Turda Crina (1)
-
Upload
turda-crina -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of Turda Crina (1)
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
1/31
INTRODUCTION
There's no one thing that's true. It's all true.
(For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940, chapter 43)
Ernest Hemingway is one of the most famous American novelist, short-story writer and
essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style have influenced wide range of writers.In the
nearly sixty two years of his life that followed he forged a literary reputation unsurpassed in
the twentieth century. In doing so, he also created a mythological hero in himself that
captivated (and at times confounded) not only serious literary critics but the average man as
well. In a word, he was a star.
3
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
2/31
CHAPTER I : LIFE
1: BIOGRAPHY
1.1 Childhood
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born at eight o'clock in the morning
on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois.
Born in the family home at 439 North Oak Park Avenue, a house built
by his widowed grandfather Ernest Hall, Hemingway was the second of
Dr. Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway's six children; he had four
sisters and one brother. He was named after his maternal grandfather
Ernest Hall and his great uncle Miller Hall
Hemingway's birthplacein Oak Park, Illinois.
Oak Park was a mainly Protestant, upper middle-class suburb of Chicago .Only ten miles
from the big city, Oak Park was really much farther away philosophically. It was basically a
conservative town that tried to isolate itself from Chicago's liberal seediness. Hemingway was
raised with the conservative Midwestern values of strong religion, hard work, physical fitness
and self determination; if one adhered to these parameters, he was taught, he would be ensured
of success in whatever field he chose.
4
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
3/31
As a boy he was taught by his father to hunt and fish along the shores and in the forests
surrounding Lake Michigan. The Hemingways had a summer house called Windemere on
Walloon Lake in northern Michigan, and the family would spend the summer months there
trying to stay cool. Hemingway would either fish the different streams that ran into the lake, or
would take the row boat out to do some fishing there. He would also go squirrel hunting in the
woods near the summer house, discovering early in life the serenity to be found while alone in
the forest or wading a stream. It was something he could always go back to throughout his life,
wherever he was. Nature would be the touchstone of Hemingway's life and work, and though he
often found himself living in major cities like Chicago, Toronto and Paris early in his career,
once he became successful he chose somewhat isolated places to live like Key West, or San
Francisco de Paula, Cuba, or Ketchum, Idaho. All were convenient locales for hunting and
fishing.
Hemingway fishing as a young boy
When he wasn't hunting or fishing his mother taught him the finer points of music. Grace was
an accomplished singer who once had aspirations of a career on stage, but eventually settled
down with her husband and occupied her time by giving voice and music lessons to local
children, including her own. Hemingway never had a knack for music and suffered through
choir practices and cello lessons, however the musical knowledge he acquired from his mother
helped him share in his first wife Hadley's interest in the piano.
Hemingway received his formal schooling in the Oak Park public school system. In high school
he was mediocre at sports, playing football, swimming, water basketball and serving as the track
team manager. He enjoyed working on the high school newspaper called the Trapeze, where he
wrote his first articles, usually humorous pieces in the style of Ring Lardner, a popular satirist of
the time. Hemingway graduated in the spring of 1917 and instead of going to college the
5
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
4/31
following fall like his parents expected, he took a job as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star;
the job was arranged for by his Uncle Tyler who was a close friend of the chief editorial writer
of the paper.
The Kansas City Star building where
Hemingway took his first job as a cub reporter.
6
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
5/31
2: FAMILY
Photograph of Hemingway family in 1905, from left:
Marcelline, Sunny, Clarence, Grace, Ursula and Ernest
2.1 Parents
Clarence Hemingway, nicknamed Ed, was known for his dimpled cheeks and charming
smile, but also for an explosive temper. He was born on September 4, 1871, and he spent his
life as a physician in Oak Park, Illinois.
In October 1896 he married young Grace Hall, his across-the-street neighbor. Together they
had six children, all of whom enjoyed a childhood of hunting, fishing and outdoor trips with
their father.
7
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
6/31
Suffering from diabetes, psychological depression and mounting debts, Dr. Hemingway shot
and killed himself in his home on December 6, 1928.
