General Geology

“Earthquakes”

Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, the material carried by the rivers, erosion, rain, natural events such as floods our world is moving clearly proves us.

These movements are guided by internal and external dynamics

External dynamics of the energy source of the sun, the internal dynamics of the energy source is the radioactive decay.

Our world, like an envelope that surrounds the outside atmosphere and hydrosphere that make up the body of water that moves pretty quickly able to follow in our daily lives.

  SOLID SUPPLY (LOCATION’S) except for earthquakes and volcanic movements not recognized by us because it is very slow.

Now a days, with the help of satellites, and GPS devices to change the location of a point on the earth in order to millimetre can be measured with precision. These measurements in the order of centimetres per year of some parts of the world show that act.

Our world is almost like an onion consists of concentric envelopes. These envelopes have different physical and chemical properties.

The world's most stringent state elastic lithosphere is the top layer. Astenosphere are

lower than the plastic state.

CONVECTION CURRENTS

Place of energy released by radioactive decay deep in the convection currents and moved up slowly. Consequently Asthenosphere moves slowly. This movement moves the lithosphere Asthenosphere the supernatant.

Lithosphere over asthenosphere convection movements in different directions due to the moving parts (sheet) is formed.

SIGNS OF CONVECTIONAL MOVEMENT

Plates approach each other by the effect of convection currents, look away or are shifted laterally relative to each other.

MAJOR SIGNS OF OUR WORLD

Our world environment is constantly changing.

Child of our WORLD MAP BELOW 170 MILLION YEARS AGO WAS LIKE THIS.

PRESENT MOVING THE WORLD REGIONS are plate boundaries

HERE ARE earthquakes and volcanoes

WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE ?

EARTHQUAKE

WORLD MOVEMENT our lithosphere is released during an energy discharge.

WORLD LARGEST EARTHQUAKE ZONE LOCATED IN PLATE BOUNDARY

EARTHQUAKE• faults • Subduction zones • volcanoes • landslides • crashes • Overloading • Underground blasting • Develops due to the waste water tanks.

According to the formation of Earthquakes

1) Earthquake Rifts: the underground caves or mines      earthquakes are caused by collapse of mines. 2) volcanic earthquakes: that is effective as a result of volcanic events     are earthquakes.

3) Tectonics Earthquakes: Continental and movement during mountain building occurring in the earth's crust happens during compression and fractures.

    The most common is a kind of earthquake. Domain is very wide.  

BY DEPTH

1 - Shallow Earthquakes: 0 - 70 km     2 - Moderate Earthquake In Depth: 70 - 300 km     3 - Deep Focus Earthquakes: 300 - 700 km

BY DISTANCE1 - Local Earthquake: less than 100 km 2 - Imminent earthquake: 100 km - 1000 km from 3 - Regional Earthquake: 1000 km - 5000 km from 4 - Remote Earthquake: more than 5000 km

ACCORDING TO MEGNITUDE1 - Very Large Earthquakes: M> 8.0 2 - Large Earthquakes: 7.0 <M <8.0 3 - Medium Earthquakes: 5.0 <M <7.0 4 - Little Earthquakes: 3.0 <M <5.0 5 - Micro Earthquakes: 1.0 <M <3.0 6 - Ultra Micro - Earthquakes: M <1.0

USUALLY THE NAME OF EARTHQUAKE FAULT along the fracture zone in the earth's crust is formed.

FAY, THE WORLD'S MOST DEVELOPING IN THE UPPER CRUST LAYER WITH A BROKEN PLANE. TWO SIDE ROCK in FAY allow you to move up relative to each other.

FAY, variety and reasons of GROWTH

As a result OF A movement of rocks as a sign to stop. Rock DEFORMATION IS MORE WAKE UP TO broken rocks , this also creates a FAY.

FAY in the earth's crust can extend to a depth of 15-20 km

Before the formation of a fault develops a tension in the region, the region is deformed. When it comes to stress levels can not remove the rocks are crushed rock.

Merkez üssü

Odak

Earthquake continues until stored energy is discharged,

Aftershocks are smaller then main Shock and they continue until blocks settle down.

Atım miktarı

The region is broken fault by launching with two side with each other and with a certain amount will be discarded. The 17 August Earthquake rate is close to 5 meters.

Blocks during the earthquake, seismic waves generated by a sudden shift in the rocks, and they spread throughout the environment in focus.

TIDAL WAVES

• Body waves

• Surface waves

P waves (longitudinal waves)

Earthquake recording stations are the first wave arriving. These Are the fastest waves, Do not lead to destruction.

S DALGALARI ( ENİNE DALGALAR)

P dalgalarından daha yavaş hareket ederler. Depremlerde hasar yaparlar.

P and S waves reach up to seismograms passes through the earth.

Radiating the same type and to the tidal wave propagating along the earth's surface is called the surface waves. Such waves are mainly engaged in earthquake damage.

Seismograms recorded by seismic waves

The time difference between the P and S waves used to find the epicentre of the

earthquake

P waves, S waves act twice its normal rate. Thus the focus of the two-wave arrival time increases with distance.

P and S wave arrival time by taking into account the difference with three seismograph earthquake central base station can be determined.

MAXIMUM EARTHQUAKE

• Fault length • Fault area • Beats / displacement amount • Shear rate/ Slip Speed

Earthquake relieves stresses in the earth's

crust.

THE North Anatolian FAY which began in 1939 and the west earthquakes ARRAY consists of a moving out an

EARTHQUAKE.

TURKEY tectonic point of view is one of WORLD'S MOST ACTIVE Regions

DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKE FOCUS 1963-1988

Turkey is earthquake country

• North Anatolian Fault

•  East Anatolian Fault

•  Aegean graben system

•  Eastern Anatolia region jams

•  Jam in the Black Sea

•  Dead Sea Fault

17 AUGUST Izmit-Adapazari earthquake, Mw = 7.4

DEPREM BÖLGELERİ HARİTASI

                                                                                                                                  

During an Earthquake Do not forget! ..

During an earthquake everything happened so fast, thinking time is too short. First, a noise is heard; then starts jolt.

Main devastating jolt comes after a few seconds. Mostly just a few steps can be taken.

Reach a safe place as quickly as possible, you need to take the safest position. First you need to protect your head, neck portion is the region to take care.

  SQUAT GAME

FIND A SAFE PLACE AND crouched PROTECT THE HEAD

KEEP A STRONG PLACES Take deep breath SEVERAL TIMES AND, calm down

STAY unmoving until JOLT STOP.By repeating this step as a game at home you can increase your speed.

We recommend that you participate in this game with elders. One shouts at an unexpected time "Earthquake!" .

Near everyone hears it goes to most secure place, in the fastest way. Go to the place where everyone discussed how to be safe.

To the least safe place and the slower ones will lose the game. In this game it is up to you whether or not criminal people take part.

In Your house ...Often! .. The external walls of the apartment is dangerous, try to stay close to the inner wall. surrounded by the inner wall of the corridor is more secure. Shake your head during the fall of objects (wall paintings, decorations goods, book shelves, ...) where there are dangerous. overturned furniture can be dangerous. Window sills, windows and exterior walls as well are dangerous. Window Glass is dangerous as it could break.

Where to go next ...Shake before leaving your location when finished. Listen to the environmental sound. If officials are announcing that you need to listen to them. If such an announcement sure you shake when You can go to an open area. May not always safe to leave your house

Living in earthquake

The end