Tuesday Week 2: Activity Theory and HCI Theory and ...€¦ · Theory and Practice of Tangible User...
Transcript of Tuesday Week 2: Activity Theory and HCI Theory and ...€¦ · Theory and Practice of Tangible User...
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Tuesday Week 2: Activity Theory and HCI
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Activity Theory and HCIImplications for user interfaces
week 02
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Lecture Outline•
Historical development of HCI
•
Activity theory in a nutshell
•
Activity theory and design implications
for HCI
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Historical Development of User InterfacesFrom electrical to embodied interactions
“Our experience using computers reflects a tradeoff made more than 50 years ago. We are now in a position to reconsider the trade-off.”
From Where the Action Is
(Dourish, 2001)
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Historical Development of UI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
From Where the Action Is
(Dourish, 2001)
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EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
•
Special purpose devices (e.g., automatic calculation of missile trajectories, patterns in coded messages)
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To program the machine for different tasks, electrical circuits need to be changed
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Interacting with the system required a thorough understanding of the electronic design
The Small Scale Experimental Machine, AKA “Baby”
built at Manchester University in 1948.
ElectricalHistorical Development of HCI
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Introduction of programming systems
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More regularized instructions available across a wider range of machines
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Symbolic forms of interaction is not textual (e.g., punched cards)
IBM 29 card punch
(circa 1950’s)
SymbolicHistorical Development of HCI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
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•
Takes advantage of the best-developed form of symbolic interaction: written language
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More like a “dialog”
TextualHistorical Development of HCI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
E.g., early UNIX, DOS
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Turning interaction into two-dimensional space rather than a one-
dimensional stream of characters
GraphicalHistorical Development of HCI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
Macintosh System 4.2, 1987
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
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Peripheral Attention
Primary space, secondary space (e.g., windows and dashboards)
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Pattern recognition and spatial reasoning
Opportunities to arrange data spatially
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Information density
A picture really can be worth a thousand words (e.g., diagrams)
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Visual metaphors
File cabinets, trashcans, desktop tools
GraphicalHistorical Development of HCI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
Macintosh System 4.2, 1987
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Tangible InteractionHistorical Development of HCI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
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Computation that moves beyond desktop
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Interaction is incorporated more richly in our daily experience of the physical world
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Social ComputingHistorical Development of HCI
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
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The application of sociological understanding to the design of interactive systems
Kismet (Breaseal, 2000)
Spark (Vilhjálmsson, 2004)
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Embodied Interaction
EmbodiedGraphicalTextualSymbolicElectrical
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“Computer reaching out”The scope of human-computer interaction is expanding to include larger-scale, longer-term phenomena of computer use. Interaction moves from being directly focused on the physical machine to incorporating more and more of the user’s world and the social setting in which the user is embedded. (Dourish, 2004)
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Activity Theory and HCIFrom human factors to human actors
Attempts to incorporate human activity in interaction design have led to ideas of “activity-based,”
“activity-centered,”
or “activity-centric”
computing. How people actually use technology at work and play.
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Activity TheoryAims to understand individual human beings, as well as the social entities they compose, in their natural everyday life circumstances, through an analysis of the genesis, structure, and processes of their activities.
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Brief Background
Behaviorist (circa 1930’s)
Observable behaviorsA B
Activity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Brief Background
Behaviorist (circa 1930’s)
Observable behaviorsA B
A BCognitivist
(circa 1950’s –
1990’s)
Mental models
Activity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Brief Background
Behaviorist (circa 1930’s)
Observable behaviorsA B
A B
A B
Cognitivist
(circa 1950’s –
1990’s)
Mental models
Social Constructivist (circa 1950’s –
1990’s)
Activities and context
Activity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
People act as subjects
in the world, constructing and instantiating their intentions and desires as objects.
Subject Object
Tool
Unit of AnalysisActivity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
People act as subjects
in the world, constructing and instantiating their intentions and desires as objects.
Subject Object
Tool
Unit of AnalysisActivity Theory
people
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
People act as subjects
in the world, constructing and instantiating their intentions and desires as objects.
Subject Object
Tool
Unit of AnalysisActivity Theory
peopleIntentions, desires, prospective outcomes that motivate and direct activity
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Tools mediate between people and the world. Activity theory casts the relationship between people and tools as one of mediation.
