Land  use  and  mobility  

Marco  te  Brömmelstroet  TU  Munich  19-­‐11-­‐2014  

Who  am  I?  Dr.  Marco  te  Brömmelstroet  •  Assistant  professor  in  Urban  Planning  

–  University  of  Amsterdam  –  Land  use  and  Mobility  

•  Research  –  Knowledge  technologies  for  strategymaking  processes    –  Deep  uncertainty    –  Urban  cycling  

•  I  came  by  bicycle  -­‐>  airplane  -­‐>  S  Bahn  -­‐>  U  Bahn.  And  you?  

Land  use  and  mobility  

?  

Table  of  Content  è  Why  is  mobility  so  important?  è  Double  challenge  for  transport  and  land  use  

planning  è  Influences  between  land  use  and  mobility  è  New  opportuniJes  for  integrated  planning  è  Amsterdam,  as  example  è  Instruments  for  planners  è  Take  home  lessons  

Importance = mobile society with very dispersed activities accessible through mobility

(Reijndorp et al.)

A mobile society: dispersed production processes, connected

through mobility networks (Philips in NWE)

(Boelens)

(Allen,  1997)  

 So:    

Mobility  is  important:  to  connect  dispersed  acJviJes  of    

people  and  businesses  AND  to    create  the  necessary  condiJons  for  this    

         

(WBCSD)

(WBCSD)

 Mobility  is  important  

 but  also  very  expensive,  and  not  

sustainable      

a  classic  dilemma      

What  are  possible  strategies?    Encourage  mobility  (1970)  didn’t  work…    Discourage  mobility  (1990)  didn’t  work  either…      Is  there  a  third  way?  

Dilemma: mobility vs. sustainability

3)  Coping  with  the  dilemma:      

Reciprocal  relaJons  between  land  use  and  mobility    

 

System  thinking:  The  chicken  and  the  egg  

Eggs

Chicken +  

+  etc.

Time

Pop

ulat

ion

Reinforcing feedback loop +  

Time

Pop

ulat

ion

Eggs

Chicken +  

+  

Stabilising feedback loop +  

#  Road  crossings   +  

-­‐  

etc.

-­‐  

System  thinking:  The  chicken  and  the  egg  

Mobility system (networks)

Land use system

(locations)

Activities Accessibility

Socio-demografic, economic and cultural factors

Regional demand Available land Land use policy

Infrastructue investments Mobility policy

fast

slow

slow

direct

fast

Mobility system (networks)

Land use system

(locations)

Activities Accessibility

Cheap  land  on    edge  of  city  

Living  far    away    

from  jobs  

Highway  system  cheap  gas  

BeMer  Car    

Acessibility    

ANALYSIS  

DESIGN  1  ConcentraSons  around    

staSons/stops  

Living  far  away    from  jobs  

Public  transport    systems  

BeMer  transit    accessibility  

Mobility system (networks)

Land use system

(locations)

Activities Accessibility

DESIGN  2  Compact  and  diverse  ciSes    

and  neighbourhoods  

Living  close    to  jobs  

Cycling  and    walking  systems  

BeMer  accessibility    by  cycling/walking  

Mobility system (networks)

Land use system

(locations)

Activities Accessibility

Who  is  to  blame?  

Urban    Planner?  

Transport  Planner?  

‘The  quarreling  couple’  

She:  Is  nagging   He:  goes  to  the  bar  

He:  I  am  going  to  the  bar  because  you  are  nagging  at  me.    She:  I  am  nagging  at  you  because  you  always  go  to  the  bar    

+  

+  

+  

+  

+  

ISOLATED  PROBLEM  SOLVING  FAILS  

 New  possibiliSes  for  integrated  

land  use  and  mobility    

The  balancing  planner  

Finding  a  balance  •  “To  make  mobility  sustainable,  we  have  to  improve  the  accessibility…        …while  prevenJng  negaJve  social-­‐,  environmental-­‐,  and  economic  problems  that  are  larger  than  the  added  value  of  the  intervenJon”  (WBCSD,  2001)  

“improving  accessibility”  Ü  Mobility  is  not  a  goal  in  itself,  but  a  means  to  take  

part  in  relevant  acJviJes  (it  is  a  derived  demand)  Ü  Increase  the  number  and  diversity  of  acJviJes  within  

an  acceptable  travel  Jme/travel  costs  î  Increase  travel  speeds  î  Network  form  î  Land  use  densiJes  î  FuncJonal  mix  

“prevent  negaJve  effects”  Ü  With  as  lidle  use  of  non  renewable  resources  as  

possible  (also,  money,noise,air  quality)…  î  Efficient  transport  modes  î  Decrease  average  travel  distance  

Ü  Transport  planner  needs  to  work  together  with  other  domains.    

Zevensprong  byVerdaas  To  solve  a  mobility  problem,  follow  seven  steps  in  the  following  order:    1.  Develop  a  proper  spaJal  vision.    2.  Use  pricing  mechanisms  for  mobility    3.  Explore  possibiliJes  of  mobility  management  4.  OpJmize  public  transport  5.  Use  exisJng  infrastructure  beder  6.  Adapt  exisJng  infrastructure    7.  Develop  substantaJon  for  new  infrastructue  

The  new  transport  planner  (Banister)  

Willson, 2001

Balancing  &  opJmize  Three  useful  instruments  for  the  balancing  planner  A.  Mobility  environments  B.  Node  Place  Model  (staJons)  C.  Accessibility  maps  

Without mobility Walking, cycling Transit

Car

Link Activities

Divers cities/neighbourhoods

Facilitate (infrastructure)

Concentration Around stations

Extra speed, flexibility

Multifunctional housing/offices

ICT infrastructure

Selective use (pricing)

Balans in region

A.  Mobility  environments  Land use mobility

Mobility policy

Car (% all trips)

Public transport (%

all trips)

Biking and walking (% all

trips)

Per capita transport

emissions (kg/p

Per capita transport CO2 emissions (kg/

p)

Per capita metropolitan

income (USD)

North American 88,5 3,4 8,1 265 4.405 31.386

Rich Asian 41,6 29,9 28,5 37 825 31.579

Western European

49,7 19,0 31,3 98 1.269 32.077

Amsterdam 38 1.035 28.322

World  ciJes:  modal  split  (1995)  

31,3   17,2 51,4

Modal  split  Amsterdam  city  parts  

Bike 22% PT 25% Car 53%

Bike 40% PT 24% Car 36%

Bike 53% PT 21% Car 27%

(dIVV Amsterdam)

Bicycle- walking environment (historic city: ‘within ring)

Car environments (highway corridors)

Without mobility Walking, cycling Transit

Car

Link Activities

Divers cities/neighbourhoods

Facilitate (infrastructure)

Concentration Around stations

Extra speed, flexibility

Multifunctional housing/offices ICT infrastructure

Selective use (pricing)

Balans in region

A.  Mobility  environments  Land use mobility

Mobility policy

Modal  split  ring  line  (commuters)  

Bike 9% PT 51% Car 40%

(dIVV Amsterdam)

Transit environments (station areas)

Sloterdijk

Bijlmer Arena

Zuid Wtc

Bijlmer Arena as new activity center

B.  Node-­‐Place  model    Balancing  the  #acSvites  (demand)    

Around  transit  nodes  with  #transit  services  

Node  value  (#PT,  hiërarchie,…)  

Place  value  (#jobs,  #inhabitants)   Stressed  

node  

underuJlized  Node  

C.  Accessibility  maps  

Take home lessons Ü  Henry  Ford  is  the  most  influenJal  urban  planner  

 Ü  Le  Corbusier  is  the  most  influenJal  transport  planner  

Take home lessons

Ü  Mobility  system  and  land  use  system  are  strongly  interdependent  

Ü  Land  use  needs  to  be  aligned  with  desired  accessibility  

Ü  Transport  planners  need  to  be  holisJc  Ü  Transport  planners  need  to  be  communicaJve  Ü  Difficult  in  pracJce,  but  higly  needed  Ü  Coherence  in  policy  packages  (and  in  Jme)  is  crucial  

Ü  InternaJonal  Master  on  Metropolitan  Transport  Planning  Ü  Summer  School  on  Planning  the  Cycling  City  

Ü  brommelstroet@uva.nl  Ü  www.twider.com/fietsprofessor    Ü  +31  20  5254149