Turbine Engineering for Hydropower Plants -...
Transcript of Turbine Engineering for Hydropower Plants -...
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Turbine Engineering for Hydropower Plants
Prof. Franois [email protected]
Itaipu Power Plant
mailto:[email protected]
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Scope
Basic Concepts
Turbine Specific Energy
Specific Speed
Specifications
Pelton Turbines
Francis Turbines
OutlookUnit 4
2Turbine Engineering for Hydropower Plants
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Hydroelectric Power Plant:Storage or Run-of-River Power Station
3Turbine Engineering for Hydropower Plants
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Hydropower: Turbine Driving an Electrical (Synchronous) Generator
Machine Power Output
Available Hydraulic Power
Turbine Efficiency
Driving Power Defined as Positive :
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; 100 %T ThP P =
( )WP T=
( )3
3
J Jkg ms kgsm
WhP Q E
=
0P
( )
( )
1J kgI I
h
I I
E gH gH
P Q E
Q gH gH
=
=
I I
I
I
gHQ
I
I
gHQ
T
( ) = + N meldJ T Tdt
Basic Concepts
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
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Rotating train dynamics
Rotating train angular momentum equation
Synchronous conditions :
Power failure : runaway speed
Synchronous speed relation :
: Grid frequency : Number of poles : Rotating frequency
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( )
= +
N m
eldJ T Tdt
= elT T
= = >. 0 0l
dT Tdt
( )
=2
Hzgridp
fn
z
gridf
pzn
= 23 16 Hz; 50 Hz; 60 Hzgridf
Basic Concepts
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Discharge - Head Chart of Hydropower Plant Capacity
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= hP Q gH
Basic Concepts
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Definition of State Variables
Mean Flow Local Specific Energy
Discharge: Extensive Variable
Mean Flow Specific Energy: Intensive Variable:
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( )3 1m sA
Q C ndA
( )2
-10 J kg2
h
A
P p C C ngH gZ dAQ Q
= + +
Basic Concepts
( )2
-1
Gravity Potential KineticPressure
J kg2t
p Ch g Z Cste
= + + +
= 1 2V A A
2n2A
1A
1C
=
On
0C n
V
1n
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Hydraulic System: Specific Energy and Discharge Budgets
Specific Energy Budget
Steady Flow ? Straight Stream Lines, free of Secondary Flow
Flow Budget
DischargeDischarge Velocity
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( )1 21 2
r igH gH gH
= +
11
1
gHA
Q
22
2
gHA
Q
1 2
1 1 2 2
Q QA C A C
= =
Basic Concepts
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Runner/Impeller Specific Energy Transfer
Traversing Discharge
Transferred Specific Energy
Power Transfer
Drive: Turbines
Brake: Pumps, Propellers
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( )3 -1m stQ
( ) = -11 1 J kgt rbgH gH E E
( )= Wt t tP Q E
> 0P
< 0P
Brillant Extension Project, British Columbia, Canada, Kaplan Turbine CAD Model, PF2 EPFL Test Rig
1
1
tQ
Turbine Specific Energy
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Specific EnergyTransfer
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[ ]
( )
= + +
Reaction
221 1 1 1
1 1
Water WheelDisplacement Impulse
-1
2 2
J kg
t rb
Loss
p Cp CE gZ gZ E
( )
= + + 2
-1J kg2
p CgH gZ
Turbine Specific Energy
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Dimensional Analysis
Power Plant Conditions
Discharge
Specific Energy
Unit Characteristic
Angular Speed
Turbine/Pump Dimension
[ ] ( ) 3 1 3 -1 = m sQ L T
( )
= 2 2
2 2 -1= J kgI IML TE gH gH L T
M
[ ] ( ) 1 -1= sT
[ ] ( )= mD L
1111
/
Specific Speed
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Dimensional Analysis(Contd)
Dimensionless Angular Speed Condition
Yields Linear System
Dimension of Time
Dimension of Length
Solution
[ ]
= = =
0 0 0
0 0 1 3 2 2
Q E M T L
T L T L T L T
=1 2 0
+ =3 2 0
= =1 3;2 4
1212
=
12
1 3 32 4 4
2
Q
E/
Specific Speed
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Dimensional Analysis(Contd)
Discharge Coefficient
Energy Coefficient
Specific Speed
Unit Specific SpeedRotating Speed
Discharge Factor
Speed factor
= =
12
34
U Cmk k
= CmU
= 22EU
1313
=2Cm
CmkE
=2UUk
E
( )= = 12
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157.7 S.I.QQn NH
( )1minNSpecific Speed
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Selecting Hydraulic Turbines
