• Tuesday, November 22 Glass & Glazing Lecture 1LBO Questions

• Thursday, November 24 Thanksgiving Holiday

• Tuesday, November 29 Glass & Glazing Lecture 2

• Thursday, December 1 Sustainability Lectureand Test 4 Review

Monday, December 5 Studio Project 5 – Portfolio Due

• Thursday, December 8 Final Exam (Test 4) (14%)1-3PM

LBO (Learning by Observation)11 x 17 Book Due (20%)

34% of your semester grade

Glass & Glazing

Sustainability

Text Chapter 17

LBO ExamplesLBO - Jeremy SmithLBO - Max Kovtoun

• On class websitefile://///Fac_web/web/architecture/classes/DFN2311-2011%20Prof.%20Tango/

Glass & Glazing – Chapter 17• Glass Ingredients • Glass types

– blown– plate– float

• Heat Treated Glass– tempered glass– heat strengthened glass

• Laminated Glass• Fire Rated Glass• Fritted Glass• Spandrel Glass• Insulating Glass• Low Emissivity Glass• Tinted & Reflective Coated Glass

– mirrors

Glass Ingredients

• sand approx. 70% by weight

• soda ash

• lime

Flat Glass History

• Blown– cylinder glass blown, reheated and flattened.

• Plate – late 17th century, high enough in quality for mirrors

• Float – invented in 1959 by Pilkington Brothers– now the standard for glassmaking

Float glass

• Process introduced in 1959 by Pilkington Brothers

• Float Glass Manufacturing Process video http://www.glasswebsite.com/video/fgmd.asp

Annealing Glass Annealing: cooling glass at a slow controlled rate to counteract internal stresses. This is done in a kiln known as a Lehr.

Annealing Glass Principles demonstrated in a glass bottlehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBlsNNPRseQ

Glass Thickness

• For window/building glass: 1/8” to 1 inch

Glass Treatment

• Heat Treated

Prince Rupert's Drop1.www.youtube.com/watch?v=6V2eCFsDkK0&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearch%3Fq%3Dprince%2520ruperts%2520drop%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft%3Aen-us%26oe%3DUTF-8%26startIndex%3D%26startPage%3D1%26um%3D1%26ie%3DU&feature=player_embedded

2. Showing the release of tension forces http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-GOwtikSO0&NR=1

Glass Treatments for Strength• Three methods to strengthen Annealed Glass

– heat strengthened• 2x times stronger than annealed• less distortion than tempered• breaks like annealed glass into long sharp edge shards

– tempered• 4x times stronger than annealed• some noticeable distortion• cannot be drilled or cut• breaks into small square edge granules• since 1977 Federal law has required glass

located within 18 in of a floor or doorway to be tempered.

– laminated

Tempered Glass is annealed glass that is reheated and rapidly cooled, which strengthens the glass and causes it to break into pea-sized pellets if subject to impact.

• Laminated Glass is made by sandwiching a transparent polyvinyl butyric (PVB) interlayer between sheets of glass bonding the three layers together under heat and pressure.

• When laminated glass breaks, the plastic sheet holds the broken glass in place, thus reducing the risk of injury in case of breakage.

The Entry canopy at the High Museum is made of laminated glass supported by stainless steel spider fittings that transmit the weight of the roof to cantilevered steel beams.

Laminated Glass

How laminated glass is made: http://www.glasswebsite.com/video/laminating.asp

Wire Glass

• Glass that remains intact and restricts the expansion of fire.

• Its made by placing wire mesh in the middle of glass during the manufacturing process.

Fire Rated Glass• Wire Glass

– inserting wire mesh in the glass producing process– in fire glass remains intact under thermal stress and acts as a fire barrier– 45 minute fire rating

• Ceramic Glass– optically clear– 20 minute to 3 hour ratings

Fire Rated Glass Video (21 minutes)http://www.fireglass.com/offer-kit/video/

Firerated Glass Floor!!http://www.fireglass.com/framing/clearfloor/

www.fireglass.com/detail-drawings/clearfloor/ClearFloor-System-Details.pdf

Fritted Glass

Glass that has an imprint on the surface with silk screened patterns of ceramic based paint. Paint is fired in a glass furnace to transform into a hard ceramic permanent coating.

