Tues. May 31, 2005PHYS 1443-001, Summer I 2005 Dr. Andrew Brandt 1 PHYS 1443 – Section 501 Lecture...

Tues. May 31, 2005 PHYS 1443-001, Summer I 2005Dr. Andrew Brandt

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PHYS 1443 – Section 501Lecture #1

Tuesday May 31, 2005Dr. Andrew Brandt

1. Syllabus and Introduction

2. Chapter One• Uncertainties and Significant Figures• Standards and Units• Estimates• Dimensional Analysis

Thanks to Dr. Yu for bringing this class into 21st Century!


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Who am I? • Name: Dr. Andrew Brandt (You can call me Dr. Brandt)• Office: Rm 241C, Science Hall• Extension: x2706, E-mail: [email protected] • Education: B.S. Physics/Economics College of William and Mary

1985; Ph. D. 1992 UCLA• My Research Area: High Energy Physics (HEP)

– Collide particles (currently protons and anti-protons) at energies equivalent to 10,000 Trillion degrees

– To understand• Fundamental constituents of matter• Interactions or forces between the constituents• Creation of Universe (Big Bang Theory)

– A pure scientific research activity• Direct use of the fundamental laws not yet known, but use of discovery of

electron was not immediately known either!• Indirect product of research contribute to every day lives; eg. WWW

mailto:[email protected]


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High Energy Physics

Structure of Matter

10-10m 10-14m 10-15m

<10-18m

10-9m

Matter Molecule Atom Nucleus

u

Quark

<10-19mprotons, neutrons,

mesons, etc.

top, bottom,charm, strange,

up, down

Condensed matter/Nano-Science/ChemistryAtomic Physics

NuclearPhysics

Baryon(Hadron)

Electron(Lepton)

10-2m


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The Standard Model• Assumes the following fundamental structure:

Directly observed in 2000

Discovered in 1995


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DØ Experiment at Fermilab Tevatron• World’s Highest Energy proton-anti-proton collider

– Ecm=1.96 TeV (=6.3x10-7J/p 13M Joules on 10-6m2)Equivalent to the kinetic energy of a 20t truck at a speed 80 mi/hr

Chicago

Tevatron p

p CDF

DØ


6qT

ime

p p

q g

K

“par

ton

jet”

“par

ticle

jet”

“cal

orim

eter

jet”

hadrons

CH

FH

EM

Highest ET dijet event at DØHighest ET dijet event at DØ

0.69 GeV, 472E

0.69 GeV, 475E21

T

11T

How does an Event Look in a Collider Detector?

http://www-d0online.fnal.gov/www/shift/event_pix.html


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Forward Proton Detector Layout

• 9 momentum spectrometers comprised of 18 Roman Pots• Scintillating fiber detectors (built at UTA) are moved close

(~6 mm) to the beam to track scattered protons and anti-protons

• Reconstructed track is used to calculate momentum and scattering angle, covering new kinematic regions

• Allows combination of tracks with high momentum scattering in the central detector

D SQ2Q3Q4S A1A2

P1U

P2I

P2O

P1D

p p

Z(m)

D2 D1

233359 3323057

VetoQ4Q3

Q2

graduate student Michael Strang


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Primary Web Page

http://www.hep.uta.edu/~brandta/su2005/teaching.html


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Grading• Exams: 60%

– Best two of three midterms 40%– Comprehensive final 20%– Exams will be curved if necessary– No makeup tests

• Homework: 20% (no late homework)• Lab score: 20%• Usually have pop quizzes but if you miss classes

in 5 week course, you are doomed anyway


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Perils of a 5 Week Course

• Warning: this is not for everybody• If you are weak in math or physics, you are

probably better off with the 11 week or full semester class

• Remember “A” students spend ~3 hours outside of class per hour in class

• Don’t take another class at same time


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Homework• Solving homework problems is the best (only?) way to

comprehend class material• An electronic homework system has been setup for you

– Details are in the syllabus and on web (class id 31443, no course password; everyone has their own account password)

– https://hw.utexas.edu/studentInstructions.html – 2 points extra credit on final HW grade if registered by class 6/1, 1 point if

