Turbo TAKS Turbo TAKS

Week 1Week 1

Lesson 1: GraphingLesson 1: GraphingLesson 2: Scientific MethodLesson 2: Scientific MethodLesson 3: Lab Safety/ EquipmentLesson 3: Lab Safety/ EquipmentLesson 4: Predicting Trends in DataLesson 4: Predicting Trends in Data

Lesson 1: GraphingLesson 1: Graphing

Line GraphLine Graph Line graphs are used when one variable Line graphs are used when one variable

(independent) affects another, which is the (independent) affects another, which is the dependent variable. dependent variable.

Useful for predicting trendsUseful for predicting trends

What’s your conclusion? Is minimum wage What’s your conclusion? Is minimum wage increasing or decreasing over time?increasing or decreasing over time?

Bar GraphBar Graph

The data for this graph are non-numerical and The data for this graph are non-numerical and discrete for at least one variable. There are no discrete for at least one variable. There are no dependent and independent variables. Axes may dependent and independent variables. Axes may be reversed to give a graph with the categories on be reversed to give a graph with the categories on the x axis.the x axis.

Bar graphs can therefore be drawn horizontally or Bar graphs can therefore be drawn horizontally or vertically. This type of graph is very useful for vertically. This type of graph is very useful for comparing two or more similar items.comparing two or more similar items.

What is your conclusion from What is your conclusion from these results?these results?

What question is being What question is being answered? Title?answered? Title?

Pie Graph (Circle graph)Pie Graph (Circle graph)

As with bar graphs, pie graphs are used when the As with bar graphs, pie graphs are used when the data for one variable are discrete (categories) and data for one variable are discrete (categories) and the data for the other variable are in the form of the data for the other variable are in the form of counts (counts (percentagespercentages or proportions) or proportions)

A circle is divided according to the proportion of A circle is divided according to the proportion of counts in each category.counts in each category.

Not suitable for data sets with a very large number Not suitable for data sets with a very large number of categories (more than 6)of categories (more than 6)

Should our school require Should our school require students to wear uniforms? students to wear uniforms?

(student survey)(student survey)

Music Preference for Young Music Preference for Young Adults Adults (what’s your conclusion?)(what’s your conclusion?)

Lesson 2: Scientific MethodLesson 2: Scientific Method

Scientific Method ProceduresScientific Method Procedures ObservationObservation

– The foundation of the scientific methodThe foundation of the scientific method– Leads to a question regarding the event or Leads to a question regarding the event or

characteristiccharacteristic

HypothesisHypothesis– Is an “educated guess”Is an “educated guess”– It is a tentative cause and effect statement.It is a tentative cause and effect statement.– Has to be testableHas to be testable– Is rejected or accepted at the conclusion of an Is rejected or accepted at the conclusion of an

experimentexperiment

TerminologyTerminology

Hypothesis:Hypothesis: a possible answer to a scientific a possible answer to a scientific question (Q: “How will studying affect my test question (Q: “How will studying affect my test score?” Hypo: “If I study for… then my test score score?” Hypo: “If I study for… then my test score will…”)will…”)

Prediction:Prediction: states the expected outcome of an states the expected outcome of an experiment designed to test the hypothesis (“My test experiment designed to test the hypothesis (“My test score will…”)score will…”)

Inference:Inference: a logical interpretation based on prior a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience (“I have always done knowledge and experience (“I have always done poorly in science, so I will do poorly this time too.”)poorly in science, so I will do poorly this time too.”)

Scientific Method ProceduresScientific Method Procedures

ExperimentExperiment– Experiments must be repeatable and reproducible.Experiments must be repeatable and reproducible.

– dependent variable dependent variable - this will be the single observation, - this will be the single observation, or the or the result we will be observing.result we will be observing.

– independent variable independent variable - this will be the single variable - this will be the single variable wewe elect to elect to manipulatemanipulate..

– controlled variablescontrolled variables - these are factors that we will keep - these are factors that we will keep constant (“keep controlled”) during the experiment, so constant (“keep controlled”) during the experiment, so that they do not affect the dependent variable.that they do not affect the dependent variable.

Scientific Method ProceduresScientific Method Procedures

Collect/ Analyze DataCollect/ Analyze Data– Always report ALL results (the good, the bad, Always report ALL results (the good, the bad,

and the ugly!)and the ugly!)– Look for patterns in the dataLook for patterns in the data

ConclusionConclusion– WHAT HAPPENED AND WHY?WHAT HAPPENED AND WHY?

Lesson 3: Lab Safety/ EquipmentLesson 3: Lab Safety/ Equipment

It’s better to be safe than sorry!It’s better to be safe than sorry!

Appropriate Clothing/ DressAppropriate Clothing/ Dress

ALWAYS WEAR GOGGLES ALWAYS WEAR GOGGLES AND APRONS when told to do AND APRONS when told to do so!so!

Long hair tied backLong hair tied back

Closed toe shoesClosed toe shoes

Accidents, Injuries, Equipment Accidents, Injuries, Equipment Breaks Breaks

Report any accident or injury to Report any accident or injury to your teacher IMMEDIATELY!your teacher IMMEDIATELY!

If you cannot notify the teacher If you cannot notify the teacher because of your injury – have because of your injury – have your lab partner tell the teacher!your lab partner tell the teacher!