Subject Object
Tool
Unit of AnalysisActivity Theory
peopleIntentions, desires, prospective outcomes that motivate and direct activity
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Subject Object
Tool
Unit of AnalysisActivity Theory
Activity
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
A software team programming a system for a client
Subject Object
Tool
Example 1Activity Theory
the team bug-free application
computers, programming tools
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Being a graduate student at UC Berkeley
Subject Object
Tool
Example 2Activity Theory
student learning, graduating, finding a job, having fun
books, computers, colleagues, courses, professors
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Activity Theory Concepts•
Hierarchical structure of activity
•
Object-oriented
•
Internalization and Externalization
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Tool mediation
•
Development
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Operations
Actions
Activity
automatic,
unconscious
conscious
goal-oriented
Hierarchical StructureActivity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Operations
Activity
Hammering, changing gears when driving
Putting the roof up, transporting bricks by truck
Building a house
Hierarchical StructureActivity Theory
Example 1
Actions
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Operations
Activity
Using OS
Programming a module, arranging meetings
Completing a software project
Hierarchical StructureActivity Theory
Example 2
Actions
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Operations
Actions
Activity
???
Passing exams
Being a grad student
Hierarchical StructureActivity Theory
Example 3
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Object
gives meaning to what people do
Subject Object
Tool
Intentions, desires, prospective outcomes that motivate and direct activity
ObjectActivity Theory
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Can be physical thing or ideal object
Subject Object
Tool
Intentions, desires, prospective outcomes that motivate and direct activity
ObjectActivity Theory
www.boltonmuseums.org.uk
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The world provides resistance
and affordances
to our attempts to reach the object of our activities
Subject Object
Tool
Intentions, desires, prospective outcomes that motivate and direct activity
ObjectActivity Theory
www.boltonmuseums.org.uk
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Object is shaped by explicit and implicit rules, norms, and requirements existing in the local and the wider community
Subject Object
Tool
Intentions, desires, prospective outcomes that motivate and direct activity
ObjectActivity Theory
www.boltonmuseums.org.uk
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Internal activity: Counting numbers in your head
External activity: Counting numbers with your fingers
Internal and External ActivityActivity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
InternalizationTransformation of external activities into internal ones. Means for people to try potential interactions with reality without performing actual manipulation with real objects (mental simulations, imaginings, considering alternative plans, etc.).
Activity Theory: Internalization / Externalization
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ExternalizationTransforms internal activities into external ones. It is important when a collaboration between several people requires their activities to be performed externally in order to be coordinated.
Activity Theory: Internalization / Externalization
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Tools and MediationTools shape the way human beings interact with reality. The shaping of external activities eventually results in the shaping of internal ones, and vice versa.
Subject Object
Tool
Activity Theory
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Tools and MediationUse of tools is an accumulation and transmission of social knowledge.
Activity Theory
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DevelopmentHuman activity unfolds over time in a historical frame.
The long view: we cannot understand activity if we do not watch it cycle, grow, change. It would be desirable to establish a practice of design in which the development of users –
their ability to grow and change with technology.
Activity Theory
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Activity Theory: Summary
Subject Object
Tool
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Hierarchical structure of activity
•
Object-oriented
•
Internalization and Externalization
•
Tool mediation
•
Development
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Subject Object
Tool
Why Should We Care about Activity Theory?
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Subject Object
Tool
Activity
Designing Human Activities, Not Just Tools
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Designing InteractionsFrom designers’
perspective
The term “interaction design”
was coined by Moggridge
in late 1980’s. A new design discipline, dedicated to creating imaginative and attractive solutions in a virtual world, where one could design behaviors, animations, and sounds as well as shapes.
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces
Designing Interactions
Bill Verplank
from Moggridge, 2006
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Next Tuesday (Sept 10, 2007)
•
Designing Interactions
•
Tangible Bits
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For Thursday (Sept 6th, 2007)
•
Don’t forget to bring your lab kit on Thursday
•
Post your lab homework (blinking LED) on the course website
•
Office hours this week: Tuesday
(today), 3:30-4:30 in 110 South Hall
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Tuesday Week 2: Activity Theory and HCI
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Thanks!
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Tuesday Week 2: Activity Theory and HCI
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Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces