dursban and Dipel

HUNTING BILL BUGS

The most difficult turf grass insects to control becausethe adults armor-like bodies do not readily absorbinsecticides.

They also do not ingest much insecticide when theychew into a grass stem while feeding.

Both turf species; paspalum vaginatumand paspalum supreme are facing problems from the pests. The typical pests that KLGCC need to encounter are:

Sod webworm larva Adult sod web worm moth

Typical damaged to turf grasscaused by sod webworm

PESTS AND DISEASES

PESTS AND INSECT IN KUALA LUMPUR GOLF COURSE & CLUB (KLGCC)

Billbug life stages: egg, five larval instars,pupa, adult. Typical damaged to

turf grass caused bbugs

PESTS AND DISEASES


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MOLE CRICKETS Mole crickets can damage plants by feeding at night on aboveground foliage or stem tissue and below

ground on roots and tubers. Seedlings may be girdled at the stems near the soil surface, though some plants may be completely severed

and pulled into a tunnel to be eaten. methods are used to estimate mole cricket populations and assist in timing pesticide applications. They tunnel closer to the surface when the soil is moist and warm, but go deeper if the weather cools or the

soil dries. Tunneling reduces the aesthetic quality of turf grass, interferes with the roll of the ball on golf courses, and

results in reduced livestock grazing on severely infested pastures. Liquid and granular formulations of insecticides are commonly applied to the soil to suppress young mole

cricket nymphs.

PESTS AND DISEASES

Mole cricket tunneling in dirt. Mole cricket anatomy.Large area of mole cricket tunneling

PESTS AND DISEASES


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DOLLAR SPOT Dollar spot is caused by the fungal pathogen sclerotinia

homoeocarpa, in thesclerotiniaceae family. The pathogen blights leaf tissues but does not affect turf

grass roots or crowns. Due to a lack of nitrogen Easily cured with a liquid application of nitrogen at a

very low rate. The disease is a common concern onKLGCC golf course turf.

Disease symptoms commonly result in poor turf qualityand appearance.

The disease is most active under conditions of high

humidity and warm daytime temperatures 5986 F (1530 C)

BROWN PATCH Brown patch is a turf grass disease that is caused by the

Rhizoctonia species fungus. Brown patch symptoms differ depending on the various

maintenance practices performed on the turfgrass(mowing height, fertilizer, watering, etc.) Symptoms on turfgrasses that are wet for extended

periods and are closely mowed will produce a distinctivegray-purplish bordered ring "smoke-ring" that is up to 50cm in diameter

DOLLAR SPOT

FUNGUS AND DISEASES IN KUALA LUMPUR GOLF COURSE & CLUB (KLGCC)

PESTS AND DISEASES

BROWN PATCH


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MAINTENANCE WORKS


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MAINTENANCE WORKS

Basic maintenance works at golf courseare ;mowing

rollinghollotiningfertilizingrakingweedingirrigationspraying (pesticide)

aerationtrimmingblowingrubbish collecting

Maintenance duration at KLGCC :daily

every weekevery 3 monthsevery 6 months

(Source : KLGCC)

Highlighted maintenance works at KLGCC(non-competition season) :

Mowing : everydayHollotining : 2 times a year

Fertilizing and maintenance at green : everyweekMaintenance at fairway : once a monthMaintenance at tea-box : every 2 weeks

(Source : KLGCC)

Fertilizing Irrigation

Hollotining Mowing

IRRIGATION


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The irrigation works applied at KLGCC is automatic irrigation systemIt is essentially fixed sprinklers automatically activated by controlling the valves at certaintimeThe operation is according to the condition of the turf

Sprinkler performance- preferably early in themorning

Valve-in head

One of the drainage system toprevent water logging

Soil moisture levelTemperature, Humidity

Wind conditionCloud coverET rate (evapotranspiration)Rainfall

IRRIGATION


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Water source at KLGCC : rain water

15 man-made ponds/lakes are used as water catchment

1

2

4

3

5

6

7 89

10

11

12

13

14

15

The irrigation works will

use pump system to draw

water from the source

36 hole golf courserequired 4,000 gallons per

minute of water flow rate

FERTILIZATION


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Nutrients : Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

Fertilization in a golf course may be based on the extraction carried out by the crop, the drainage

and rivulets losses, and the immobility losses (in the case of phosphorus) or losses caused by

nutritional conditions which are maintained in the soil solution. This may be found out through an

analysis.

Step to fertilize a golf course is to determine the soil fertility by conducting soil analysis

SOIL ANALYSIS is to determine;

nutritional flaws

excesses or imbalance nutrients

pH chemical condition

salinity

sodium contents

the presents of heavy metal

evaluation of the compound of cationic

exchange

Machinery used for fertilization at KLGCC

Steps for fertiliser programme include:

monitoring trends from soil and tissue testing

developing a programme which provides sufficient

nutrients for consistent turf growth and recovery

from traffic

monitoring the volume of grass clippings beingremoved when mowing

timing fertiliser or chemical applications carefully

to avoid wastage, and potential pollution from run-

off, or pick-up by golf or maintenance traffic

selecting the ideal form of fertiliser for your needs,

for example granular, liquid or slow release, which

may vary through the seasoncomplying with all statutory regulations

PESTICIDE APLLICATION AT GOLF COURSE


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-The term pesticide covers everything from

fungicides, herbicides, insecticides,

lumbricides, nematocides and

rodenticides. Every time a spraying applicator

is taken onto a golf course to apply pesticide,there is a potential pollution risk to the

environment and it must be recognised that

reliance on pesticides is not a sustainable

option for golf course management.

