TUDOR REBELLIONSBy Kenisha Browning

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE REBELLION?

Date Rebellion Name What were the causes?

1553 Northumberland/ Mary Crude attempt by Northumberland to maintain the power of his faction at court. Obviously linked to succession.

1554 Wyatt Rebellion Partly about anti-Catholic factions at court but also linked to Succession

1569-1570 Northern Earls Reaction by Northern Earls to the power of the Cecil faction at court. Also linked to the succession.

1586 Babington Plot Elizabeth’s continued policy of centralisation (by appointing many of her own people into positions of power) and lack of influence at court.

THE NATURE OF THE REBELLIONNature of Rebellion

Northumberland/ Mary

Before Edward's death had been made public, the Council summoned Mary back to London, but she (informed and warned by the Earl of Arundel) refused and instead demanded to be recognised as Queen. Dudley was at his country residence having complained of illness and in his absence the council wavered. Mary, having gathered much support from the nobles and gentry of East Anglia, which soon spread into other counties, marched into London with no opposition at the head of an immense throng and thus ascended the throne in a bloodless coup.

THE NATURE OF THE REBELLIONThe Nature of the Rebellion

Wyatt Rebellion

There were four rebel leaders: Wyatt, Croft, Grey and Carew. The initial plan was that each of the four leaders would raise a rebellion in one of the four counties, and together they would advance on London. They would then replace Mary with her half-sister Elizabeth, who would then marry Edward Courtenay. Meanwhile, a fleet of French ships would prevent Philip of Spain from reaching England. The implementation of the plan was prevented however, as Simon Renard, the Imperial Ambassador to England, suspected a plot and informed Gardiner. Croft then gave up; Grey managed to raise 140 rebels and gave up when refused entry into Coventry; Carew attempted to raise support in Devon but largely failed and fled to Normandy. Wyatt was the only one who managed to raise a substantial force. On 26th January he occupied Rochester and rallied the support of around 4000 men.

THE NATURE OF THE REBELLION

Wyatt Rebellion The rising now seemed so formidable that the queen and council sent a group of representatives to Wyatt to ask for his terms. He demanded that the Tower of London should be surrendered to him, and the queen put under his charge. The insolence of these demands turned an initially sympathetic London against Wyatt and Mary was able to rally the capital to her cause on February 1 by delivering a rousing speech at the Guildhall. Wyatt's army reached Southwark on February 3. Mary's supporters occupied London Bridge in force, and the rebels were unable to penetrate into the city. Wyatt was driven from Southwark , afterwards Lord Chandos, who was prepared to fire on the suburb with the guns of the Tower.Refusing to give up, the rebels marched to Kingston.The bridge there was also destroyed, but the rebels repaired it and crossed over.They met little resistance as they marched through the outskirts of London, but were stopped by the inhabitants of Ludgate. The rebel army then broke up.

THE NATURE OF THE REBELLIONNature of the Rebellion

Northern Earls The rebellion was led by two members of the great Northern nobility: Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland and Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland. The rebel Earls occupied Durham and had Mass sung in the cathedral there by the old rites. They marched south to Bramham Moor, while Elizabeth struggled to raise forces sufficient to confront them

THE NATURE OF THE REBELLIONNature of the Rebellion

Babington Plot For the first stage of his plan, Walsingham used a spy named Gifford to act as a double agent. Gifford persuaded the local brewer to encourage Mary to use him as a secret means of communicating with the outside world. By establishing a system whereby Mary's personal letters were carried in and out of Chartley (her current residence) hidden in a beer barrel, Walsingham was able to intercept and decode her correspondence. The relatively simple code used by Mary was quickly deciphered, and translations were provided for Elizabeth. These letters were then resealed and sent on to their destination or delivered to Mary in prison. Babington were inexperienced plotters and discussed their plans in public. It was therefore not difficult for the authorities to keep track of their movements.

NATURE OF THE REBELLIONNature of the Rebellion

Babington Plot Having outlined his plans to Mary, Babington now tried to secure her participation in the plot. When the vital letter from Mary asking for details was intercepted, a postscript was forged in her hand asking for the identities of the plotters. The names were duly supplied, and their fate was sealed. Mary's involvement in the plot had been proven, and a gallows was drawn on the page by the decoding expert. By now Babington and the others, had gone into hiding. But they were quickly captured and tried. Elizabeth, keen to signal a warning against further plots, ordered that their executions be public and brutal. The men were hung, drawn and quartered.

WHY DID THE REBELLION FAIL?Name of Rebellion Why did it fail?

Northumberland/ Mary This outpouring of support for Mary was due to a general dislike of Dudley, popular anger over the previous Protestant regime and over its mistreatment of Mary and genuine respect for Mary's legitimacy. The people - even many Protestants - preferred a legitimate heir over a Protestant usurper.

Wyatt Rebellion It started in the worst month of the year – January – so there were practical problems involving unusable roads and having to leave equipment behind. Another weakness was that it required all three uprisings to succeed, which they didn’t. Also, so many nobles were involved that leakages were almost certain –and this is what happened. Courtenay weak and confessed easily. The French did not seize opportunity to invaded. Events moved too fast for the conspirators (brought forward 2 months).

WHY DID THE REBELLION FAIL?Why did the Rebellion fail?

Northern Earls The Earls turned back when they heard rumours of a massive force being summoned against them. Philip of Spain showed no enthusiasm for supporting the rebellion.The rebellion was poorly planned and lacked a coherent programme. It was impossible to free Mary Queen of Scots.Support was limited. Northumberland had no time to mobilise his tenants.

Babington Plot Babington and his friends were inexperienced, and therefore talked about the plans in public. Also Babington was unaware that Gilbert Clifford was working as a double agent which jeopardised the operation.

WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE REBELLION?

Consequences

Northumberland/ Mary

Dudley was forced to surrender to Mary and was arrested. He was put on trial in 1553 and was sentenced to death for high treason. In his parting words he announced to the stunned observers his repentance and return to Catholicism - and encouraged them all to do likewise. Though five of his sons were imprisoned along with him, they were freed after eighteen months, except for the youngest, Guilford, who was executed.

Wyatt Rebellion Sir Thomas Wyatt was escorted to the Tower Hill scaffold on April 11th 1554 for his public execution. He was 33 years old. Wyatt was allowed to make a speech on the scaffold. He bravely accepted responsibility for the rebellion and continued to assert the innocence of Elizabeth. He also defended Edward Courtney. It increased xenophobia (fear of foreigners) in England, particularly against Spain. Mary temporarily lost confidence in Londoners and raised greater concerns about the succession.

WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE REBELLION?

Consequences

Northern Earls Rebellion

As a result, Raby Castle was lost by the Neville family. The Earl of Westmorland was attainted, but escaped to Flanders and died impoverished in Spain. The Earl of Northumberland fled into Scotland, was imprisoned there, and turned over to Elizabeth in 1572, being summarily beheaded in York. Various lesser personages and Catholic priests also fled into exile or were executed.

Babington Plot Anthony Babington and six others were executed for high treason on 18 September, 1586, they were hanged, drawn and quartered. Elizabeth was also against Mary Stuart being executed for her part in the plot, and for six weeks refused to sign her death warrant. Walsingham and Parliament insisted that Mary should die. On 8 February, 1587 Mary was beheaded. Afterwards, Elizabeth claimed that she had not given permission for Mary to be executed. As a result, Davidson, the man responsible for the execution, was fined £6,000 and imprisoned in the Tower of London.

NEEDS TO INCLUDE: Mary’s Coup Wyatt Rebellion Northern Earls

Rebellion Babington Plot

Dynastic Rebellions – Sims and Diff

Why more dynastic rebellions in some periods of Tudor period than others.

Overall which were the more serious and why, which were the less serious and why.