Tugas Presentasi 2
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Transcript of Tugas Presentasi 2
POROSITY DETERMINATIONFROM LOGS
Most slides in this section are modified primarily from NExT PERF Short Course Notes, 1999.However, many of the NExT slides appears to have been obtained from other primarysources that are not cited. Some slides have a notes section.
Oil sand
Gammaray
Resisitivity Porosity
Increasingradioactivity
Increasingresistivity
Increasingporosity
Shale
Shale
POROSITY DETERMINATION BY LOGGING
POROSITY LOG TYPES
3 Main Log Types
• Bulk density
• Sonic (acoustic)
• Compensated neutron
These logs do not measures porosity directly. To accurately calculate porosity, the analyst must know:•Formation lithology • Fluid in pores of sampled reservoir volume
DENSITY LOGS• Uses radioactive source to generate gamma
rays
• Gamma ray collides with electrons in formation, losing energy
• Detector measures intensity of back-scattered gamma rays, which is related to electron density of the formation
• Electron density is a measure of bulk density
DENSITY LOGS
• Bulk density, b, is dependent upon:
– Lithology
– Porosity
– Density and saturation of fluids in pores
• Saturation is fraction of pore volume occupied by a particular fluid (intensive)
GRAPI0 200
CALIXIN6 16
CALIYIN6 16
RHOBG/C32 3
DRHOG/C3-0.25 0.25
4100
4200
DENSITY LOG
Caliper
Density correction
Gamma ray Density
BULK DENSITY
fmab 1
Matrix Fluids influshed zone
•Measures electron density of a formation
•Strong function of formation bulk density
•Matrix bulk density varies with lithology
–Sandstone 2.65 g/cc
–Limestone 2.71 g/cc
–Dolomite 2.87 g/cc
POROSITY FROM DENSITY LOG
Porosity equation
xohxomff S1S
fma
bma
Fluid density equation
We usually assume the fluid density (f) is between 1.0 and 1.1. If gas is present, the actual f will be < 1.0 and the calculated porosity will be too high.
mf is the mud filtrate density, g/cc
h is the hydrocarbon density, g/cc
Sxo is the saturation of the flush/zone, decimal
DENSITY LOGS
Working equation (hydrocarbon zone)
mashshsh
hcxomfxob
V1V
S1S
b = Recorded parameter (bulk volume)
Sxo mf = Mud filtrate component
(1 - Sxo) hc = Hydrocarbon component
Vsh sh = Shale component
1 - - Vsh = Matrix component
DENSITY LOGS• If minimal shale, Vsh 0
• If hc mf f, then
b = f - (1 - ) ma
fma
bmad
d = Porosity from density log, fraction
ma = Density of formation matrix, g/cm3
b = Bulk density from log measurement, g/cm3
f = Density of fluid in rock pores, g/cm3
hc = Density of hydrocarbons in rock pores, g/cm3
mf = Density of mud filtrate, g/cm3
sh = Density of shale, g/cm3
Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invaded by mud filtrate, fraction
GRC0 150
SPCMV-160 40ACAL
6 16
ILDC0.2 200
SNC0.2 200
MLLCF0.2 200
RHOC1.95 2.95
CNLLC0.45 -0.15
DTus/f150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
BULK DENSITY LOG
Bulk DensityLog
RHOC
1.95 2.95
NEUTRON LOG
• Logging tool emits high energy neutrons into formation
• Neutrons collide with nuclei of formation’s atoms
• Neutrons lose energy (velocity) with each collision
NEUTRON LOG
• The most energy is lost when colliding with a hydrogen atom nucleus
• Neutrons are slowed sufficiently to be captured by nuclei
• Capturing nuclei become excited and emit gamma rays
NEUTRON LOG• Depending on type of logging tool either gamma rays
or non-captured neutrons are recorded
• Log records porosity based on neutrons captured by formation
• If hydrogen is in pore space, porosity is related to the ratio of neutrons emitted to those counted as captured
• Neutron log reports porosity, calibrated assuming calcite matrix and fresh water in pores, if these assumptions are invalid we must correct the neutron porosity value
NEUTRON LOG
Theoretical equation
Nmashshsh
NhcxoNmfxoN
V1V
S1S
N = Recorded parameter
Sxo Nmf = Mud filtrate portion
(1 - Sxo) Nhc = Hydrocarbon portion
Vsh Nsh = Shale portion
(1 - - Vsh) Nhc = Matrix portion where = True porosity of rock
N = Porosity from neutron log measurement, fraction
Nma = Porosity of matrix fraction
Nhc = Porosity of formation saturated with
hydrocarbon fluid, fraction
Nmf = Porosity saturated with mud filtrate, fraction
Vsh = Volume of shale, fraction
Sxo = Mud filtrate saturation in zone invadedby mud filtrate, fraction
GRC0 150
SPCMV-160 40ACAL
6 16
ILDC0.2 200
SNC0.2 200
MLLCF0.2 200
