Nama : ahmad rifai ZAENI nim : 12010004 kelas : teknik perminyakan a mata kuliah : operasi produksi tugas : Sand control dengan screen dan gravel pack atau frack pack SUMBER : George E. King Engineering GEKEngineering.com

Nama: ahmad rifai ZAENInim: 12010004kelas: teknik perminyakan amata kuliah : operasi produksitanggal : 18 januari 2016tugas : Sand control dengan screen dan gravel pack atau frack packSUMBER : George E. King Engineering GEKEngineering.com KETERANGAN : TUGAS PENGGANTI NILAI QUIZ

Screen TypesA. Wire Wrapped ScreenSimplest and cheapestMost difficult to plugCannot withstand erosionBest in the lower part of a vertical wellEasily damaged in running operations B. Pre-Packed ScreenModerately expensiveEasiest to plugCan withstand some erosionBest in the upper part of a vertical well and in horizontal wellsEasily damaged in running operations

C. Woven ScreenExpensiveRelatively easy to plugCan withstand some erosionBest in the upper part of a vertical well, in horizontal wells,and in bare screen completionsEasily damaged in running operations

STUDI KASUSThe heart of a gravel pack is the sizing of the gravel to stop the formation sand. If the sand invades the pack, the 100 to 400 darcy permeability level of the gravel pack drops to 50 to 500 md and skins of 300 are possible. GRAVEL Formation sand

Flow

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Gravel Permeabilities

Gravel Size typical, unstressed perm-12+20 mesh 450 darcies-20+40 120-25+30 140 to 160-40+60 65-50+70 45100 mesh (-70+140) 0.6Narrower ranges of gravel sizes can have much higher permeability than wider ranges of sizes.

Permeabilities of Gravel Pack Sands

US Mesh RangePermeability (Darcy)Permeability (Darcy)Permeability (Darcy)6/1027038/12196910/2062550012/2066816/3025041520/4017111922540/6069406950/7045SparlinGurleyCocalesAccupackTypical Mean % Retained on Individual ScreensUS Sieve Mesh (ASTM E-11)12/2016/3020/3020/4030/4040/60121622,71859,46,92017,154,40,40,4250,836,772,114,1301,826,729,30,5350,10,847,374408,124,70,6450,80,840,95048,3609,3700,9PanGravel SizingConventional (Sauciers method)Sorting and fines as influencesOrdering special gravels?

First: determine the gravel size necessary for the completionStep one: plot the formation size distributionStep two: determine the 50% inter

Step three: gravel size for gravel pack: 6 x 95 micron = 570 micron = 32 mesh. Use 20/40for fracpack: 8 x 95 micron = 760 micron = 24 mesh. Use 16/30

What size gravel?95 microns is the 50% interceptSauciers method6 x 50% intercept gives gravel that will not allow invasion of grains into pack.The 6 x is an experience factor but it is also describes the maximum pore opening between a pack of similar sized grains.Sorting influence can use 8x in frac pack or cases where sorting is good and fines are limited.

meshinchmmMicronsgram%% Com180,039411000200,03310,84840250,02780,71710300,02340,59590350,01970,5500400,01650,42420450,01390,35350500,01170,3300600,00980,25250700,00830,21210555800,0070,1771771010151000,00590,1491491515301200,00490,1251252020501400,00410,1051052020701700,00350,088881515852000,00290,074741515100Sorting and Grain Size Distribution Sand screens are numbered by wires per inch so the opening size decreases with increasing screen number. The size of the opening compared to the cumulative amount of sand retained the D: number is useful for describing the sorting. To get sand sorting on a D10/D95 basis, go to the curve of cumulative retained and read the opening size. Divide the D10 opening by the D95 opening to get the sorting number.

Sorting ?Sorting is a measurement of how similar the grain sizes are between largest and smallest.A sand with a D10 of 0.0075 and a D95 of 0.0025 would have a D10/D95 = 3 (well sorted)A sand with a D10 of 0.006 and a D95 of 0.00008 would have a D10/D95=75 (very poorly sorted)

Sorting Now What ?For the D10/D95 = 3 formation, the completion may be a screen only or a gravel pack.For the D10/D95 = 75 formation, the assortment of particles resembles a fluid loss additive this formation requires a completion that will maximize formation exposure since flow rates will likely be very low.

Conventional Screen Sizingslot size stops gravel (inches or gauge)gravel in range, pick the smallest-20+40 mesh40 mesh is 0.0165pick the slot at 50% to 75% of this small size0.0165 x 0.75 = 0.012 or 12 gauge

Gravel and Screen Combos

GravelScreen-8+1230 gauge-12+2024 gauge-16+3018 gauge-20+4012 gauge-40+606 to 8 gauge (6 gauge for natural 40/60)-50+706 gauge Typical Screen PicksMeshInchMillimetersMicrons80,0932,382380100,0782200023 gauge120,0661,681680140,0561,411410160,0471,191190180,03941100024 gauge200,03310,84840250,02780,71710300,02340,5959018 gauge350,01970,5500400,01650,4242012 gauge450,01390,353508 gauge for ceramic500,01170,33006 gauge for sand600,00980,252504 gauge700,00830,21210800,0070,177177Prosedur pemasangan dilapangan sebagai berikut : Slurry flow path pickled to remove dope, mill scale, mud and rust.

Washpipe inside screen 80% of screen ID90 to 120 ft of blank pipe above the screen serves as a gravel reserve (along with the screen above the top perfTop of screen 1 to 2 joints above top perfs or top of pay in open holeAnnular clearance 1 to 3 between screen and casing or open hole.Uplaced in correct ndamaged Screen position centralized.Sump packer 5 to 10 ft from bottom perfsGravel displacement outside perfs at least 45 lb/ft more can be better.Perfs 12 to 27 spf, DP or big hole and CLEAN!Clean, low debris proppant sized for formation sand retention and max permeabilityMinimum blanks in screen mean minimum voids in pack.Multi position gravel pack packer with large crossover port for higher rates (120% of tubing area).Percobaan menggunakan sieve analysis, yaitu metode dengan proses pengayakan dari suatu sampel pasir yang telah dibersihkan (pemakaian toluene) dengan menggunakan beberapa tingkatan saringan yang mempunyai ukuran (skala mesh) berbeda. Dimana ukuran saringan terbesar terletak di atas dan seterusnya makin mengecil ke arah bawah. Berikut ini langkah kerjanya:1. Ambil contoh pasir yang telah dibersihkan dan dikeringkan.2. Sediakan dan timbang sampel pasir seberat 100 gram.3. Siapkan sieve analysis yang telah bersih.4. Susun sieve di atas alat penguncang, dimana sieve diatur yang paling kecil/ halus berada paling bawah.5. Tuangkan sampel ke dalam sieve paling atas, kemudian pasang tutup, dan goncangkan kurang lebih 30 menit.6. Tuangkan masing-masing isi sieve ke dalam mangkuk secara terpisah.7. Timbang berat masing-masing sampel pada setiap sieve. (hati-hati tercampur). Teruskan cara tersebut sampai isi seluruh sieve ditimbang secara kumulatif.8. Membuat hubungan antara persentase butiran yang lolos dengan diameter saringan dalam skala logaritmik.

Why do we do sand control ?

Keep the sand in the information and maintanance productionLiners with and without gravel to act as a filter To eliminate handling sand on surface Down time ( clean out seperator , etc)Erosion Emulsion formation Sand disposal cost