Tugas Baca & Kerjakan Soalnya KBR

8/10/2019 Tugas Baca & Kerjakan Soalnya KBR

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WETTABILITY

DEFINITION OF WETTABILITY

Wettability is the tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface inthe presence of other immiscible fluids.

Wettability refers to interaction between fluid and solid phases. Reservoir rocks (sandstone, limestone, dolomite, etc.) are the solid surfaces Oil, water, and/or as are the fluids

WHY STUDY WETTABILITY?

!nderstand physical and chemical interactions between". #ndividual fluids and reservoir rocks$. %ifferent fluids with in a reservoir &. #ndividual fluids and reservoir rocks when multiple fluids are

present

'etroleum reservoirs commonly have $ & fluids (multiphase systems)

When $ or more fluids are present, there are at least & sets of forces actin on thefluids and affectin * recovery

DEFINITION OF ADHESION TENSION

+dhesion tension is e pressed as the difference between two solid-fluid.interfacial tensions.

+ positive adhesion tension indicates that the denser phase (water) preferentially wets the solid surface (and vice versa ).

+n adhesion tension of ero indicates that both phases have e ual

affinity for the solid surface

wowo sw soT A cos==


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WETTING PHASE FLUID

Wetting phase flui p!efe!entiall" #ets the s$li !$%& su!fa%e'

Att!a%ti(e f$!%es )et#een !$%& an flui !a# the #etting phaseint$ s*all p$!es'

Wetting phase flui $ften has l$# *$)ile' Att!a%ti(e f$!%es li*it !e u%ti$n in #etting phase satu!ati$n t$ an

i!!e u%i)le (alue +i!!e u%i)le #etting phase satu!ati$n,' -an" h" !$%a!)$n !ese!($i!s a!e eithe! t$tall" $! pa!tiall" #ate!.

#et'

AT = adhesion tension, milli-Newtons/m or dynes/cm)

= contact angle between the oil/water/solid interface measured

through the more dense phase, degrees

so = interfacial energy between the solid and oil, milli-Newtons/m

or dynes/cm

sw = interfacial energy between the solid and water, milli-Newtons

/m or dynes/cm

wo = interfacial energy (interfacial tension) between the water and

oil, milli-Newtons/m or dynes/cm


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NONWETTING PHASE FLUID

N$n#etting phase $es n$t p!efe!entiall" #et the s$li !$%&su!fa%e

/epulsi(e f$!%es )et#een !$%& an flui %ause n$n#etting phaset$ $%%up" la!gest p$!es

N$n#etting phase flui is $ften the *$st *$)ile flui 0 espe%iall" atla!ge n$n#etting phase satu!ati$ns

Natu!al gas is ne(e! the #etting phase in h" !$%a!)$n !ese!($i!s

WATE/.WET /ESE/1OI/ /O23

/ese!($i! !$%& is #ate! . #et if #ate! p!efe!entiall" #ets the !$%&

su!fa%es The !$%& is #ate!. #et un e! the f$ll$#ing %$n iti$ns4 s$ 5 s# AT 5 6 +i'e'0 the a hesi$n tensi$n is p$siti(e, 6 7 7 86

If is %l$se t$ 6 0 the !$%& is %$nsi e!e t$ )e 9st!$ngl" #ate!. #et:

6 7 q 7 86 Inte!fa%ial tensi$n )et#een the !$%& su!fa%e an #ate! is less than

)et#een the !$%& su!fa%e an $il'

Solid

Water

Oil

so

sw

wo


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OIL.WET /ESE/1OI/ /O23

86 7 q 7 ;


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WATE/.WET OIL.WETWETTABILITY IS AFFE2TED BY4

2$*p$siti$n $f p$!e.lining *ine!als 2$*p$siti$n $f the flui s Satu!ati$n hist$!" +h"ste!esis effe%ts,

WETTABILITY 2LASSIFI2ATION

St!$ngl" $il. $! #ate!.#etting Neut!al #etta)ilit" = n$ p!efe!ential #etta)ilit" t$ eithe! #ate!

$! $il in the p$!es F!a%ti$nal #etta)ilit" = !ese!($i! that has l$%al a!eas that a!e

st!$ngl" $il.#et0 #he!eas *$st $f the !ese!($i! is st!$ngl" #ate!. #et. O%%u!s #he!e !ese!($i! !$%& ha(e (a!ia)le *ine!al

%$*p$siti$n an su!fa%e %he*ist!" -i>e #etta)ilit" = s*alle! p$!es a!ea #ate!.

#et a!e fille #ith #ate!0 #he!eas la!ge! p$!esa!e $il.#et an fille #ith $il

Ayers, 2001

FREE WATER

GRAIN

SOLID (ROC !

WATER

OIL

SOLID (ROC !

WATER

OIL

GRAIN

"O#ND WATER

F R E E

W A T E R

OIL

OILRI$

90 WATER

Oil

Air

WATER


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. /esi ual $il satu!ati$n is l$#

. O%%u!s #he!e $il #ith p$la! $!gani% %$*p$un s in(a esa #ate!.#et !$%& satu!ate #ith )!ine

I-BIBITION

I*)i)iti$n is a flui fl$# p!$%ess in #hi%h the satu!ati$n $f the#etting phase in%!eases an the n$n#etting phase satu!ati$ne%!eases' +e'g'0 #ate!fl$$ $f an $il !ese!($i! that is #ate!.#et,'

-$)ilit" $f #etting phase in%!eases as #etting phase satu!ati$nin%!eases

*$)ilit" is the f!a%ti$n $f t$tal fl$# %apa%it" f$! a pa!ti%ula!phase

WATE/.WET /ESE/1OI/0 I-BIBITION Wate! #ill $%%up" the s*allest p$!es

Wate! #ill #et the %i!%u*fe!en%e $f *$st la!ge! p$!es In p$!es ha(ing high $il satu!ati$n0 $il !ests $n a #ate! fil*

I*)i)iti$n . If a #ate!.#et !$%& satu!ate #ith $il is pla%e in#ate!0 it #ill i*)i)e #ate! int$ the s*allest p$!es0 ispla%ing $il

OIL.WET /ESE/1OI/0 I-BIBITION Oil #ill $%%up" the s*allest p$!es

Oil #ill #et the %i!%u*fe!en%e $f *$st la!ge! p$!es In p$!es ha(ing high #ate! satu!ati$n0 #ate! !ests $n a #ate!fil*

I*)i)iti$n . If an $il.#et !$%& satu!ate #ith #ate! is pla%e in$il0 it #ill i*)i)e $il int$ the s*allest p$!es0 ispla%ing #ate!

e'g'0 Oil.#et !ese!($i! = a%%u*ulati$n $f $il in t!ap

D/AINAGE Flui fl$# p!$%ess in #hi%h the satu!ati$n $f the n$n#etting phase

in%!eases

-$)ilit" $f n$n#etting flui phase in%!eases as n$n#etting phasesatu!ati$n in%!eases

e'g'0 #ate!fl$$ $f an $il !ese!($i! that is $il.#et Gas in e%ti$n in an $il. $! #ate!.#et !ese!($i! P!essu!e *aintenan%e $! gas %"%ling )" gas in e%ti$n in a

!et!$g!a e %$n ensate !ese!($i! Wate!.#et !ese!($i! = a%%u*ulati$n $f $il $! gas in


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I-PLI2ATIONS OF WETTABILITY P!i*a!" $il !e%$(e!" is affe%te )" the #etta)ilit" $f the s"ste*'

A #ate!.#et s"ste* #ill e>hi)it g!eate! p!i*a!" $il!e%$(e!"'

Oil !e%$(e!" un e! #ate!fl$$ ing is affe%te )" the #etta)ilit" $fthe s"ste*'

A #ate!.#et s"ste* #ill e>hi)it g!eate! $il !e%$(e!" un e!#ate!fl$$ ing'

Wetta)ilit" affe%ts the shape $f the !elati(e pe!*ea)ilit" %u!(es' Oil *$(es easie! in #ate!.#et !$%&s than $il.#et !$%&s'

WETTABILITY AFFE2TS4 2apilla!" P!essu!e

I!!e u%i)le #ate! satu!ati$n /esi ual $il an #ate! satu!ati$ns /elati(e pe!*ea)ilit" Ele%t!i%al p!$pe!ties

LABO/ATO/Y -EASU/E-ENT OF WETTABILITY-$st %$**$n *easu!e*ent te%hni@ues

2$nta%t angle *easu!e*ent *eth$ A*$tt *eth$

Unite States Bu!eau $f -ines +USB-, -eth$Int!$ u%ti$n t$ 2apilla!" P!essu!eAppli%ati$ns $f 2apilla!" P!essu!e Data

Dete!*ine flui ist!i)uti$n in !ese!($i! +initial %$n iti$ns, A%%u*ulati$n $f H2 is !ainage p!$%ess f$! #ate! #et

!ese!($i!s +*a> p$ssi)le H2 saatu!ati$n, S# fun%ti$n $f height a)$(e OW2 +$il #ate!

%$nta%t, Dete!*ine !e%$(e!a)le $il f$! #ate! fl$$ ing appli%ati$ns

I*)i)iti$n p!$%ess f$! #ate! #et !ese!($i!s P$!e Si e Dist!i)uti$n In e>0

A)s$lute pe!*ea)ilit" +fl$# %apa%it" $f enti!e p$!esi e ist!i)uti$n,

/elati(e pe!*ea)ilit" + ist!i)uti$n $f flui phases#ithin the p$!e si e ist!i)uti$n,


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/ese!($i! Fl$# . 2apilla!" P!essu!e in%lu e as a te!* $f fl$#p$tential f$! *ultiphase fl$#

Input ata f$! !ese!($i! si*ulati$n *$ els

D/AINAGE P/O2ESS Flui fl$# p!$%ess in #hi%h the satu!ati$n $f the n$n#etting phase

in%!eases 0 amples1 H" !$%a!)$n +$il $! gas, filling the p$!e spa%e an ispla%ing the

$!iginal #ate! $f ep$siti$n in #ate!.#et !$%& Wate!fl$$ ing an $il !ese!($i! in #hi%h the !ese!($i! is $il #et Gas in e%ti$n in an $il $! #ate! #et $il !ese!($i! P!essu!e *aintenan%e $! gas %"%ling )" gas in e%ti$n in a

!et!$g!a e %$n ensate !ese!($i! E($luti$n $f a se%$n a!" gas %ap as !ese!($i! p!essu!e e%!eases

I-BIBITION P/O2ESS


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Flui fl$# p!$%ess in #hi%h the satu!ati$n $f the #etting phasein%!eases

-$)ilit" $f #etting phase in%!eases as #etting phase satu!ati$nin%!easesE>a*ples4A%%u*ulati$n $f $il in an $il #et !ese!($i!Wate!fl$$ ing an $il !ese!($i! in #hi%h the !ese!($i! is #ate! #etA%%u*ulati$n $f %$n ensate as p!essu!e e%!eases in a e# p$int

!ese!($i!

Effe%t $f Pe!*ea)ilit" $n Shape

Effe%t $f G!ain Si e Dist!i)uti$n $n Shape

De%reasi&'

er)ea*ility,De%reasi&'

A "

C

20

1+

12

-

00 0.2

0.-

0.+

0. 1.0

Water Sat/ratio&

C a 0 i l l

a r y ( r e s s / r e


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Capillary Tube - Conceptual Model Air-Water System

*onsiderin the porous media as a collection of capillary tubes provides useful insi hts into how fluids behave in the reservoir porespaces.

Water rises in a capillary tube placed in a beaker of water, similar towater (the wettin phase) fillin small pores leavin lar er pores tonon-wettin phases of reservoir rock.

The height $f #ate! in a %apilla!" tu)e is a fun%ti$n $f4 A hesi$n tensi$n )et#een the ai! an #ate! /a ius $f the tu)e Densit" iffe!en%e )et#een flui s

2his relation can be derived from balancin the upward force due toadhesion tension and downward forces due to the wei ht of the fluid (see+3W p "&4). 2he wettin phase (water) rise will be lar er in smallcapillaries.

h 5 ei ht of water rise in capillary tube, cm aw 5 #nterfacial tension between air and water,dynes/cm

5 +ir/water contact an le, de reesr 5 Radius of capillary tube, cm

g 5 +cceleration due to ravity, 67" cm/sec$ Draw 5 %ensity difference between water and air, m/cm&

Water

Air h

aw

aw

g r h

=

cos$


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pw1 5 p2 w g h Pc 5 pa1 - pw1

5 w g h - a g h5 g h

2$*)ining the t#$ !elati$ns !esults in the f$ll$#ing e>p!essi$nf$! %apilla!" tu)es4

F!$* a si*ila! e!i(ati$n0 the e@uati$n f$! %apilla!" p!essu!e f$!an $ilC#ate! s"ste* is

Pc 5 *apillary pressure between oil and water, dyne/cm$ ow 5 #nterfacial tension between oil and water, dyne/cm 5 Oil/water contact an le, de reesr 5 Radius of capillary tube, cm

LABO/ATO/Y -ETHODS FO/ -EASU/ING 2APILLA/Y

P/ESSU/EDete!*inati$n $f P%+S#, fun%ti$n P$!$us iaph!ag* *eth$ -e!%u!" in e%ti$n *eth$ 2ent!ifuge *eth$ D"na*i% *eth$

2O--ENTS ON PO/OUS DIAPH/AG- -ETHOD A (antages

1e!" a%%u!ate 2an use !ese!($i! flui s

Disa (antages 1e!" sl$# + a"s0 #ee&s0 *$nths, /ange $f %apilla!" p!essu!e is li*ite )" 9 ispla%e*ent

p!essu!e: $f p$!$us is& Wetting phase $f is& sh$ul )e sa*e as %$!e sa*ple

r P awc

cos$=

r P owc

cos$=


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A uni(e!sal %apilla!" p!essu!e %u!(e $es n$t e>ist )e%ause the!$%& p!$pe!ties affe%ting %apilla!" p!essu!es in the !ese!($i! ha(ee>t!e*e (a!iati$n #ith lith$l$g" +!$%& t"pe,

BUT0 Le(e!ett s .fun%ti$n has p!$(en (alua)le f$! %$!!elating%apilla!" p!essu!e ata #ithin a lith$l$g" +see ABW Fig . ,'

DEFINITION OF LE1E/ETT .FUN2TION

k

Cos PcC

Sw J =)(

8-9unction is DI-ENSIONLESS , for a particular rock type1

:ame value of 8 at same wettin phase saturation for any unitsystem, any two fluids, any values of k,f

(k/f)"/$ is proportional to si e of typical pore throatradius (remember k can have units of len th$)

* is unit conversion factor (to make 8(:w) dimensionless)

LE1E/ETT .FUN2TION FO/ 2ON1E/SION OF P% DATA

USE OF LE1E/ETT .FUN2TION

.fun%ti$n is useful f$! a(e!aging %apilla!" p!essu!e ata f!$* agi(en !$%& t"pe f!$* a gi(en !ese!($i!

.fun%ti$n %an s$*eti*es )e e>ten e t$ iffe!ent !ese!($i!s

ha(ing sa*e lith$l$gies Use e>t!e*e %auti$n in assu*ing this %an )e $ne

.fun%ti$n usuall" n$t a%%u!ate %$!!elati$n f$! iffe!ent lith$l$gies If .fun%ti$ns a!e n$t su%%essful in !e u%ing the s%atte! in a gi(en

set $f ata0 then this suggests that #e a!e ealing (a!iati$n in !$%& t"pe

Reservoir

c

;ab

cw

k cos


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0 ercises1

". #n the laboratory, a capillary pressure difference of 4 psi has beenmeasured between water and air in a core sample. *alculate thecorrespondin hei ht above the OW* in the reservoir from where thecore ori inates, when the followin information is iven (assumecapillary pressure at the OW* to be ero).

$. !se the air - water capillary pressure curve for laboratory conditions, below, to calculate the saturations> So, Sg and Sw at the reservoir level(hi ht) "$? f t above the oil-water contact (assume Pc = ? at this level).2he distance between the contacts (OW* and @O*) is A? f t .

+dditional data1


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.Ans#e!s t$ @uesti$ns4

". h = 4 . 7m, $. So = ? . $, Sg = ? . B$ , Sw = ? . &B,

3. Calculate the rise of water in a silicacapillary tube with diameter of 1 mm, giventhat the interfacial tension and contactangle between water and isoquinoline are 30dynes/cm and 15 , respectively, and thedensities of water, isoquinoline, and silicaare 1.00, 0.!1, and ".#5 g/cm 3 , respectively.

$. a. %hat causes the accumulation ofhydrocarbons in a trap&

b.'ive a quantitative definition of capillarypressure in a gas reservoir () c *. +efineall terms.

c.Calculate the capillary pressure in a gasreservoir at a point 15 feet above the freewater level () g ) w ""00 psia* if thegas and water pressure gradients are 0.$5and 0.15 psi/ft, respectively.

5. a. %hat is a drainage displacementprocess&b.%hat is an imbibition displacement process&c.'ive one e-ample (each* of drainage and

imbibition displacement processes thatmight occur in a gas reservoir.

#. he integrated form of +arcy s quation forlinear, hori ontal flow of an incompressibleliquid is shown below. his equation iscoherent for +arcy s units (C 1*.

; p+k *

/

=

a. 2f the terms of the equation have theunits shown in the table below, whatare the required units of the constant,C&


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q ft 3 /day4dft "

p )sia

Cp6 7t

b. +erive the value of the unit conversionconstant, C, for the units shown in the table.

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