6/2 (first hw on Ch. 2 is due Monday June 7 at 2pm, new HW about every other day)

• Each homework carries the same weight• Your lowest homework score will be dropped• Home work will constitute 20% of the total A good way of

keeping your grades high• Allowed (encouraged) to work with others and get help from

physics clinic as needed—always attempt homework first on your own, or you will likely pay for it on the tests

https://hw.utexas.edu/studentInstructions.html


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Attendance and Class Style• Attendance:

– is STRONGLYSTRONGLY encouraged• Class style:

– Lectures will be primarily on electronic media• The lecture notes will be posted AFTER each class

– Will be mixed with traditional methods– Active participation through questions and

discussion are STRONGLYSTRONGLY encouraged


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Why Do Physics?• To understand nature through experimental

observations and measurements (Research)• Establish limited number of fundamental laws, usually

with mathematical expressions• Explain and predict nature ⇒ Theory and Experiment work hand-in-hand⇒ Theory generally works under restricted conditions⇒ Discrepancies between experimental measurements

and theory are good for improvement of theory⇒ Modern society is based on technology derived from

detailed understanding of physics

Exp.{Theory {


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What do you want from this class?

I want you to: • Understand the fundamental principles that surround

you • Identify what law of physics applies to what phenomena• Learn how to do research and analyze what you

observe• Learn how to express observations and measurements

in mathematical language• Learn how solve problemsI don’t want you to be scared of PHYSICS!!!

I want an “A” I just want to pass!

All this in 5 weeks!


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Brief History of Physics• AD 18th century:

– Newton’s Classical Mechanics: A theory of mechanics based on observations and measurements

• AD 19th Century:– Electricity, Magnetism, and Thermodynamics

• Late AD 19th and early 20th century (Modern Physics Era)– Einstein’s theory of relativity: Generalized theory of space, time, and energy

(mechanics)– Quantum Mechanics: Theory of atomic phenomena (small distance scales)

• Physics has come very far, very fast, and is still progressing, yet we’ve got a long way to go – What is matter made of?– How does matter get mass?– How and why do particles interact with each other?– How is universe created? Chapter 1 starts NOW!


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Needs for Standards and Units• Three basic quantities for physical measurements

– Length, Mass, and Time• Need a language so that people can understand each

other (How far is it to Chicago? 1000)• Consistency is crucial for physical measurements

– The same quantity measured by one person must be comprehensible and reproducible by others

• A system of unit called SISI (System International) established in 1960– Length in meters (m)– Mass in kilo-grams (kg)– Time in seconds (s)


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Definition of Base Units

One second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cesium 133 (C133) atom.

1 s (Time)

It is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, made of platinum-iridium in International Bureau of Weights and Measure in France.

1 kg (Mass) =

1000 g

One meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

1 m (Length) = 100 cm

DefinitionsSI Units

•There are prefixes that scale the units either larger or smaller for convenience (see pg. 7)•Units for other quantities, such as Kelvin for temperature


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Prefixes and their meanings• deci (d): 10-1

• centi (c): 10-2

• milli (m): 10-3

• micro (): 10-6

• nano (n): 10-9

• pico (p): 10-12

• femto (f): 10-15

• atto (a): 10-18

• deca (da): 101

• hecto (h): 102

• kilo (k): 103

• mega (M): 106

• giga (G): 109

• tera (T): 1012

• peta (P): 1015

• exa (E): 1018


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International Standard Institutes

• International Bureau of Weights and Measure http://www.bipm.fr/– Base unit definitions:

http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/base_units.html – Unit Conversions: http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/

• US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) http://www.nist.gov/

http://www.bipm.fr/

http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/base_units.html

http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/

http://www.nist.gov/


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How do we convert quantities from one unit to another?

Unit 1 = Unit 2Conversion factor X1 inch 2.54 cm1 inch 0.0254 m1 inch 2.54x10-5 km

1 ft 30.3 cm1 ft 0.303 M1 ft 3.03x10-4 km1 hr 60 minutes1 hr 3600 seconds

And many More Here….


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Examples 1.3 and 1.4 for Unit Conversions

• Ex 1.3: A silicon chip has an area of 1.25in2. Express this in cm2.

