Tunnelling Methods1 121019223907 Phpapp02

8/10/2019 Tunnelling Methods1 121019223907 Phpapp02

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TUNNELING

METHODSDEEPAK JAISWAL

MOHAMMAD SAL

BY


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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

REQUIREMENTS OF TUNNEL

MAIN PURPOSES

PROCEDURES INVOLVEDMETHODS OF TUNELLING

METHOD TO SELECTION

THE OTHER SIDE


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INTRODUCTION

A tunnel is an underground passageway,

completely enclosed except for openings for

egress, commonly at each end.

A tunnel may be for road traffic,road

traffic,canal,hydroelectric station,sewer etc.

TheDelaware Aqueductin New YorkUSAisthe longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at

137 km (85 mi)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Aqueduct


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REQUIRMENTS OF

TUNNEL IT IS VERY USEFUL WHERE BRIDGE FAIL TO

FULFILL REQUIRMENTS LIKE IN SEA ,IN URBANAREA ,AND IN MOUNTAINS.

EFFICIENT COPARED TO BRIDGES.

IN WAR TIME IT IS MUCH DIFFICULT TO

DESTROY A TUNNEL BUT DESTRUCTION OF

BRIDGE IS TOO EASY.

LOTS OF LAND AND TIME IS SAVED.


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MAIN PURPOSES

1.IN ROAD TRAFFICS

2.IN SEWERS

3.IN MININGS

4.IN RAIL TRAFFICS

5.IN HYDROELECTRIC

STATIONS etc.


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The process for bored tunnellinginvolves all or some of the followingoperations:

Probe drilling (when needed)

Grouting (when needed)

Excavation (or blasting)Supporting

Transportation of muck

Lining or coating/sealing

Draining

Ventilation


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PROBE DRILLI!This type of drilling is done in order tofind out suitable method for drilling .

It consist of drilling in sample, by variousmethod to find most suitable .

It is necessary part of all drillingoperation .


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!RO"TI!

It is the process of providing additional

support to drilled mine.

It is done by a liquid called grout ,consistof water ,cement ,color tint and sometime

fine gravel .

Good surface is achieved .


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E#$%&%TIO

Excavation is the digging and recording ofartifacts at an archaeological site.

It is necessary to know the archaeological

importance of a site before digging .

This is performed by experts in a scientific way.

Many governments grants permission for

tunneling after finding a go certificate in

excavation.


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'"PPORTI!After initial mining , tunnel need supports

for further processing .

For the sake of life a perfect planning is

needed for support.

In ancient time timber and masonry were the

main methods.

Today support is provided by injecting final

pipe or building it completely before further

tunneling


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TR%'PORT%TIO O( )"$*

In ancient time transportation was done

by steam engine and by Manual transport.

Today it is done by modern methods and

process is automatic .

TBMs are also come with properarrangment for the transport of muck.


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LII! OR $O%TI!

Lining of proper material is done by

modern methods like polishing ,painting

to prevent wear and tear and corrosion.

Very necessary part where corrosive

metals are being used.


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DR%II!Draining is the process to remove the

water or other liquid from working site .

Very important where water level is veryhigh.

Pumps and pipes are used for thispurpose.


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&ETIL%TIOProper ventilation is required for safety of

workers.

This is done by proper checking of oxygen

and other parameters .

Proper installations for exit of hazardous

gasses coming out from tunneling .


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tunnel construction methods:

Classical methods Cut-and-cover

Drill and blast

Tunnel boring machines (TBMs)

Immersed tunnels

Tunnel jacking

Other methods .


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Classical MethodsAmong the classical methods are theBelgian, English, German, Austrian,Italian and American systems. These

methods had much in common withearly mining methods and were useduntil last half of the 19th century.

Excavation was done by hand or simpledrilling equipment.

Supports were predominantly timber,

and transportation of muck was doneon cars on narrow gauge tracks andpowered by steam.

Progress was typically in multiplestages i.e. progress in one drift, thensupport, then drift in another drift, and

so on. The lining would be of brickwork.

These craft-based methods are nolonger applicable, although some oftheir principles have been used incombination up to present day.Nevertheless some of the worlds great

h li h h d


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The English method(crown-barmethod, figure left) started froma central top heading whichallowed two timber crown bars to

be hoisted into place, the rearends supported on a completedlength of lining, the forward endspropped within the centralheading. Development of the

heading then allowed additionalbars to be erected around theperimeter of the face with boardsbetween each pair to exclude theground. The system is

economical in timber, permitsconstruction of the arch of thetunnel in full-face excavation,and is tolerant of a wide varietyof ground conditions, but

depends on relatively low ground

Th A i ( b )


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The Austrian (cross-bar)methodrequired a stronglyconstructed central bottomheading upon which a crown

heading was constructed. Thetimbering for full-faceexcavation was then heavilybraced against the centralheadings, with longitudinal

poling boards built on timberbars carried on each frame oftimbering. As the liningadvanced, so was the timberingpropped against each length to

maintain stability. The methodwas capable of withstandinghigh ground pressures but hadhigh demand for timber.


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The German method(core-leaving method) provided a series ofbox headings within which the successive sections of the side wallsof the tunnel were built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunnerof the system of multiple drifts. The method depends on the central

dumpling being able to resists without excessive movement pressuretransmitted from the side walls, in providing support to the top 'key'heading prior to completion of the arch and to ensuring stabilitywhile the invert arch is extended in sections.

The Belgian system(underpinning or flying arch method) started

from the construction of a top heading, propped approximately tothe level of the springing of the arch for a horseshoe tunnel. Thisheading was then extended to each side to permit construction ofthe upper part of the arch, which was extended by underpinning,working from side headings. The system was only practicable whererock loads were not heavy.

The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel onthe St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method ofconstruction, based on the use of successive headings to constructsections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner tothe German system described above.


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ROAD HEADERS


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CUT AND COVER METHOD


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CUT & COVER METHODThe principal problem to be solved in connection with

this construction method is to how to maintain surfacetraffic, with the least disturbance during theconstruction period. One method is to restrict traffic to areduced street width, another to direct traffic to abypassing street.

Another way of supporting the sidewalls of open trenchesis to substitute sheet-pile walls by concrete curtain wallscast under bentonite slurry (ICOS method), and usingsteel struts. This is especially a requisite in narrowerstreets trimmed with old sensitive buildings with their

foundation plane well above the bottom level of the pit.This type of trench wall becomes a requirement formaintenance of surface traffic due to the anticipation ofvibration effects potentially harmful to the stability ofbuildings with foundations lying on cohesionless soils.

DRILL AND


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DRILL AND

BLAST1.Before the advent oftunnel boring machines, drilling and

blasting was the only economical way of

excavating longtunnelsthrough hard

rock, where digging is not possible.

2.Even today, the method is still used in

the construction of tunnels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine


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HOW DRILL AND BLAST IS BEING DONE.


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MECHANICAL DRILLING AND CUTTING-

CRUSHING STRENGTH OF ROCK


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TB)In various size Tunnel Boring

Machines(TBM) are used for drilling avast type of tunnels .

Transportation of muck , supporting andall other actions are done automatically.

Very useful in boring tunnel where all

other methods fail.

A main method in use in now a days.


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IMMERSED TUNNELS

1.THIS TYPE OF TUNNELS ARE

PARTLY OR WHOLLY ARE

UNDERWATWER.

2.THEY DO NOT BLOCK THE

ROOT FOR SHIPS SO THERE IS

NO PROBLEM OFCONGESSION OF TRAFFIC AS

IN CASE OF BRIDGES OVER

RIVERS OR SEAS.


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TUNNEL JACKING

1.IT IS A PROCESS TO MAKETUNNELS IN ALREADY

EXISTING BOADIES SUCH AS

ROADS ,RAILWAYS.

2.IN THIS METHOD ESPECIALLY

MADE PIPES ARE PUSHED BY A

HYDRAULIC RAM IN GROUND .

3.MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF

TUNNEL BY THIS METHOD IS

AROUND 2.4 METER.


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The choice o t!""elli"#$ethod $a% &e dictated &%'

geological and hydrological conditions,

cross-section and length of continuous tunnel,

local experience and time/cost considerations (what is

the value of time in the project),

limits of surface disturbance, and many others factors.

Tunnel methods .

Required speed of construction.

Shape of tunnel.Managing the risk of variations in ground quality


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THE OTHER SIDE

Beside of many security measures ,

tunnelling is still not full proof.

Failure of automatic system will causedeadly results as depicted in Hollywood

flick Die Hard 4.0.

High cost than bridges , but more fruitful

from previous.


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..


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QUERI

ESPLE

AS

E!!!!

Tunnelling Methods1 121019223907 Phpapp02

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