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Highest eff. 96% 97%Head
Specific Speed
( )( )( )
( )
=
=
=
=
3 1
1
Head m
Discharge m s
Speed min
2Hzgrid
p
H
Q
N
fn
z
Specific Speed
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Hydro Turbines International Market
Breakdown by Types of Turbines
1038 GW Installed Capacity in 2012Modernization Market
1000 GW to be built before 2050Greenfields Project
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Pelton8%
Francis61%
Kaplan17%
Bulb2%
Pump-Turbine
12%
Turbine Specifications
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
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10
100
1'000
1 10 100Percentage of time discharge was exceeded
m3/s
%
Total Flow
Diverted Flow
Matching Turbine Specific Speed to Site Conditions
Site Potential Specific Energy
Site Specific Energy
Data Science: Flow Duration Statistics
Average Discharge
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( )B Bg Z Z( ) ( ) = -11 1 J kgB rBgH gH g Z Z gH
( )3 -1Instal. m sQ
Turbine Specifications
Graphique3
Percentage of time discharge was exceeded
Total Flow1009590807060504030201050.112.6813.3214.6518.14999999999999921.3725.6933.47999999999999740.1750.3265.23999999999999584.41100.84164.56Total Flow1009590807060504030201050.16.346.988.3111.80999999999999915.03000000000000119.35000000000000127.13999999999999733.8343.98000000000000458.89999999999999178.06999999999999394.5158.22
Annual Energy Variation Order 1
LA HIGUERA POWER PLANT- GUARANTEED ANNUAL NET ENERGYEnergy Losses
Variation order 1Source Attachement II: Energ PowergHr = K Q2/2A2inlet (J/kg)
Latitude34.20C273.15KStatistical parametersERROR:#VALUE!ERROR:#VALUE!
Distr. CL Elevation704mCoefficientsERROR:#VALUE!ERROR:#VALUE!
Gravity9.7945648183m/s2Lambda0.01Coef. Standard DeviationERROR:#VALUE!ERROR:#VALUE!
pstandard93,150PaD11R2, SEERROR:#VALUE!ERROR:#VALUE!q =9C
kilo1,000L17500Twater =282.15K
1 day24hrelative2.1%r* =1001.52kg/m3
1 year 365daysBeing SortedAverage15.837%1,263.6644
ExceedDaysMonthsTotal FlowEnvir. FlowDivert. FlowGross HeadHead LossesNet HeadEff. TurbineEff. Gen.Gross PowerServiceElectric LossNet PowerEff. TransfoPower @ 154 kVGross EnergyOutage (1%)Net energySpecific Energy LossesSpecific Kinetic Energy*Unit Divert. FlowEffect. TurbineSorted Divert. FlowEffect. TurbineGross PowerdP/Pr
%m3/sm3/sm3/smmm%%MWMWMWMW%GWhGWhGWhJ/kgJ/kgm3/s%m3/s%MWkg/m3
100365.0012.0012.686.346.343830.04382.9682.1094.7031.860.20.000631.6699.631.530.35ERROR:#REF!6.3482.1010.9682.1018.5241.875%1,723.14
95346.7511.4013.326.346.983830.04382.9686.3096.0035.910.20.001235.7199.635.5614.690.1514.550.42ERROR:#REF!6.9886.3011.6086.3021.7239.502%1,655.55
90328.5010.8014.656.348.313830.06382.9490.2096.7042.080.20.001541.8899.641.7116.920.1716.750.60ERROR:#REF!8.3190.2012.9390.2027.2335.292%1,547.84
80292.009.6018.156.3411.813830.12382.8893.1097.3055.310.20.002455.1199.554.8342.290.4241.861.20ERROR:#REF!11.8193.1015.2492.5040.1827.350%1,378.63
70255.508.4021.376.3415.033830.20382.8094.1097.7066.830.20.004566.6299.666.3653.080.5352.551.95ERROR:#REF!15.0394.1016.4393.1051.8922.355%1,289.94
60219.007.2025.696.3419.353830.33382.6793.8097.9080.780.20.009080.5899.680.2564.220.6463.573.23ERROR:#REF!19.3593.8017.9593.6066.7117.424%1,212.91
50182.506.0033.486.3427.143830.65382.3592.5097.1099.000.20.014498.7899.698.3978.240.7877.466.35ERROR:#REF!13.5792.5019.6594.1091.437.644%1,084.47
40146.004.8040.176.3433.833831.01381.9993.6097.40116.560.20.0330116.3399.5115.7593.790.9492.859.87ERROR:#REF!16.9293.6023.0293.40115.570.847%1,010.12
30109.503.6050.326.3443.983831.70381.3093.4097.70144.370.20.0600144.1199.5143.39113.501.13112.3616.69ERROR:#REF!21.9993.4023.9793.80150.11-3.979%963.24
2073.002.4065.246.3458.903833.06379.9492.6097.80153.010.20.1200152.6999.5151.93129.351.29128.0529.93ERROR:#REF!29.4592.6025.0092.60198.81-29.935%770.81
1036.501.2084.416.3478.073835.37377.6392.6097.80153.010.20.1200152.6999.5151.93133.091.33131.7639.0492.60261.91-71.175%585.10
518.250.60100.846.3494.503837.87375.1392.6097.80153.010.20.1200152.6999.5151.9366.540.6765.88*Reference area: Turbine inlet47.2592.60314.93-105.826%486.59
0.10.37- 0164.566.34158.2238322.05360.9592.6097.80153.010.20.1200152.6999.5151.9365.210.6564.56AI =ERROR:#REF!m279.1192.60507.32-231.561%302.05
Annual Total870.928.71862.21
*Average water density for water pressure computation to compute actual water density !