21.25 in

22 cm 06.8cm 45.6 25.1

2

22

in 1

cm 45.6in 25.1

• Ex 1.4: Where the posted speed limit is 65 miles per hour (mi/h or mph), what is this speed (a) in meters per second (m/s) and (b) kilometers per hour (km/h)?

1 mi=

65 mi/h

65 mi/h

(a)

(b)

21.25 in 2

2.54 cm

1 i

n

5280 ft 1609 m 1.609 km 12 in

1 ft

2.54 cm

1 in

1 m

100cm

65 mi 29.1 m/s 1609 m

1 mi

1

1 h

1 h

3600 s

65 mi 104 km/h 1.609 km

1 mi

1

1 h

Oops, what about sig. figs.?


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Estimates & Order-of-Magnitude Calculations • Estimate = Approximation

– Useful for rough calculations to determine the necessity of higher precision

– Usually done under certain assumptions– Might require modification of assumptions, if higher precision

is necessary• Order of magnitude estimate: Estimates done to the

precision of 10s or exponents of 10s;– Three orders of magnitude: 103=1,000– Round up for Order of magnitude estimate; 8x107 ~ 108

– Similar terms: “Ball-park-figures”, “guesstimates”, etc.


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Example 1.8

222 RdhR

kmm

mm

h

hdR

6500 5.12

5.14400

222

22

2222 2 RdhhRR

Estimate the radius of the Earth using triangulation as shown in the picture when d=4.4km and h=1.5m.

R

d=4.4km

R+h

Pythagorian theorem

Solving for R

Correct answer: 6380 km


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Uncertainties• Physical measurements have limited precision,

no matter how good they are, due to: Number of measurements Quality of instruments (meter stick vs micrometer) Experience of the person doing measurements Etc. In many cases, uncertainties are more important and

difficult to estimate than the central (or mean) values

Statistical {

{Systematic


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Significant Figures• Significant figures denote the precision of the

measured values– Significant figures: non-zero numbers or zeros that are

not place-holders• 34 has two significant digits; 34.2 has 3; 0.001 has one

because the 0’s before 1 are place holders, 34.100 has 5, because the 0’s after 1 indicates that the numbers in these digits are indeed 0’s.

• When there are many 0’s, use scientific notation: – 31400000=3.14x107

– 0.00012=1.2x10-4


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Significant Figures• Operational rules:

– Addition or subtraction: Keep the smallest number of decimal places in the result, independent of the number of significant digits: 34.001+120.1=154.1

– Multiplication or Division: Keep the number of significant figures of the operand with the least S.F. in the result: 34.001x120.1 = 4083, because the smallest number of significant figures is 4.


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Dimension and Dimensional Analysis• An extremely useful concept in solving physical problems• No matter what units are used the base quantities are the

same– Length (distance) is length whether meter or inch is used to

express the size: Usually denoted as [L]– The same is true for Mass ([M]) and Time ([T])– One can say “Dimension of Length, Mass or Time”– Dimensions are used as algebraic quantities: Can perform

algebraic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication or division


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Dimension and Dimensional Analysis• Dimensional analysis is the use of dimensions to

check the validity of one’s expression– Eg: Speed [v] = [L]/[T]=[L][T-1]

•Distance (L) traveled by a car running at the speed V in time T

•L = V*T = [L/T]*[T]=[L]• More general expression of dimensional analysis

is using exponents: eg. [v]=[LnTm] =[L]{T-

1] where n = 1 and m = -1


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Examples• Show that the expression [v] = [at] is dimensionally correct

• Speed: [v] =L/T• Acceleration: [a] =L/T2

• Thus, [at] = (L/T2)xT=LT(-2+1) =LT-1 =L/T= [v]

• Suppose the acceleration a of a circularly moving particle with speed v and radius r is proportional to rn and vm. What are n and m?

2m 2m

mmnm

n TLT

LLTL

21

r

vvkra

221

mnvkra

Dimensionlessconstant

Length Speed

r va

1n 12nmn

Tues. May 31, 2005PHYS 1443-001, Summer I 2005 Dr. Andrew Brandt 1 PHYS 1443 – Section 501 Lecture...

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