Grace Hall HemingwayMusically-inclined and strong-willed, Grace Hall Hemingway was
known to love extravagant clothing, hate household chores and pride herself on her music. She
was born on June 15, 1872 and married her neighbor, Dr. Clarence Hemingway, when she was
24.
They had six children, all delivered by Dr. Hemingway at home. Although her first two
children, Marcelline and Ernest, were eighteen months apart, Grace enjoyed dressing them up
either as twin girls in dresses and floppy hats or as twin boys in overalls.
Grace battled her husband's depression, an estrangement from Ernest and embarrassment from
the controversy surrounding her son's works. She died on June 29, 1951.
2.1 Siblings
Marcelline Hemingway Sanford
Writer, sculptor, ceramist, actor and lecturer, Marcelline Hemingway Sanford was born in Oak
Park, Illinois, on January 15, 1898. She was the oldest of the six Hemingway children.
Despite being eighteen months older than her brother Ernest, Marcelline's mother often
dressed them as twins, going as far as holding Marcelline back a year in kindergarten so the
two could begin school together. Marcelline died on December 9, 1963
Ursula Hemingway Jepson
Ursula Hemingway Jepson was born on April 29, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois.
8
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
7/31
Surviving three cancer operations, Ursula suffered from depression and committed suicide by
drug overdose on October 30, 1966.
Madelaine Hemingway Miller
Born on November 28, 1904, in Oak Park, Illinois, Madelaine Hemingway Miller, also known
as Sunny, spent her childhood hunting and fishing at Windemere, the family cottage in
northern Michigan.
She died at age 90 in Michigan on January 14, 1995.
Carol Hemingway Gardner
Carol Hemingway was the fifth of six children born to Clarence and Grace Hemingway. She
was born two years before Ernests twelfth birthday prompting Ernest to once call her his
own special present.
Carol Hemingway married John Gardner on June 25, 1933 and had three children together:
Elizabeth, Hilary, and Mark.
On October 27, 2002, Carol Hemingway died at the age of ninety-one. She was the last living
sibling of Ernest Hemingway.
Leicester Clarence Hemingway
Author of six books and several articles on fishing and outdoor activities, Leicester Clarence
Hemingway was known for his lavish imagination and ability to find inventive nicknames for
family and friends.
Born April 1, 1915, Leicester was the youngest of six in the Hemingway family.
Suffering from diabetes, depression and several operations, Leicester shot and killed himself
at his Miami Beach home on September 15, 1982, at age 67.
9
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
8/31
2.3 Wifes
Hemingway and Hadley
While living at a friend's house he met Hadley Richardson and they quickly fell in love. The
two corresponded for a few months, and then decided to marry and travel to Europe. They
wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead, writing
letters of introduction for the young couple. They were married on September 3, 1921; two
months later Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Starand the couple
left for Paris.
In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, who came to
Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in
November she formally requested a divorce.
10
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
9/31
Hemingway and Pauline
Pauline Marie Pfeiffer was the second wife of Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway married
Pauline in May 1927 .
They had two sons Patrick and Gregory. Hemingway went to Spain in 1937 and there began
an affair with Martha Gellhorn. He and Pfeiffer were divorced on November 4, 1940, and he
married Gellhorn three weeks later.
Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn
Martha met Ernest Hemingway in Key West in 1936. They were married in 1940. Gellhorn
resented her reflected fame as Hemingway's third wife, remarking that she had no intention of
"being a footnote in someone else's life".
Gelhorn was unfaithful to Hemingway, having an affair with US paratrooper Major General
James M. Gavin.
11
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
10/31
Hemingway and Mary
In London, he met Mary Welsh, the petite Minnesota journalist who was to become his fourth
and final wife. After Hemingway's 1946 divorce from Martha, the pair returned to Cuba,
exchanged vows, and shared their home with some 57 cats.
12
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
11/31
3:THE AMBULANCE DRIVER During The World War I
At the time of Hemingway's graduation from High School, World War I was raging in
Europe.When Hemingway turned eighteen he tried to enlist in the army, but was deferred
because of poor vision; he had a bad left eye that he probably inherited from his mother, who
also had poor vision. When he heard the Red Cross was taking volunteers as ambulance drivers
he quickly signed up. He was accepted in December of 1917, left his job at the paper in April of
1918, and sailed for Europe in May.