-The ideal procedure for pesticide application:

ensure all storage, handling and application is

carried out by fully qualifiedgreenkeeping

personnel and in accordance with local regulations

utilise the most effective spraying equipment thatwill ensure the greatest efficacy from the application

while preventing drift

ensure that prevailing weather conditions are

conducive to safe application, preventing pollution

from drift and run-off

establish no spray zones around water bodies to

remove the potential for pollution to aquatic systemsplace appropriate signage to warn golfers and the

general public that pesticides have been applied

review the management strategy to assess how

disease, pest and weed problems can be avoided in

the future.

(Source : R&A Golf Course Management)

Pesticide release at golf course using machinery

MACHINERY


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1. MOWERS

According to Emmons (2000) stated that since 1830 the mowing equipment has drastically changed throughout time intomodernized when first mechanical grass mower was developed.

Type of Mower

a) Reel MowerReel mower is equipped with blades that attached to the reel. This typeof mower is usually used to handle a high quality of turf. It is use to

maintain green area, tees area and fairway. The reel of the mower withattached blades help to cut off the grass by rotating the blades andguided the grass towards bedknife(actual cutting). In addition, a basketis also attached at the reel mower to collect the clippings. In order to geteffect on the turf, the reel mower can be set up to cut the grass in variousheight as low as 0.10 inch (2.5mm). (Emmons,2000)Advantage : Offers a safer usage and more fuel

efficient

Disadvantages : Difficult to cut through seed stalks andcannot mow grass higher than 4 to6 inches (10.2 to 15.2 cm)

Cutting Direction

Controlsorganized for

easy operationand training

Reel: The reel bladecontacts thebedknife to performa scissors-like cuttingaction.

Bedknife

Front Roller

Rear Roller Bedknife

b) Rotary MowerRotary mower is a machine that equipped with one bladPetrol Rotary Mower


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Rotary mower is a machine that equipped with one bladthat rotate horizontally at high speed. It is integral machinthat is either pushed by hand or driven by a riding operatoThe rotary mower produce cutting like machete (a largknife with a wide blade) or scythe (a tool with a long sharcurved blade and a long handle held in two hands ).(Online: People Powered Machines and Emmons, 2000)Advantage : It can mow tall grass than reel

mower and cut through a toughseed stalks and weeds. Easily tomower near trees and building.

Disadvantages : Expose to danger as seriousaccident easily can happened ifhand /foot is placed undermowing deck (housing) while theblade is rotating and also

dangerous if the rotary bladestrike a stone or rock as theobject can reflected back at thespeed of bullet. Cannot mowgrass lower than 1 inch (2.5 cm)as the mowing quality would beunsatisfactory.

Blade

MowerDeck

Speed Control

Petrol Rotary Mower

Blade rotation

MACHINERY


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2. AERATOR

Aerator is the secret machine that helps to create a healthy turf area. The aerator involves in making holeson the turf either by pushing a rod into it or by "coring", extracting a plug of soil.

Type of Aeratora) A Vertical Motion -Type Core AeratorCore aerator machine is operated units that actively take cores of earthout of the soil bed. Also known as aerating or aerifying technique. Thehollow metal tubes (spoon/ open tines) that attached at the back of themachine help to make hole on the soil by forcing the tubes into the soilwhile plugging and removing it. This type of aerator create a deep holeswithout leaves a negative impact towards the turf. Besides, it is a well-known machine used for golf greens as it only create minimal disturbanceto the surfaces. helps to achieve a longer lasting effect that has more of animpact to the turf.(Online: classenturfcare.com/tr-core_aeration_benefits.asp and Emmons,2000)

Advantage : Reduce turf maintenance requirements

Disadvantages: Itis expensive option

Aerated the soil byspiking the soil andtaken out some soil

Hollow Metal Tubes(spoons/open tines) forced intothe soil and removed it.

3 FERTILIZER SPREADER


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3. FERTILIZER SPREADER

Type of Spreader

a) Rotary SpreaderUsually dry fertilizer or granular formis used and distributed using this typeof spreader. The rotary spreader also known as centrifugal, broadcast orcyclone spreader. This spreader mostly has plate (impeller) that

attached beneath hopper and will spin as the move of spreader wheels.The fertilizer will drop to the adjustable opening and fall into the rotatingplateand spread away in semicircular pattern.

(Emmons, 2000)

Advantage : Very efficient as it works faster

Disadvantages: Does not provide an accurate and uniform

distribution of fertilizer and not well spread adifferent size of fertilizer.

Rotary Spreader

Semicircular spreader pattern

About 12 footwidth of fertilizercan be spread to

the ground

CULTURAL PRACTICES


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1. MOWING

Introduction

Emmons (2000) stated that in order to create an aesthetical and functional use of turfgrass area, hencethe turfgrass has to be mowed frequently. Same as stated by Encik Nizam, the Golf Course

Superintendent of KLGCC about mowing in KLGCC has to be done everyday at early in the morning inorder to keep the golf area beautiful and removes the interference of tall grass. The tall grass can brings adifficulty for the running game of golf as the movement of golf ball that hit by player might be distractedwhen hitting the grass and slow the movement of the golf ball. Besides that, for mowing the KLGCCsturfgrasses (Paspalum) shorter also help to create a beautiful effect on visual quality, spring green-up,and shoot density. For this type of turfgrasses needed a detail mowing as reel mower that can help to cutfor a shorter height. However, sometimes rotary mower is also used for mowing in order to cut highgrasses. Regardless of both mower have to be kept using sharp bladein order to avoid damage to the

grass. This turfgrasses can tolerate to the frequent mowing maintenance because this practice does notremove the any meristems (growing points) that necessary for regeneration.

Rotary Mower Roughs: High grass effect

MOWING PATTERN


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MOWING SCHEDULE

Mowing for this type of grass at green is done daily. However, for the fairways and tees should be mowedtwo to three days a week. For roughs, mowing is done for once time a week, but sometimes also has to bedepended on the growth rate of grass and height of cut desired . Besides that, the Greens section also issuggested verticuttingfor at least 2 to 4 times per yearthat depending on the traffic on fairways and teesand also can be done as often as monthly to twice a week to maintain good turf.

During mowing, some of the fairway is designed with mowing pattern as it is advisable to be done. Not onlyused to highlight the different features of a golf course, create a different view and experiences for theplayer but it also can bring impact to the healthy of turf by helping to reduce the compaction and ruttingcreated by the mower wheels and avoid from damaging the turf itself. The most common fairway mowing

methods are striping, contour mowing, the classic cut, and pushing and pulling. As explained by En. Nizam,the mowing patternwas created by mowing the turfgrasses in different direction. As example for stripespattern style are often mowed in at least two directions to create a checkerboard pattern. This methodcreates a striking aesthetic appearance

Different direction of mowing asshown caused light reflecting offthe blades of grass and indirectlycreated pattern on the turf.

Mowing Height


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The Paspalum grass equipped in the KLGCC is used at fairway to green, need to be mowed a vary lowheight of grass shape and it managed to tolerate to the variety of mowing heights required. On fairwaysand greens, the grass was mowed at about 1/2 inch as it would perform well and even can moweddown until 1/8 inch. However, for the Paspalum at roughs area has been suggested to be mowed from1-1/2-inch up to about four inches. Sometimes, the turfgrasses at roughs area was left high as in order to

stop the ball from rolling off the fairway to the lake.

Different area of golf course has differentheight of mowing required and the size also

depended on grass tolerances.

Grass at rough is mowedheight than fairway andcreate a differences of thegrass for each area.

Roughs area near lake hastall height of grass to avoidball from rolling off into thelake

2. AERATION


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Aerating is important maintaining work that many domestic and professional turf maintenanceoperators undergo more than once a year. The aeration maintenance in KLGCC is done by enforcinghollow metal tube called spoons or open tines into the soil. Then, it will create a hole that resulted fromthe plug of soil.

Distance of hole and its diameterThe size for diameter of the holes and it is depended on type of machine. For the holes created at 1 to 6inches (2.5-15cm) distance apart and are normally will create holes at diameter 0.25- 0.75 inch (6.41-19.1 mm).

Function and benefit of aerationThe holes created help to relieve over soil compaction, allow better water penetration, air, fertilizer, lime,pesticides into the root system. Thus, resulted to the deeper rooted system, healthier and more vigorous

turfgrass. Besides that, it also help to dry out soil

www.mountviewservices.com www.mountviewservices.com www.greenerlawns.com

Benefits obtain due to aeration maintenancework

Shape of soils that wereremoved using tines

Vertical motion of aeratorforced to the soil

(Emmons, 2000)

REFFERENCES
http://www.mountviewservices.com/index.php?page=bloghttp://www.mountviewservices.com/http://www.greenerlawns.com/why-use-greener-lawns/lawn-aeration/http://www.greenerlawns.com/why-use-greener-lawns/lawn-aeration/http://www.mountviewservices.com/http://www.mountviewservices.com/index.php?page=bloghttp://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/index.phphttp://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/index.php


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People Powered Machines, Online: http://www.peoplepowere dmachines.com/reel-mower/reel_defined.htm(Retrieved on 22October 2013)

PDF on Reel Mower Terminology by Toro University

Zinn, .S(2004), Environmental Turf, Online: www.environmentalturf.com (Retrieved on 20 October 2013)

BOOK

1. Emmons, . R (2000), Turf Grass Science and Management, Delmar, United states

PDF

ONLINE
http://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/reel-mower/reel_defined.htmhttp://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/reel-mower/reel_defined.htmhttp://www.environmentalturf.com/http://www.environmentalturf.com/http://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/reel-mower/reel_defined.htmhttp://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/reel-mower/reel_defined.htmhttp://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/reel-mower/reel_defined.htm


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TURF TERMINOLOGIESAce Hitting the ball directly from the Tee into the hole or "cup" with one swing of the club. It is usually executed on a par three (3). It is also, known as a "hole-in-one".
http://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/index.phphttp://www.peoplepoweredmachines.com/index.php


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Hitting the ball d irectly from the Tee into the hole or cup with one swing of the club. It is usually executed on a par three (3). It is also, known as a hole in one .

AddressStepping up to the ball (taking a stance) and setting the club down behind the ball (grounding the club head). This is the final position taken prior to the start of the take-a-

way.

Albatross See Double eagle.

Approach A shot hit with intentions upon landing the ball on the green. For the average player, the approach shot is usually from 150 to 180 yards to the green.

Apron The closely mowed grass between the green and the fairway, usually around three to five feet in width. Also, called the "fringe".

Aiming Aligning the clubface to the target.

Alignment The position of the player's body relative to the target-line of the ball.

Above The

Hole

Opposite of "below the hole". If the approach shot leaves the ball "above the hole", it means that the subsequent putt is going to be downhill. Distance control is more

difficult when your ball is accelerated by gravity on its way to the hole.

Adjusted

Gross

Score A player's gross score when adjusted (reduced) according to the rules of Equitable Stroke Control and / or any special local conditions when approved by a sanctioning body.

Aiming Aligning the clubface to the target.

Alignment The position of the player's body relative to the target-line of the ball.

Approach

Shot A shot hit with intentions upon landing the ball on the green. For the average player, the approach shot is usually from 150 to 180 yards to the green.

Away Describing the golfer whose ball is farthest from the hole (or cup). The player who is "away" should always play first.

Aggregate Refers to a score made over more than one round of play, or by two or more players playing as partners.

Air Shot A shot where the player addresses the balls, swings, and completely misses the golf-ball. An air shot is counted as a stroke.All Square In match play, a match is all square (tied) when both players or teams have won the same number of holes.

AmbroseA system of team play whereby each player takes a tee shot, after which the most favorable ball position is chosen. All the team's players then take a shot from this new

position, and so on. (Also known as a Texas Scramble)

Angle Of

Approach/

Attack The angle at which the club head strikes the ball. This affects the trajectory the ball will travel and spin.

Artisan

A class of membership of a golf club with restricted r ights at a low cost. Historically, many British golf clubs had small artisan sections, drawn from the working classes.

Typically artisan members had limited playing rights, could not enter the clubhouse, had no vote on the management of the club, played in separate competitions from the

main membership and had to perform unpaid maintenance of the course. Often an artisan club was a separate organisation that had negotiated use of a course with a private

members club. Some artisan organisations have survived to this day.

AustinAny ball that lands off of the green yet still on an imaginary line passing through the flag-stick. The ball can be any distance off of the green, out to infinity, as long as it i s still

located on the imaginary line. Thus a player can be pin high 50 yards wide right and still claim an Austin.

Axis Generally refers to a straight line (the spine) that the upper body rotates around in the course of the golf swing.

BackspinRotation imparted to the ball, by utilizing a highly lofted club to strike the ball. During ball flight, the underside will be spinning in the direction of ball travel.The top side of the ball will be spinning back towards the golfer. Backspin is desired when the golfer wishes the ball to "Sit" or stop upon landing.


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BackswingThe motion that involves the club and every element of the body in taking the club "back" away from the ball and setting it in position at the top of the backswing

from which the club can be delivered to the ball at the point of impact.

Bail OutA shot played to the safe part of the course. For example if the flag is right next to the water and the golfer intentionally shoots away from the flag to avoid the

waterthus bailing out

Ball MarkerA token or small coin which is placed directly just behind the ball in order to mark the position of the ball on the green. T his is usually done to allow another player

who is farther away to putt without hitting any other balls.

Ball Retriever A long pole with a scoop on the end of it used to get balls out of water hazards.Beach An expression for sand trap.

Bent Grass Type of grass which is found in mostly in northern climates.Bermuda Grass This is a type of grass found mostly in southern climates, as it is tougher and more resilient to harsh sunlight.Birdie A score of 1 under par for a hole. (i.e. a score of 3 on a par 4 hole)Bite A term used for the action of the backspin on the ball stopping i t very quickly on the green.Bogey A score of 1 over par on a hole.

Bunkerlarge depression or hollow in the ground along a fairway or around the green, which is sodden or filled with sand. If filled with sand i t is called a "sand trap". In the

Rules of Golf, it is considered a hazard!

Bump And RunA low trajectory approach shot that is intended to get the ball rolling along a fairway and up onto the green. Similar to a chip shot "bump & run" but hit from a

greater distance.

Back Nine The last nine holes of an 18-hole golf course.

Ball MarkA sharp indentation or cup-like depression caused by the ball landing on the green from a significant distance. "Ball marks" are to be repaired by the player causing

the mark, but all players should repair ball marks as they see them.Bare Lie When the ball lies directly on hard ground without any grass to buoy-up the ball, i.e.; where there is no grass creating a gap between the ball and the ground.

BehindGolf etiquette demands that other golfers playing on the same hole, are not to stand behind the player who is hitting (caddies included). It applies everywhere on

the golf course.

Below The HoleOpposite of "above the hole". If the approach shot leaves the ball "below the hole", it means that the subsequent putt is going to be uphill. Distance control is less

difficult when your ball is not accelerated by gravity on its way to the hole.

Blading"Blading" means to strike the ball with the leading edge of the sole of your club rather than on the clubface. The ball will be propelled with very little loft and likely

no backspin, and even sometimes over-spin. Also known as "Hitting it thin".

Blast (ExplosionShot) Depending upon the circumstances, a golfer may opt to hit the ball out of a sand trap using a technique called an "explosion shot".Block Shot (Also

Push Shot) A shot hit directly to the right (right-handed player). Similar to a severe "push" shot.

BoundariesThere are "boundary markers" along the fairways indicating the field of play. Generally white posts are used to mark the "out of bounds" areas. Hitting the ball "out

of bounds" will result in penalty strokes if your ball comes to rest there.

Break The amount of curve or "break" a putted ball will traverse due to the slope of the green, grain and dryness of the grass, speed of the putt, and extreme wind.

BiarritzA hole whose green incorporates a deep gulley that that effectively splits the putting surface in two. Named after a famous example at La Phare Golf Club in Biarritz,

France.

Bite A term used for the action of the backspin on the ball stopping i t very quickly on the green.

BalataA rubber-like substance used as a cover material for golf balls. Pure balata is rarely, if ever, used today. Instead, manufactur ers use blends or synthetic material.

Many players prefer balata or balata-like covers because it provides a softer feel. And can provide increased spin.

Block A shot hit directly to the right (right-handed player). Similar to a severe "push" shot.

CaddieA person who is hired to carry a player's bag and clubs from holeto hole on the golf course. Players are responsible for the actions of theircaddies.

Carry The distance in the air that a ball must travel before it hits the ground.


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y gCasual Water Any temporary standing water.

Chip Shot A short shot typically played close to and around the green. The chip shot is usually made with a medium- lofted club to produce a medium loft on the ball withthe intention of having the ball run to the hole.

Chip In A chip shot from outside the green or fringe, that runs to and drops into the hole.

Choke This word has two meanings. One is to grip lower on the club than normal (you may hear the term choke down on the club) Theother definition in golf (andmost other sports) means to collapse under pressure (i.e. he choked under the pressure of the Masters).

Chop To hit the ball with a hacking motion or the word immediately after pork

Clubhead The impact or hitting part of a golf club.

ClubhouseA building on a golf course providing facilities for golfers, typically including changing rooms, bar, restaurant, offices for club officials and noticeboards with

information about local rules, the conditions of the course, upcoming events etc. A clubhouse may incorporate a pro shop and dormie house. The clubhouse is

normally located adjacent to the first and final holes of the course.

Course Rating Course rating is a numerical value given to each set of tees at a particular golf course to approximate the number of strokes it should take a scratch golfer tocomplete the course.

Cup A plastic retainer or "cup" is inserted into the hole in the greenwhich is 4 1/2 inches in diameter, and 4 inches deep.

Cart Path Narrow path extending from hole to hole on the golf course. This path is for motorized golf carts in transporting players and their equipment.The cart paths are usually prepared with concrete or asphalt. Driving the carts primarily on the Cart Path saves wear and tear on the fairway turf.

Deuce It is a score of 2 on a holeDimple The small round indentations on the golf ball.Divot A piece of ground that is taken up by the club after hitting the ball Dogleg A pronounced bend either left or right in the fairway.Double Bogey A score of two over par for one hole.Double Eagle three under par for one holeDownhill Lie The ball is on the downslope of a hil l. When a right handed player addresses the ball his right foot will be higher than his left foot.Drain To make a putt (drain it).Draw Shot This is when a right handed player hits a controlled hook, which goes from right to left.

Drive This is the term which means your tee shot. It is also usually the way you get to the golf course. Driver This is the club known as the 1 wood. It is usually the club that hits the ball the farthest. It is also a person that very rich people have to haul them around.

Drop This is a way that you get the ball back in play after hitting a shot into the water or out of bounds. This also happens to w aitresses when they carry too manyplates.


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Dub A poorly hit shot. I dubbed that shot.Duffer One who hits a lot of bad shots. Can also be called a hacker.Downswing The swing forward from the top of the backswing.

Draw A shot made with the clubface slightly closed at impact, causing theball to take a moderately curved trajectory to the left (for a right-handedgolfer).Opposite of a fade. A shot that flies slightly from right to left for righthanded players.

Driving Range A term used for a practice area utilized for "driving" ballswith irons and woods. Also known as a golf range, practice range, or golf learning center.

Decelerate A slowing or decreasing clubhead speed through the impact area.

Dormie House A building at a golf club providing overnight accommodation.

Eagle A score of two-under-par on a hole.Explosion A shot played from a sand bunker, usually when the ball has buried or settled down into the sand.

Explosion Shot

Depending upon the circumstances, a golfer may opt to hit the ball out of a sand trap using a technique called an "explosion shot".

The explosion shot is a strong swing of the club, deliberately intended to hit the ball out of the sandtrap by striking the sand just behind the ball and

following through with the clubhead, plowing through the sand under the ball.

This propels both the sand and the ball at a high loft angle, perfect for landing the ball softly on the green. The explosion shot can only be used when sandis fine and dry. Wet or granular sand does not work very well on an explosion attempt.

The explosion shot is used mainly for greenside bunkers where the ball does not need to travel very far. You hit an explosion shot because you don't want

your ball to travel very far. You just want it out of the sandtrapand onto the green with very little roll. Also known as a "blast".

Even Having a score equal to that of par.

GimmeWithin basic Golf Terms, (in non-tournament play), a "Gimmie" refers to a putt that the other players agree can count automatically without actually being

played. Therefore, conceding the Score for that putt.

GrainThe direction in which the grass grows, specifically on the green (see below). Depending on the variety of grass used on the green and mowing patterns,

grain can significantly influence the speed and movement of a putt.

Green The area of specially prepared grass around the hole, where putts are played. Gross The total number of strokes a player takes on his round.Grounding The Club Placing the clubhead on the ground behind the ball at address position.Ground UnderRepair

An area on the golf course that is being repaired. Golfers are able to take a free drop if their ball ends up in ground under repair.

Golf Range A facility where people can practice their full swings and, in some cases, their short games. Goldie Bounce When the ball strikes a tree deep in the rough and bounces out onto the fairway.


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Iron A golf club with a flat-faced, lofted, solid metal clubhead, generally numbered from one (1) to nine (9). The higher the number, the greater the loft.

Impact In Golf Glossary terms the "Impact" is defined as the moment in the golf swing when the club strikes or comes in contact wit h the ball


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1. Emmons, . R (2000), Turf Grass Science and Management, Delmar, United states

Impact In Golf Glossary terms, the Impact is defined as the moment in the golf swing when the club strikes or comes in contact wit h the ball.

Improving The LieThe most basic of concepts in golf, is that it is a game of both skill and fortune. Outcomes determined not just by the talent of thegolfer, but also by the

whims of nature and luck.

Inward NineThe back nine holes of a golf course, so named because older links courses were designed to come back "in" toward the clubhouse after going "out" on the

front nine.

Kick A golfers term for bounce.

Knock-Down ShotWithin Golf Glossary terms, a "Knock-down Shot" is a type of shot designed to have a very low trajectory (hit with a low-lofted club), usually employed to

combat strong winds, or to hit under low-hanging tree branches.

Match Play This is a form of competition by holes. Each hole is worth one point no matter how many strokes one player beats another by. Medal Play This is a form of competition decided by the overall number of strokes. This may also be referred to as stroke play.

MulliganIn non-tournament play, the custom of hitting a second ballwithout a penalty stroke, usually taken on the first hit or drive off the tee. This practice is not

allowed according to the official Rules of Golf.

Municipal Course A public course which is owned by a local government agency.Markers (Boundary) Markers designating those areas outside the golfcourse from which play is not allowed.Miss-Read To incorrectly discern the proper line of a putt or to "miss-read" the green.

Middle IronsAccording to the Golf Glossary of golf terms, "Middle Irons" are those clubs with a medium loft. Normally the four (4), five (5), six (6), seven (7) and eight (8)

irons.

Mud BallA golf ball that has soil or other debris stuck to it which can affect its flight. Under normal rules of golf one is only all owed to clean a ball in play when it is on

the putting green. During exceptional conditions this rule may be waived by a local rule (see Preferred l ies).

Nine Iron A club of the highest loft, in the "iron" family. Used for short distance shots. Nassau A type of wager between golfers that is essentially three separate bets. Money is wagered on the best score in the front 9, back 9, and total 18 holes.Nineteenth Hole Another term for the clubhouse or in particular the bar at the clubhouse. This is Waggles favorite hole!

Offset A club with the head slightly behind (or offset) the shaft.

Out-Of-BoundsThe area outside of the golf course limits in which play is prohibited. If you hit the ball out of bounds you must hit again from the same spot and take a

penalty stroke.Overclubbing Using a club that will hit the ball farther than necessary.Off-Green Putting When a player elects to putt from off the green rather than chip.Overclub To pick the wrong club, usually for an approach shot, causing the ball to go over the green. One-Piece TakeawayWhen the shoulders, arms, wrists and hands move as one unit during the beginning of the backswing.Open Clubface When the clubface is angled away from the player's body (relative to the target-line). Angled to the right for right-handed players.

Open StanceWhen the player's front foot is pulled back farther from thetarget-line than the back foot. Usually promotes a left-to-right ball flight(for a right-hander). Also

known as a designed "fade" shot.

OstrichThe single hole score of -5, or five under par. The only way this can occur is with a hole-in-one on a par 6, or two on a par 7. This score has never been

achieved and it is unlikely that it ever will considering the dramatic length and rarity of holes over par 5.

Par Standard score for a hole (defined by its length) or a course (sum of all the holes' pars).

Penalty Stroke An additional stroke which is added to a golfers score for a rules violation, going out of bounds, losing a ball, or variousother situations.

Pin This is the flagstick or the pole that is in the cup


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Pin This is the flagstick or the pole that is in the cup.Pitch A short high arcing shot that lands on the green and usually stops quickly.Pitch And Run Same as a pitch but hit with a lesser lofted club which causes it to roll farther.Pivot The rotation of the shoulders, waist, and pelvis during the golf swing.Playing Through The process of slower players in front of faster players allowing the faster players to move ahead of the slower group. Preferred Lie A lie that may be improved by a player.Pro Shop The golf course shop operated by the golf pro.

Provisional BallAn additional ball which is hit in case the first ball can not be found. If the first ball is found, it is played. If the first ball is not found, the provisional must be

played and the player is assessed a penalty stroke. Pull A ball that is pulled (or hit) to the left of the target (for right handers).Push A ball that is pushed (or hit) to the right of the target (for right handers).Putt A shot that rolls on the green hit with the putter. Putter The club with a flat face used to putt. Often called the flat stickPutting Green The surface area around the hole that is specially prepared for putting. Pace The speed of the golf swing or the speed of the greensPinch Shot A shot played around the green in which a player strikes the ball with a crisp, clean descending blow.Plugged Lie The condition when the ball comes to rest in its own pitch mark, usually in a bunker or soft turf.

Plumb-BobA method many players use to help them determine the amount a putt will break. When you position yourself behind the ball and hold the putter vertically

so it covers the ball, the shaft of the putter indicates how much the ball will break.

Practice Green Area maintained like an actual 'green', but is not part of the golf course. Golfers use the practice green to warm up before playing. Usually there are small ormodified "flagsticks" inserted in the cups. Pre-Shot Routine The actions a player takes from the time he selects a club until he begins the swing.

Punch ShotA low-flying shot played with an abbreviated backswing and finish. The key to the shot is having the hands slightly ahead of the clubhead at impact, which

reduces the effective loft of the club.

Par (Above)A level attained when having a score higher than the designated par for the particular hole being played. Anything one stroke or more over par is

considered "Above Par".

Par (Below)A level attained when having a score lower than the designated par for the particular hole being played. Anything one stroke or more under par is

considered "Below Par".

Par 3

A par 3 hole is a hole that an advanced golfer is expected to require only three (3) strokes to finish or complete. The shortest holes on the golfcourse are

Par-3 holes that usually a golfer can hit the Green with one tee shot.

A hole's par designation includes two putts; therefore a Par 3 is a hole where the advanced golfer is expected to hit the Green in one stroke, subsequentlytake two putts to drop the ball into the "Cup".

Par 4

A par 4 hole is a hole that an advanced golfer is expected to require four (4) strokes to finish or complete.

A par 4 hole is the most common par for holes on full-sized golf courses. You can consider par-4 holes the standard golf hole for the majority of golf courses.

(Except Par 3 Courses)

A hole's par designation includes two putts, therefore a par 4 is a hole where the advanced golfer is expected to hit the Fairway with his tee shot, then to

proceed to hit the green with his second shot, and subsequently take twoputts to drop the ball into the "Cup".

A par 5 hole is a hole that an advanced golfer is expected to require five (5) strokes to finish or complete.

On most golf courses, a par 5 is the longest hole, discounting the rare Par 6 Hole.

A hole's par designation includes two putts, so a par 5 is a hole where the advanced golfer is expected to hit the Fairway with his tee shot, then to advance


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the ball farther up the Fairway with the second stroke, hit the greenwith his third stroke, and subsequently utilize two putts to drop ball into the "Cup".

Golfers who drive the ball long distances might be able to reach the green of a par-5 hole in two strokes, rather than three, therefore securing an opportunity

for and "Eagle".

Path The direction the club or ball travels during the swing or the putting stroke.

Pin-HighGolf Terminology referring to a landed ball, adjacent to or on thegreen that is positioned along an imaginary horizontal line through and across the width of

the green.

Pitch Mark A minor depression on the green caused by a ball "pitched" onto the green. Players are required to repair their pitch marks with a teeor divot tool.Pop-Up A poor tee shot where the top of the clubhead strikes under theball, causing it to go almost straight up in the air. Also, known as a "sky shot".

Pro SideDuring a putting stroke, if there is a slope or break in thegreen, the traverse of the ball will curve either from the high-side of the holetowards the hole, or fall

to the low-side or away from the hole.

Punch Shot A shot played with a very low trajectory, commonly to avoid low-hanging tree branches or played during high winds.Putting Stroke A swing with the Putter on the "Putting Green" which is completed with the intent to strike the ball, "Putting" it into play.

PenalA type of golf hole design where the player has little choice in the shots required to make par at the hole. Failure to execute these shots successfully is

punished by severe hazards. Compare with Strategic.

Plunk A lie where the ball i s on the lip of a lake or other water hazard.

Range This is the area where you go to practice. It usually has many stations to hit practice shots.

Reading The GreenDetermining which way the putt will curve based upon the slope of the green.

Rough Long grass area adjacent to the fairway, usually taller and coarser than the fairway.Round Complete 18 holes of golfRun The distance the ball will travel along the ground after it lands.Release The act of freely returning the clubhead squarely to the ball at impact, producing a powerful shot.

RhythmThe smooth coordination and timing of movement throughout the golf swing or putting stroke. Rhythm describes the relative duration of the parts of a

complete swing.

Recover To successfully hit a shot from a poor location, usually with a bad "lie" involved.

Range FinderA measuring device used to determine one's relative distance to an object. In golf, they are most commonly used to find out h ow far a player is from the

hole.

RedanA hole that has a green which slopes downward and away from the point of entrance, typically the front right portion of the green, inspired by the original

Redan hole on the North Berwick West Links, Scotland.

Rub Of The GreenOccurs when the ball is deflected or stopped by a third party/object, e.g. if a ball is going out of bounds and is deflected in bounds by hitting a spectator or a

tree.

Thin Shot A poorly executed shot where the clubhead strikes too high on the ball. Also known as "blading".

Topped Shot A low, bouncing shot caused by the bottom of the club striking the top half of the ball.

T j t (Hi h)A high-trajectory flight path refers to a high-altitude three-dimensional path taken by the golf ball from the moment of impactand is propelled by the clubhead


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Trajectory (High)A high trajectory flight path refers to a high altitude three dimensional path taken by the golf ball from the moment of impactand is propelled by the clubhead

until its initial contact with the ground, on either the fairway or the putting green.

Trajectory (Low)A low-trajectory flight path refers to a low-altitude three-dimensional path taken by the golf ball from the moment of impactand is propelled by the clubhead

until its initial contact with the ground, on either the fairway or the putting green. The trajectory is also referred to as the "Launch Angle", and can be

accurately measured.

Through LineWhen putting, the imaginary path that a ball would travel on if the putted ball goes past the hole. Usually observed by PGA players and knowledgeable golfers

when retrieving or marking a ball around the hole.

Through The Green The entire area of the golf course, except for the teeing ground of the hole being played, the green of the hole being played and all hazards on the course.

Tree Shot A bad shot that has hit the trees' leaves, branches, and/or trunk and has resulted in a negative situation, i.e., going out of bounds, into a hazard, or leaving theball much shorter than anticipated.

Tee PadThe location or designated area in which the first throw of the golf hole is suppose to take place from. Tee Pads are typically be made of concrete or rubber. A

portion of a side walk or a utility marker flag or spray painted box may also be used as a tee pad.

The BasketBorn of the original pole hole, the game of disc golf advanced rapidly with the invention of Steady Eds Disc Pole Hole or Basket as it is commonly referred

to by disc golfers. Once a disc comes to rest in the basket, the hole is considered complete.

The CircleThis is what helps defines a true disc golf putt. If a player is throwing his/her disc at the basket with in a 10 Meter or 30 Ft circle of the basket, they must

follow an additional set of putting rules defined by the PDGA. Basically if youre in the circle, your disc has to come to rest in the basket before any part of your

body touches past the mini marker towards the basket. Failure to do so can lead to a falling putt penalty stroke.

Tomahawk An overhand throw at a vertical angle.Tier A rise or level in a green or tee.

Underclubbing Using a club that does not provide enough distance to hit the ball to the intended target. Unplayable Lie A lie from which the ball can not be hit. (i.e. it is up against a tree and the player can not hit it)

Up And DownThe situation where a player holes the ball in two strokes starting from off the green. The first stroke, usually a "pitch", a "bunker shot" or a "chip", gets the

ball 'up' onto the green, and the subsequent putt gets the ball 'down' into the hole. A variation is called "up and in".

WaggleA back-and-forth sweeping motion initiated by wrist movement, behind the ball with the clubhead raised at address, designed to keep a player relaxed and

help establish a smooth pace in the take-a-way andswing.

Wedge An iron with a high loft used for short shots requiring a high trajectory.Whiff Swinging and missing the ball.

Winter RulesLocal golf rules that permit the player to improve the lie of the ball in the fairway. There may be additional winter rules allowed depending on the golf course

condition.Wood A club (either wood or metal) which is used for shots requiring a lot of distance. Wormburner A shot which skims very low along the ground. Thus killing any worms that may be poking their heads up.

Water (Hazard)Water hazards*** tend to consist of a pond or small lake within the golf course boundaries. Water hazards can also be any bod y of water into which your ball

can land whether or not it contains water at the time, such as a dry stream or ditch.

Water (Permanent)Permanent Water is considered those "Water Hazards" located within the parameters of the golf course that are of a permanent nature which virtually

"never" dry up. Typical are lakes and ponds, rather than streams or ditches.

Wedge (Gap) A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of50 degrees.

Wedge (Lob) A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of60 degrees.

Wedge (Pitching) A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of45 degrees.

W d (S d)A golf club within the "irons" category utilized within the "short game" of golf. The club has an average or approximate loft angle of55 degrees. The Sand


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Wedge (Sand)g g y g g g pp g g

Wedge is considered a "Specialty Club" among theWedges.

Vaulting DormieA possible occurrence in match play when a player converts a lead into a victory without passing through dormie, a guaranteed minimum of a tie at the end of

regulation play. For example, converting an 8-hole lead with nine to play into a 9-hole lead with eight to play, or converting a 1-hole lead with two to play into

a 2-hole lead with one to play.

Visualization A mental image of a swing or shot or even an entire round.

YipsA tendency to twitch during the putting stroke. Some top golfers have had their careers greatly affected or even destroyed by the yips; prominent golfers who

battled with the yips for much of their careers include Sam Snead, Ben Hogan, and, more recently, Bernhard Langer.

Zinger A ball hit high and hard.

Turf Management_ Assignment 2

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