The paint consist primarily of pigmented glass particles that are called frits.

Typical patterns are stripes or dots, but custom designs are easily reproduced.

Opaque glass used for covering the bands of wall around the edges of floors

Spandrel Glass

Lever House

• Lever House in New York is an early curtain wall building designed by architects Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), 1952

Insulating glass consists of two or more sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space.

Argon Gas is most commonly used in the airspace

Most types of glass can be used.

Insulated Glass

3 benefits

1. provides better insulating value (higher R-value)

2. prevents condensation from forming on the glass surface.

3. provides acoustical control

U value is reciprocal of the R value

IGU = Insulated Glass Unit

Sunlight transmission thru glass

SHGC : Solar Heat Gain Coefficientthe lower the number the better for HOT climatesthe higher the number the better for COLD climates

Low-E Glass(low emmitance)Coating or film applied on the inside face of insulating glass that restricts radiant energy (heat) flow. Keeps radiant heat on the same size of glass where it originates depending on coating placement. In this case heat from the sun is kept outside.

OUTSIDEINSIDE

Low E-Glass

Low E Solar Control Glass

• SOLARBAN®70XLVideo (5 minutes)

http://www.ppg.com/corporate/ideascapes/glass/products/solarcontrol/Pages/SOLARBAN70XLDemoVideo.aspx

Tinted & Reflective Coating Glass

4 3 2 1 (Glass surface order)

• Tuesday, November 22 Glass & Glazing Lecture 1LBO Questions

• Thursday, November 24 Thanksgiving Holiday

• Tuesday, November 29 Glass & Glazing Lecture 2

• Thursday, December 1 Sustainability Lectureand Test 4 Review

Monday, December 5 Studio Project 5 – Portfolio Due

• Thursday, December 8 Final Exam (Test 4) (14%)1-3PM

LBO (Learning by Observation)11 x 17 Book Due (20%)

34% of your semester grade

Glass & Glazing

Sustainability

Text Chapter 17

LBO Formatting / Binding Requirements

Major Architectural Glass Manufacturers

• Pilkington Planar http://www.wwglass.com/Pilkington/Home.aspx

• Oldcastle Glasshttp://www.oldcastlebe.com/

• PPGhttp://www.ppg.com/corporate/ideascapes/glass/products/Pages/default.aspx

Glazing

• Glazing details• Curtainwalls • Storefronts• Structural Glass walls

– spider fittings– rigid supports– cable supports– structural glass fins

Glazing• Glazing is the process of placing glass into profiles

designed to receive them, then held in place with glazing clips, blocks and compounds making a weather tight joint between the glass and frame.

• Proper glazing keeps the glass from contacting the

frame during thermal expansion of the glass or the frame and during loading due to wind, snow, rain or seismic forces.

• Synthetics for installing glazing, rubber, neoprene & vinyl are particularly effective in allowing for the thermal expansion and contraction of glass:

!!

Used when the Architect desires a clean unbroken exterior surface for the glazing uninterrupted by the protrusion of mullions.

Silicone an excellent and frequently used material to secure glass. Proper control and placement is essential to create structural adhesion with weatherproofing, thermal and load resistant qualities. Silicone joints should be designed to perform on two opposing surface planes. This is achieved thru the use of spacers, bond breakers and backer rods.

A curtain wall is a building façade that does not carry any dead load from the building other than its own dead load. A curtain wall receives and resists loads that are incident upon it : wind, rain, snow and seismic forces. These loads are transferred to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration.

Curtain walls are typically designed with extruded aluminum members. (the first curtain walls were made of steel). The aluminum frame is typically infilled with glass, providing vision, daylighting and aesthetic qualities. Thermal comfort and visual comfort are more difficult to control when using highly-glazed curtain walls.

Other common infills include: stone veneer, metal panels, louvers, and operable windows or vents.

Curtain Wall

• Attachment devices allow the vertical mullions to be adjusted to provide a perfectly plumb and straight line for the entire height of the building.