Hemingway first went to Paris upon reaching Europe, then traveled to Milan in early June after
receiving his orders. The day he arrived, a munitions factory exploded and he had to carry
mutilated bodies and body parts to a makeshift morgue; it was an immediate and powerful
initiation into the horrors of war. Two days later he was sent to an ambulance unit in the town of
Schio, where he worked driving ambulances. On July 8, 1918, only a few weeks after arriving,
Hemingway was seriously wounded by fragments from an Austrian mortar shell which had
landed just a few feet away. At the time, Hemingway was distributing chocolate and cigarettes
to Italian soldiers in the trenches near the front lines. The explosion knocked Hemingway
unconscious, killed an Italian soldier and blew the legs off another. What happened next has
been debated for some time. In a letter to Hemingway's father, Ted Brumback, one of Ernest's
fellow ambulance drivers, wrote that despite over 200 pieces of shrapnel being lodged in
13
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
12/31
Hemingway's legs he still managed to carry another wounded soldier back to the first aid
station; along the way he was hit in the legs by several machine gun bullets. Whether he carried
the wounded soldier or not, doesn't diminish Hemingway's sacrifice. He was awarded the Italian
Silver Medal for Valor with the official Italian citation reading: "Gravely wounded by numerous
pieces of shrapnel from an enemy shell, with an admirable spirit of brotherhood, before taking
care of himself, he rendered generous assistance to the Italian soldiers more seriously wounded
by the same explosion and did not allow himself to be carried elsewhere until after they had
been evacuated
Hemingway on crutches as he recovers
in Italy from the serious injuries to his legs.
3.1 Hemingway relationship with Agnes
Serving as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I, an eighteen-year old Ernest
Hemingway was taken to a Milan hospital after an explosion badly injured his leg. In that
hospital he met one of the great loves of his life - Agnes Hannah von Kurowsky, a twenty-six
14
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
13/31
year old American nurse who cared for Hemingway as he recuperated. Hemingway was
infatuated with von Kurowsky from the start, and for a time she seemed to have feelings for
him as well, though von Kurowsky later said she merely "liked" him and that their relationship
was nothing more than a "flirtation." Hemingway wanted them to get married, but von
Kurowsky - because of the age difference, her belief that Hemingway was immature and
aimless, and her interest in other men - rejected the idea. In January 1919 Hemingway left the
hospital but continued to write her. Von Kurowsky decided she finally had to convince him it
was over so she has sended Hemingway a letter of rejection.
4: A SOLDIERS HOME..
15
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
14/31
When Hemingway returned home from Italy in January of 1919 he found Oak Park dull compared
to the adventures of war, the beauty of foreign lands and the romance of an older woman, Agnes
von Kurowsky. He was nineteen years old and only a year and a half removed from high school, but
the war had matured him beyond his years. Living with his parents, who never quite appreciated
what their son had been through, was difficult. Soon after his homecoming they began to question
his future, began to pressure him to find work or to further his education, but Hemingway couldn't
seem to muster interest in anything.
He had received some $1,000 dollars in insurance payments for his war wounds, which allowed him
to avoid work for nearly a year. He lived at his parents house and spent his time at the library or at
home reading. He spoke to small civic organizations about his war exploits and was often seen in
his Red Cross uniform, walking about town. Hemingway's story "Soldier's Home" conveys hisfeelings of frustration and shame upon returning home to a town and to parents who still had a
romantic notion of war and who didn't understand the psychological impact the war had had on their
son.
The last speaking engagement the young Hemingway took was at the Petoskey (Michigan) Public
Library, and it would be important to Hemingway not for what he said but for who heard it. In the
audience was Harriett Connable, the wife of an executive for the Woolworth's company in Toronto.
As Hemingway spun his war tales Harriett couldn't help but notice the differences between
Hemingway and her own son. Harriett Connable thought her son needed someone to show him the
joys of physical activity and Hemingway seemed the perfect candidate to tutor and watch over him
while she and her husband Ralph vacationed in Florida. So, she asked Hemingway if he would do it.
Hemingway took the position, which offered him time to write and a chance to work forthe
Toronto Star Weekly, the editor of which Ralph Connable promised to introduce Hemingway to.
Hemingway wrote for the Star Weekly even after moving to Chicago in the fall of 1920.
5:THE PARIS YEARS
16
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
15/31
The Hemingways arrived in Paris on December 22, 1921 and a few weeks later moved into
their first apartment at 74 rue Cardinal Lemoine. It was a miserable apartment with no running
water. Hemingway tried to minimize the primitiveness of the living quarters for his wife
Hadley,which he married on September 3,1921, who had grown up in relative splendor, but
despite the conditions she endured, carried away by her husbands enthusiasm for living the
bohemian lifestyle.
The Paris apartment
Hemingway's reporting during his first two years in Paris was extensive, covering the Geneva
Conference in April of 1922, The Greco-Turkish War in October, the Luasanne Conference in
November and the post war convention in the Ruhr Valley in early 1923. Along with the
political pieces he wrote lifestyle pieces as well, covering fishing, bullfighting, social life in
Europe, skiing, bobsledding and more.
Just as Hemingway was beginning to make a name for himself as a reporter and a fledgling
fiction writer, and just as he and his wife were hitting their stride socially in Europe, the
couple found out that Hadley was pregnant with their first child. Wanting the baby born in
North America where the doctors and hospitals were better, the Hemingways left Paris in
1923 and moved to Toronto, where he wrote for the Toronto Daily Starand waited for their
child to arrive.
17
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
16/31
John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway was born on October 10, 1923 and by January of 1924 the
young family boarded a ship and headed back to Paris where Hemingway would finish
making a name for himself.
18
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
17/31
6.An unparalleled creative flurry...
From 1925 to 1929 Hemingway produced some of the most important works of 20th century
fiction, including the landmark short story collectionIn Our Time (1925) which contained
"The Big Two-Hearted River." In 1926 he came out with his first true novel, The Sun Also
Rises .He followed that book withMen Without Women in 1927. In 1929 he publishedA
Farewell to Arms, arguably the finest novel to emerge from World War I. In four short years
he went from being an unknown writer to being the most important writer of his generation,
and perhaps the 20th century.
While he could do no wrong with his writing career, his personal life had began to show
signs of wear. Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on The Sun
Also Rises. In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer,
who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a
separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions .The
couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May.
That same year Hemingway received word of his fathers death by suicide. Clarence
Hemingway had begun to suffer from a number of physical ailments that would exacerbate
an already fragile mental state. He had developed diabetes, endured painful angina andextreme headaches. On top of these physical problems he also suffered from a dismal
financial situation after speculative real estate purchases in Florida never panned out.
19
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
18/31
7.Key West and the Caribbean
In the late spring Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City, where their son Patrick
was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult delivery, which Hemingway fictionalized
inA Farewell to Arms.
Hemingway and his son Patrick
After Patrick's birth, Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts and New
York. In the fall he was in New York with Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he
received a cable telling him that his father had committed suicide. Hemingway was
devastated, having earlier sent a letter to his father telling him not to worry about financial
difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide.
Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft ofA Farewell to
Arms before leaving for France in January. He had finished it in August but delayed the
revision. Hemingway researched his next work,Death in the Afternoon.
During the early 1930s Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming,
where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West"
His third son, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born on November 12, 1931 in Kansas City.
Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a
carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a
20
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
19/31
writing studio. While in Key West Hemingway frequented the local
bar Sloppy Joe's.. Meanwhile he continued to travel to Europe and
to Cuba.
The house in Key West
In 1933 Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa. The 10-week trip provided
material forGreen Hills of Africa, as well as for the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro"
and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber". The couple visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and
Machakos in Kenya, then moved on to Tanganyika,. On Hemingways return to Key West in
early 1934, he began work on Green Hills of Africa, which he published in 1935 to mixed
reviews.
Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it thePilar, and began sailing the Caribbean
In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini, where he spent a considerable amount of time. During this
period he also worked on To Have and Have Not, published in 1937 while he was in Spain,the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.
21
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
20/31
8.The Spanish Civil War
In March 1937 Hemingway traveled to Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North
American Newspaper Alliance. The civil war caused a marital war in the Hemingway
household as well. Hemingway had met a young writer named Martha Gellhorn in Key West
and the two would go on to conduct a secret affair for almost four years before Hemingway
divorced Pauline and married Martha.. They would eventually marry in November of 1940,
nearly four years after meeting at Sloppy Joes bar in Key West in December 1936. Eventually
the loyalist movement failed and the Franco led rebels won the war and installed a dictatorial
government in the spring of 1939.
8.1 Cuba
Hemingway and Martha moved to a large house outside Havana, Cuba. They named it Finca
Vigia ("Lookout Farm"), and Hemingway decorated it with hunting trophies from his African
safari. He had begun work onFor Whom The Bell Tolls in 1939 in Cuba and worked on it on
the road as he traveled back to Key West or to Wyoming or to Sun Valley, finishing it in July
of 1940. The book was a huge success, both critically and commercially,
The next ten years would be a creatively fallow period for Hemingway, (it would be 1950
before he would publish another novel) but while he looked more interested in bolstering his
public image at the expense of his work, he was actually immersed in several large writing
projects which he could never seem to complete. During the 1940s he worked on what would
become the heavily edited and posthumously published novelsIslands In The Stream and The
Garden Of Eden.
After his work covering the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent work on his novelFor
Whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway took on another assignment, covering the Chinese-Japanese
war in 1941. He traveled with his wife Martha and wrote dispatches about the war for PM
Magazine. It was a tedious trip and Hemingway was glad to return to Cuba for some well
deserved rest.
22
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
21/31
In the spring of 1944 Hemingway finally decided to go to Europe to report the war, heading
first to London where he wrote articles about the RAF and about the wars effects on England.
While there he was injured in a car crash, suffering a serious concussion and a gash to his
head which required over 50 stitches. Martha visited him in the hospital and minimized his
injuries, castigating him for being involved in a drunken auto wreck. Hemingway really was
seriously hurt and Marthas cavalier reaction triggered the beginning of the end of their
marriage. While in London Hemingway met Mary Welsh, the antithesis of Martha. Mary was
caring, adoring, and complimentary while Martha couldnt care less, had lost any admiration
for her man and was often insulting to him. For Hemingway it was an easy choice between the
two and like in other wars, Hemingway fell in love with a new woman.
Hemingway and Mary openly conducted their courtship in London and then in France afterthe allied invasion at Normandy and the subsequent liberation of Paris. For all intents and
purposes Hemingways third marriage was over and his fourth and final marriage to Mary had
begun.
9. The Last Days
23
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
22/31
Stung by the critical reception ofAcross the River and Into the Trees , Hemingway was
determined to regain his former stature as the worlds preeminent novelist. Still under the muse
of Adriana Ivancich, Hemingway began work on a story of an old man and a great fish. Thewords poured forth and hit the page in almost perfect form, requiring little editing after hed
completed the first draft.
In September of 1952 The Old Man and the Sea appeared inLife magazine, selling over 5
million copies in a flash.. The book was a huge success both critically and commercially and
for the first time sinceFor Whom The Bell Tolls in 1940 Hemingway was atop the literary
heap...and making a fortune.
Flush with money from the Old Man and the Sea Hemingway decided to exercise his
wanderlust, returning to Europe to catch some bullfights in Spain and then to Africa later in
the summer for another safari with his wife Mary. In January of 1954 Hemingway and Mary
boarded a small Cessna airplane to take a tour of some of east Africas beautiful lakes and
waterfalls. The plane was badly damaged and they had to make a crash landing. The groups
injuries were minor, though several of Marys ribs were fractured. After a boat ride across
Lake Victoria they took another flight Heading toward Uganda the plane barely got off the
ground before crashing and catching fire. Mary made it through an exit at the front of the
plane. Hemingway, using his head as a battering ram, broke through the main door. The crash
had injured Hemingway more than most would know. Though he survived the crashes and
lived to read his own premature obituaries, his injuries cut short his life in a slow and painful
way.
Despite his ailments, Hemingway and Mary traveled on to Venice one last time and then
headed back to Cuba.
24
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
23/31
9.1Denouement
After 1954 Hemingway battled deteriorating health which often kept him from working, and
when he was working he felt it wasnt very good. He had written 200,000 words of an account
of his doomed safari tentatively titled "African Journal", but didnt feel it publishable and
didnt have the energy to work it into shape In 1959Life magazine contracted with
Hemingway to write a short article about the series of mano y mano bullfights. Hemingway
spent the summer of 1959 travelling with the bullfighters to gather material for the article.
Besides highlighting Hemingways increasing problem with writing the clear, effective prose
which made him famous, his physical deterioration had become obvious as well during that
summer of his 60th year. During this time Hemingway was also working on his memoirs
which would be in 1964 asA Moveable Feast. Hemingway wouldnt live to see the success of
this book.
By this time Hemingway had left Cuba, departing in July of 1960, and had taken up residence
in Ketchum, Idaho where he and Mary had already purchased a home in April of 1959. Idaho
reminded Hemingway of Spain and Ketchum was small and remote enough to buffer him
from the negative trappings of his celebrity
In the fall of 1960 Hemingway flew to Rochester, Minnesota and was admitted to the Mayo
Clinic, ostensibly for treatment of high blood pressure but really for help with the severe
depression his wife Mary could no longer handle alone. After Hemingway began talking of
suicide his Ketchum doctor agreed with Mary that they should seek expert help. He registered
under the name of his personal doctor George Saviers and they began a medical program to try
and repair his mental state. The Mayo Clinics treatment would ultimately lead to electro
shock therapy. One of the sad side effects of shock therapy is the loss of memory, and for
Hemingway it was a catastrophic loss. Without his memory he could no longer write, could no
longer recall the facts and images he required to create his art. Writing, which had already
become difficult was now nearly impossible.
Hemingway spent the first half of 1961 fighting his depression and paranoia, seeing enemies
at every turn and threatening suicide on several more occasions. On the morning of July 2,
25
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
24/31
1961 Hemingway rose early, as he had his entire adult life, selected a shotgun from a closet
in the basement, went upstairs to a spot near the entrance-way of the house and shot himself
in the head. It was little more than two weeks until his 62nd birthday.
CHAPTER II.: WRITING STYLE
26
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
25/31
Ernest Hemingways writing is among the most recognizable and influential prose of the
twentieth century.Many critics believe his style was influenced by his days as a cub reporter
for theKansas City Star, where he had to rely on short sentences.
Hemingways technique is uncomplicated ,with plain grammar and easily accessible
language.His hallmark is a clean style that eschews adjectives and uses short, rhythmic
sentences that concentrate on action rather than reflection.Though his writing is often though
of as simple, this generalization could not be further from the truth.
His work is the result of a careful process of selecting only those elements essential to the
story and pruning everything else away.He kept his prose direct using a technique he termed
the iceberg principle
1. The Iceberg Theory
The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") is a term used to describe the
writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway is best known for works
such as The Sun Also Rises,A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and The Sea.
InDeath in the Afternoon, Hemingway outlined his "theory of omission" or "iceberg
principle." He states: "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he
may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a
feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of
movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. The writer who
omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing."1
2.The big works
1 Smith, Paul. (1983). "Hemingway's Early Manuscripts: The Theory and Practice of Omission".Journal ofModern Literature (Indiana University Press) 10 (2): 268288.
27
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
26/31
Around 1926 Hemingway also completed his first acclaimed novel The Sun Also Rises about
a foreign correspondent in Paris, like himself, who takes time out to visit the bullfights in
Spain with other members of the so-called "lost generation". This is the work that brought him
to prominence. Like most of his books from this time on, it was eventually adapted for movies
with middling success.
The movie The book
The Sun Also Rises was followed by another story collection,Men Without Women (1927),
and another novel,A Farewell to Arms (1929)a doomed wartime love story that confirmed
his reputation as the preeminent writer of his generation.Farewellwas quickly made into a
Gary Cooper and Helen Hayes film, the first of several adaptations.
The movie The book
Death in the Afternoon (1932) is a non-fictional account of bullfighting, while Green Hills of
Africa (1935) is an attempt to present an actual hunting expedition with his wife as if it was
the subject of a novel.