Percentage of time discharge was exceeded
Total Flow1009590807060504030201050.112.6813.3214.6518.14999999999999921.3725.6933.47999999999999740.1750.3265.23999999999999584.41100.84164.56Total Flow1009590807060504030201050.16.346.988.3111.80999999999999915.03000000000000119.35000000000000127.13999999999999733.8343.98000000000000458.89999999999999178.06999999999999394.5158.22
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Matching Turbine Specific Speed to Site Conditions
Targeted Unit Specific Speed
Rated Head Specification of Unit Number Specification of rotating frequency
Runaway Speed Limitation
Limitation of Apparent Power per Poles
Air cooling < 28 MVA < Water cooling < 35 MVA
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=
12
.34
1 instalQ
units
Qn N
z HE gH=
2 60 sgridp
fN
z
=unitsz
Turbine Specifications
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
1'269 MW Bieudron Power Plant3 Pelton Turbines
500 MVA Generators 428.5 min-1
14 poles, 35.7 MVA/pole*Water Cooled
423 MW Pelton* Turbines, 5 injectors 1'883 mWC Head* 25 m3/s DischargeD1 = 3.993 m ~28 t Runner Mass
Pelton Turbines 18
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Pelton Turbines
Impinging Jet on Pelton BucketsFVPM Flow Numerical Simulations
19Christian VESSAZ, EPFL Doctoral Thesis N 6470, 2014
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Silt Erosion of Turbine Components: 4 x 100 MW Pelton, 900 m Head
Silt Erosion
Bucket
Needle
Needle Severe Erosion Erosion Ripples
on Buckets ~2'500 Total Hours
of Operation
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
SPHEROS Finite Volume Particle Method SolverMulti Scale Silt Laden Flow Erosion Simulation
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LEGUIZAMON Sebastin, EPFL Doctoral Student, CTI Project GPU-SPHEROS
Pelton Turbines
Copper sample
3 mm slurry jet, 10 m/s
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Giga Hydropower Plantsare Francis Powered
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Hydropower Plant Country Capacity
(MW) Energy (TWh)
Capacity Factor
EPFL Model Testing Type
Three Gorges China 22'500 98.5 0.50 Storage Itaip Brazil-Paraguay 14'000 98.3 0.80 Storage
Xiluodu China 13'860 57.1 0.47 Storage Belo Monte Brazil 11'233 - Run-of-River
Guri (Ral Leoni) Venezuela 8'850 53.4 0.69 Storage Tucurui Brazil 8'370 41.4 0.56 Storage
Grand Coulee USA 6'809 20.0 0.34 Storage Longtan China 6'426 18.7 0.33 Storage
Xiangjiaba China 6'400 NA NA Storage Krasnoyarsk Russia 6'000 20.4 0.39 Storage
Robert Bourassa (LG2) Canada 5'616 26.5 0.54 Storage Churchill Falls Canada 5'428 35.0 0.74 Storage
Tucurui Dam, Eletro Norte
Francis Turbines
Hydropower Plant
Country
Capacity (MW)
Energy(TWh)
CapacityFactor
EPFL Model Testing
Type
Three Gorges
China
22'500
98.5
0.50
Storage
Itaip
Brazil-Paraguay
14'000
98.3
0.80
Storage
Xiluodu
China
13'860
57.1
0.47
Storage
Belo Monte
Brazil
11'233
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Run-of-River
Guri (Ral Leoni)
Venezuela
8'850
53.4
0.69
Storage
Tucurui
Brazil
8'370
41.4
0.56
Storage
Grand Coulee
USA
6'809
20.0
0.34
Storage
Longtan
China
6'426
18.7
0.33
Storage
Xiangjiaba
China
6'400
NA
NA
Storage
Krasnoyarsk
Russia
6'000
20.4
0.39
Storage
Robert Bourassa (LG2)
Canada
5'616
26.5
0.54
Storage
Churchill Falls
Canada
5'428
35.0
0.74
Storage
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Xiangjiaba Power Station (Jinsha River, Yunnan)
8 Francis Turbines
825 MW Max. Power
10.5 m Diameter
406 000 kg
23What level of p fluctuations to be expected for a 800 MW turbine ?