• With aluminum and glass curtainwall systems, the vertical mullions are attached to the floors or beams at every floor in order to carry gravity and wind loads

•

Curtain wall system:

•Non load bearing

•Supported by floor framing

•Multi level spans

•Better thermal properties

•Resists high wind loads

•Higher aesthetic image

Storefront system:

•Gravity loads to foundation

•Ingress / egress

•Visual connection with street

Storefront:

•Head

•Jamb

•Mullion

•Sill

Storefront system sits at edge of interior floor slab and exterior walk

Glazing:

•Spandrel glass

•Tinted glass

•Tempered glass

Framing:

•Extruded aluminum

Kawneerhttp://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/north_america/en/home.asp

Products: http://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/north_america/en/product_browse.asp

sample of aluminumcurtainwall profiles

Vertical Section

Insulated double pane vision glass

Horizontal Section below vision glass thru Spandrel panel

Recessed Opaque Spandrel panel

Flush Opaque Spandrel panel

Kawner 7500 Wall Systemhttp://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/north_america/catalog/pdf/7500_Wall_E--A.pdf

Kawner 1600 Wall Systemhttp://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/north_america/catalog/pdf/1600_Wall_Sys1__E--A.pdf

shims

Kennesaw State Univ. Faculty Office Bldg.

Williams Tower ( Formerly Transco Tower) Architect Philip Johnson

http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/houston.htmhttp://www.houstonarchitecture.com/Building/2079/1400-Smith-Street.php http://www.bing.com/maps/explore/?FORM=MLOMAP&PUBL=GOOGLE&crea=userid1743go6a1c1270db6e7f374a897e012428c985e#5003/0.6002=q:1400+smith,+houston,+texas:nelat:33.8865366393086:nelong:-84.179840086961:swlat:33.6334600026914:swlong:-84.6261596670391:nosp:0:adj:0/5872/style=be&lat=nys90m&lon=71k4kc&alt=-13.922214&z=19&h=91.232703&pid=5874

A structural glass wall is made up of tempered glass sheets suspended from special clamps, or spider fittings. These fittings are stabilized against wind pressure by perpendicular stiffeners and/or cables and carry the glass loads

spider fittings- used to hold tempered glass in structural glass walls

Structural Glass Walls

structural glass wall using spider fittings

structural glass wall using spider fittings

structural glass wall using spider fittings & cable supports

Structural Glass Roof Panels

spider fittings and cable supports

Glass Fin System

Glass fins used as structural elements to carry glass gravity loads and wind loads.

The Pilkington Planar™ System http://www.pilkington.com/applications/products2006/english/bybenefit/glasssystems/planar/default.htm

Glass fins used as structural elements to carry glass gravity loads and wind loads.

Mirrors• How Mirrors Are Made (Video - 6 minutes)

http://www.glasswebsite.com/video/mirror.asp

The mirror substrate, glass, is shaped, polished and cleaned, then coated with non-toxic silver.

Coatings in order of application:Tin(II) chloride Silver Chemical activator Copper Paint The Tin(II) chloride is applied because silver will not bond with the glass. The activator causes the tin/silver to harden. Copper protects the silver from corrosion. Paint protects the copper

Questions- Glass & Glazing• What is glass made of?• What is laminated glass made of?• What was the predominate glass type used before 1959?• What was the predominate glass type used after 1959?• What is annealed glass?• What is the strength difference between annealed, tempered and heat strengthened?• What is wire glass?• What is fire-rated glass?• What type of glass would be used on skylights?• What is fritted glass?• How are frits applied?• What is spandrel glass?• What is insulating glass?• What are three qualities of insulating glass?• What does the acronym “SHGC” stand for?• What does ”low e” stand for?• What does “low-e” do?• What is the glass surface order?• What is the difference between a curtainwall and a storefront ?• What is a structural glass wall?• What is a spider fitting?• What are three ways to support a spider fitting?• What is a thermal break in a curtainwall system?• What are typical glazing materials to secure the glass in the frame?• What are characteristics of a properly designed silicone joint?• What are the coatings on mirrors?