RHOC1.95 2.95
CNLLC0.45 -0.15
DTus/f150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
POROSITY FROM NEUTRON LOG
NeutronLog
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
Upper transmitter
Lower transmitter
R1
R2
R3
R4
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
• Tool usually consists of one sound transmitter (above) and two receivers (below)
• Sound is generated, travels through formation
• Elapsed time between sound wave at receiver 1 vs receiver 2 is dependent upon density of medium through which the sound traveled
Lithology Typical Matrix TravelTime, tma, sec/ft
Sandstone 55.5Limestone 47.5Dolomite 43.5Anydridte 50.0Salt 66.7
COMMON LITHOLOGY MATRIXTRAVEL TIMES USED
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
Working equation
mashshsh
hcxomfxoL
tV1tV
tS1tSt
tL = Recorded parameter, travel time read from log
Sxo tmf = Mud filtrate portion
(1 - Sxo) thc = Hydrocarbon portion
Vsh tsh = Shale portion
(1 - - Vsh) tma = Matrix portion
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
• If Vsh = 0 and if hydrocarbon is liquid (i.e. tmf tf), then
tL = tf + (1 - ) tma
or
maf
maLs tt
tt
s = Porosity calculated from sonic log reading, fraction
tL = Travel time reading from log, microseconds/ft
tma = Travel time in matrix, microseconds/ft
tf = Travel time in fluid, microseconds/ ft
DT
USFT140 40
SPHI
%30 10
4100
4200
GR
API0 200
CALIX
IN6 16
ACOUSTIC (SONIC) LOG
Sonic travel time
Sonic porosity
Caliper
Gamma Ray
SONIC LOG
The response can be written as follows:
fmalog t1tt
maf
ma
tt
tt
log
tlog = log reading, sec/ft
tma = the matrix travel time, sec/ft
tf = the fluid travel time, sec/ft
= porosity
GRC0 150
SPCMV-160 40ACAL
6 16
ILDC0.2 200
SNC0.2 200
MLLCF0.2 200
RHOC1.95 2.95
CNLLC0.45 -0.15
DTus/f150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
SONIC LOG
SonicLog
DT
150 50us/f
EXAMPLE
Calculating Rock Porosity Using an Acoustic Log
Calculate the porosity for the following intervals. The measured travel times from the log are summarized in the following table.
At depth of 10,820’, accoustic log reads travel time of 65 s/ft.
Calculate porosity. Does this value agree with density and neutron logs?
Assume a matrix travel time, tm = 51.6 sec/ft. In addition, assume the formation is saturated with water having a tf = 189.0 sec/ft.
GRC0 150
SPCMV-160 40ACAL
6 16
ILDC0.2 200
SNC0.2 200
MLLCF0.2 200
RHOC1.95 2.95
CNLLC0.45 -0.15
DTus/f150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
SPHIss45 -15
EXAMPLE SOLUTION SONIC LOG
SPHI
FACTORS AFFECTING SONIC LOG RESPONSE
• Unconsolidated formations
• Naturally fractured formations
• Hydrocarbons (especially gas)
• Rugose salt sections
RESPONSES OF POROSITY LOGS
The three porosity logs:– Respond differently to different matrix
compositions– Respond differently to presence of gas or
light oils
Combinations of logs can: – Imply composition of matrix– Indicate the type of hydrocarbon in pores
GAS EFFECT
• Density - is too high
• Neutron - is too low
• Sonic - is not significantly affected by gas
ESTIMATING POROSITY FROM WELL LOGS
Openhole logging tools are the most common method of determining porosity:
• Less expensive than coring and may be less risk of sticking the tool in the hole
• Coring may not be practical in unconsolidated formations or in formations with high secondary porosity such as vugs or natural fractures.
If porosity measurements are very important, both coring and logging programs may be conducted so the log-based porosity calculations can be used to
calibrated to the core-based porosity measurements.
Influence Of Clay-Mineral DistributionOn Effective Porosity
Dispersed Clay• Pore-filling• Pore-lining• Pore-bridging
Clay Lamination
Structural Clay(Rock Fragments,
Rip-Up Clasts,Clay-Replaced Grains)
e
e
e
ClayMinerals
Detrital QuartzGrains
e
e
FlowUnits
Gamma RayLog
PetrophysicalData
PoreTypes
LithofaciesCore
1
2
3
4
5
CorePlugs
CapillaryPressure
vs k
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL DATA USED TO DEFINE FLOW UNITS
Schematic Reservoir Layering Profilein a Carbonate Reservoir
Baffles/barriers
3150
SA -97A SA -251 SA -356 SA -71 SA -344 SA -371
SA -348 SA -346 SA -37
3200
3250
3300
3350
3100
3150
3250
3300
3250
3150
3200
3100
3150
3200
3250
3200
3250
3250
3350
3300
3150
3200
3250
3300
3100
3200
3250
3300
3350
3150
3200
3250
Flow unit
From Bastian and others