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
HYPERBOLE Turbine Case Study Hill Chart and Operating Range
Deep Part Load Part Load Full Load
EDn
EDQ
Francis Turbines 24
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Unsteady Flow in Francis Draft Tube
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Mller et al., Experiments in Fluids n 54 : 1514, 2013.
Allign et al., Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 51, 6, 2010.
Simon Pasche PhD Work, SNF GRANT N 200021_149818
Francis Turbines
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Machine Setting Level
IEC 60193 Definitions Specific Energy
Net Positive Suction Specific Energy
Setting Level
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= s ref Bh Z Z
( )
1J kg
vrefI
pNPSE gH gZ
( ) > 10 J kgI IE gH gH
IEC 60193 Standard, "Hydraulic Turbines, Storage Pumpsand Pump-Turbines-Model Acceptance Tests". International Electrotechnical Commission; Geneva,Nov. 1999.
Turbine Specifications
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
HYPERBOLEERC/FP7-ENERGY-2013-1-Grant N 608532
HYdropower plants PERformance and flexiBleOperation"towards Lean integration of new renewable Energies
Dynamic Assessment of Francis Turbines & Pump-Turbines 42 Months, EUR 6.3 Mio EUR 4.3 Mio Supported by European Commission 1st Sept. 2013 28th Feb. 2017
Consortium coordinated by EPFL
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
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Headwater reservoir
Tailwater reservoir
Surge Tank
Hydraulic Eng.
Mechanical Eng.
Electrical Eng.
System ApproachHYPERBOLEERC/FP7-ENERGY-2013-1-Grant 608532
HYdropower plants PERformance and flexiBle Operationtowards Lean integration of new renewable Energies
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
System Approach Methodology
29Francis Turbines
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Deep part load operatingconditions Q
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Deep part loadInter blades vortices
Visualization
Hollow guide vaneswith window
Boroscopewith swiveling prism
High Speed CameraHigh intensity Xenon flashCompact power LED
DPL2: nED = 0.317
HYPERBOLE
31Francis Turbines
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Deep part load Inter blades vortices
Flow Numerical Simulations
Void Fraction 10% Isosurface
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HYPERBOLE
32Francis Turbines
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
Hydroelectric Plants Generate17% of the World Electricity
33Luciano dos Santos, "Digital Disruption of Hydroelectricity", HYPERBOLE Conference, Porto, February 2-3, 2017
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LMH Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
34
http://lmh.epfl.ch/
Turbine Engineering for Hydropower PlantsScopeHydroelectric Power Plant:Storage or Run-of-River Power StationHydropower: Turbine Driving an Electrical (Synchronous) GeneratorRotating train dynamicsDischarge - Head Chart of Hydropower Plant CapacityDefinition of State VariablesHydraulic System: Specific Energy and Discharge BudgetsRunner/Impeller Specific Energy TransferDiapositive numro 10Dimensional AnalysisDimensional Analysis(Contd)Dimensional Analysis(Contd)Selecting Hydraulic TurbinesHydro Turbines International MarketMatching Turbine Specific Speed to Site ConditionsMatching Turbine Specific Speed to Site Conditions1'269 MW Bieudron Power Plant3 Pelton TurbinesImpinging Jet on Pelton BucketsFVPM Flow Numerical SimulationsSilt ErosionSPHEROS Finite Volume Particle Method SolverMulti Scale Silt Laden Flow Erosion SimulationGiga Hydropower Plantsare Francis PoweredXiangjiaba Power Station (Jinsha River, Yunnan)HYPERBOLE Turbine Case Study Hill Chart and Operating RangeUnsteady Flow in Francis Draft TubeMachine Setting LevelHYPERBOLEERC/FP7-ENERGY-2013-1-Grant N 608532HYdropower plants PERformance and flexiBle Operationtowards Lean integration of new renewable EnergiesSystem Approach MethodologyDeep part load operatingconditions Q