Safety with Gases or InhalantsSafety with Gases or Inhalants

Do not inhale any gas or vapor unless Do not inhale any gas or vapor unless directed to do so by your teacher. directed to do so by your teacher. – WAFTWAFT any scent to your nostrils to any scent to your nostrils to

ensure that you do not destroy the mucus ensure that you do not destroy the mucus membranes of your respiratory system. membranes of your respiratory system.

Handle materials that emit vapors or Handle materials that emit vapors or gases in a fume/ vent hood.gases in a fume/ vent hood.

Chemical StorageChemical Storage

Store chemicals in a clean, dry place.Store chemicals in a clean, dry place. NEVER put used chemicals back into the NEVER put used chemicals back into the

original container. This eliminates original container. This eliminates contamination.contamination.

ALWAYS POUR ACID ALWAYS POUR ACID SLOWLY INTO WATER!SLOWLY INTO WATER!

NOT water into acid!NOT water into acid!

Use Common SenseUse Common Sense

When using scalpels, sharp probes, and When using scalpels, sharp probes, and knives do not cut objects while holding them knives do not cut objects while holding them in your hand. in your hand. – Cut objects on a suitable work surface. Always Cut objects on a suitable work surface. Always

cut in a direction cut in a direction awayaway from your body. from your body.

Use tongs or insulated/ thermal holders when Use tongs or insulated/ thermal holders when handling heated objects.handling heated objects.– Never point the open end of a test tube at yourself Never point the open end of a test tube at yourself

or others when heating itor others when heating it

The 4 C’sThe 4 C’s

Caustic: capable of burning, corroding, or Caustic: capable of burning, corroding, or destroying living tissue. destroying living tissue.

Carcinogen: any substance or agent that tends to Carcinogen: any substance or agent that tends to produce a cancer produce a cancer

Corrosive: having the quality of corroding or Corrosive: having the quality of corroding or eating away eating away

Combustible: capable of catching fire and burning Combustible: capable of catching fire and burning

Hazard RatingsHazard Ratings Rates hazards from 0-4Rates hazards from 0-4

– 0 minimal 0 minimal – 1 slight1 slight– 2 hazardous2 hazardous– 3 extremely hazardous3 extremely hazardous– 4- deadly4- deadly

Red- Fire Red- Fire Yellow- Reactivity Yellow- Reactivity Blue - Health RiskBlue - Health Risk White- Special InfoWhite- Special Info

Lab EquipmentLab Equipment

Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume

Use a graduated Use a graduated cylindercylinder

Read the bottom of the Read the bottom of the meniscusmeniscus

For an irregular object, For an irregular object, use volume use volume displacement.displacement.

Measuring MassMeasuring Mass

Use an electronic Use an electronic (digital) balance or (digital) balance or triple beam balancetriple beam balance

Other measurementsOther measurements

Temperature is measured with a Temperature is measured with a thermometer.thermometer.

pH is measured with litmus paper or a pH pH is measured with litmus paper or a pH meter.meter.

Distances are measured with a ruler or a Distances are measured with a ruler or a meter stick. (There is a ruler on your TAKS meter stick. (There is a ruler on your TAKS formula chart.)formula chart.)

Lesson 4: Predicting Trends in DataLesson 4: Predicting Trends in Data

Test Taking Tip:Test Taking Tip: When you are drawing a When you are drawing a conclusion or predicting a trend in the data, conclusion or predicting a trend in the data, you have to base your answer on the data you have to base your answer on the data given. given. This means that they have to give This means that they have to give you the answer! you the answer! Do Do NOTNOT rely on anything rely on anything but what is given to you. If an answer but what is given to you. If an answer choice is about something not mentioned or choice is about something not mentioned or goes against the given data, it is goes against the given data, it is NOTNOT the the right answer.right answer.

Let’s try:Let’s try:

According to the data in the table, about how According to the data in the table, about how far can a spring be expected to stretch when far can a spring be expected to stretch when a force of 3.92 N is applied?a force of 3.92 N is applied?

AA 10.5 cm 10.5 cm

BB 13.6 cm 13.6 cm

CC 14.0 cm 14.0 cm

DD 17.3 cm 17.3 cm

Answer: C 14.0 cmAnswer: C 14.0 cm

Reasoning: each time the force goes up .98, Reasoning: each time the force goes up .98, then the spring is stretched 3.5 cm.then the spring is stretched 3.5 cm.

10.5 + 3.5 = 14.0 10.5 + 3.5 = 14.0

The diagram illustrates how The diagram illustrates how some characteristics of the some characteristics of the horse have changed over horse have changed over time. Along with the time. Along with the difference in size, what is difference in size, what is another anatomical another anatomical difference between the difference between the modern horse and its modern horse and its ancestors?ancestors?

AA The structure of the tooth The structure of the tooth has been adapted for eating has been adapted for eating meat.meat.

BB The size of the molars has The size of the molars has decreased.decreased.

CC The length of the forefoot The length of the forefoot has decreased.has decreased.

DD The number of toes has The number of toes has decreased.decreased.

Answer: D # of toes decreasedAnswer: D # of toes decreased

Reasoning: On left side of table, time goes Reasoning: On left side of table, time goes from the bottom (being a long time ago) to from the bottom (being a long time ago) to the top (recent time). Looking at the the top (recent time). Looking at the pictures, you can mark off answers A, B, pictures, you can mark off answers A, B, and C.and C.