28
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
27/31
Winner Take Nothing(1933) is a further story collection and To Have and Have Not(1937) is
a novel stitched together out of two stories and a novella.
The Fifth Column (1938) is a play about the
Spanish Civil War, written from within the war.
It may be Hemingway's least satisfying work,
both for readers and for the author who
complained he should have reworked it as a
novel. It was published at the time in a volume
with what were called his first forty-nine short
stories. However, the play was republished posthumously along with with four stories of the
war, which had not been previously available in any other collections. Although you seldomhear about them, these four are among his better and best stories and, sharing settings and
events with The Fifth Column, make a quite effective set.
Hemingway's greatest is his novel set in the same Spanish war,For Whom the Bell Tolls
(1940), presenting startlingly realistic scenes of conflict and romance, with unforgettable
characters in an unforgettable environment. Another Cooper film, this time with Ingrid
Bergman, was to follow quicklyone of the better adaptations of Hemingway.
Across the River and Into the Trees (1950), concerning a disgraced Second World World
general reminiscing, was his most negatively reviewed novel, suffering from the lack of a
gripping plot or sharp characters. But it was Hemingway, to his credit, trying something
29
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
28/31
different once again, a more internal work of reflective middle age, and in recent years the
novel has risen in reputation.
But his next, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), was hailed a masterpiece and led to
Hemingway being awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for literature in
1954. It too has been adapted several times for film, most notably in 1958 while Hemingway
was still around.
The movie The book
30
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
29/31
3.Post-Hemingway
After Hemingway's death in 1961, his works continued to appear, as his unfinished
manuscripts were edited and released by his heirs and publishers, along with reorganized
collections of earlier works.A Moveable Feast(1964) recounts his Paris years.Islands in the
Stream (1970) is an unpolished, though often rewarding, novel based partly on his Caribbean
exploits. The Dangerous Summer(1985) is a long, meandering magazine article written in
1959 and cut drastically to produce this posthumous book about a Spanish bullfighting season
third-rate Hemingway on a subject already covered (and much better) in The Sun Also Rises
andDeath in the Afternoon.
The Garden of Eden (1986) is Hemingway's kinkiest novel and was obviously discarded by
the master stylist before reaching a state he would have considered suitable for publication
interesting mainly for showing sexual ambiguity in the writer often regarded as a macho
stereotype.
True at First Light(1999) may be seen as a sequel to Green Hills of Africa twenty years later,
a fictionalized account of an extended hunting trip in Africa by Hemingway with a different
wife, edited by his son from a previous wife, Patrick Hemingway. Acceptable but, as might be
imagined, not quite up to the Green Hills standard. A longer, less edited version was publishedin 2005 under the title Under Kilimanjaro.
The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories (1964), The Nick Adams Stories (1972) and The
Complete Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987) are all collections containing previously
published short stories
31
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
30/31
CONCLUSION
The life and character of Hemingway is even more familiar than his writing. Everyone knows
that Hemingway was a great amateurof bullfighting, hunting and fishing. That he was
preoccupied with war and death, serving the Italian army in World War I, reporting on the
Spanish Civil War then when his health deteriorated he took his own life with a shotgun blast..
His prose is among the most sensitive and beautifully understated, often having the power to
completely transport the reader to the place and situation of his characters. He experiences the
world and then writes about it in such a way as to have the reader experience it too. All
without seeming to make an effort to do so.
He was a man with exceptional intelligence and an educated upbringing, so diverse it must
have been confusing to a young man. His mother on one side was teaching him culture and
took him to operas, concerts and art galleries and his father, on the other, was rugged and
taught him outdoor life, how to use a gun, and to be afraid of nothing. Both parents were
strong and each had a total conviction and enthusiasm to teach Ernest their own ideals. And of
course he and his five brothers and sisters were brought up in an intensely religious
atmosphere.
Hemingway's childhood and adolescence gave him an insight into all aspects of life and being
such an inquisitive, person with a determination for detail he wanted to try everything and be
exceptional at everything he did.
Life isn't hard to manage when you've nothing to lose.
(A Farewell to Arms, 1929, Chapter 21)
32
-
7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)
31/31