ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

IN INDONESIA

Dr. Prihasto Setyanto

Tsukuba, August 2015

Indonesia Agricultural Environment Research Institute INDONESIA AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Note: Some figures contain unpublished information

outline

Introduction Agrochemicals Heavy metals Climate change Land degradation Closing remarks

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014

205.1 210.7 216.4 222.7 231.6 238.5 245.4 248.8 253.6

Population of Indonesia (milion)

5236 km

1950 km

Growing population rate

1.35 %

Rice harvest area

-

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1619

9519

9719

9920

0120

0320

0520

0720

0920

1120

1320

15

ha (x

mill

ion)

year

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

100

kg/h

a

Productivity

• Since the Green Revolution on rice has been launched in 1960’s, rice production in Indonesia rose 40% from the early period of rice intensification program, but the rate of increase was highly volatile due to extreme climate anomalies (El Nino / La Nina) and pest incidences.

• Indonesia President’s announced to produce as much as 80 million tones of rice in 2019 and reach national rice self sufficiency in 2017

• How to achieve: Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure, improvement of soil and plant management, expand rice area (out of Java island), integrated farming system, and strengthen top-down coordination

50% of paddy rice is in Java

The Law of Sustainability The Law of Sustainability has been formulated (Brown, 1994; Sanchez, 2001), as follow: • Carbon emissions must not be higher than carbon fixation, • Forest damage must not faster than forest regeneration, • Extinction of biological types or species must not be more

than the evolution of type or species, • Soil erosion and degradation must not be greater than soil

formation, • Number of fish catch must not much more than fish

regeneration, • Rates of increase in demand for agricultural products do

not exceed the rate of increase in agricultural production, • Rates of increase in human birth must not be higher than

the rate of death.

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

Indonesian Agriculture is important……. • Food security: feeding >240 million people • Employment: 35% of total employment • Value Addition: 14% of total GDP • Trade: 21.5% of value of exports dominated by palm-oil

….. but is facing major challenges in its Transition: • Nutritional Outcomes • Farmer incomes, land tenure • Productivity - Competitiveness • Value addition • Quality and food safety • Sustainability and Environmental Footprints

Source (WB, 2015)

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

Agricultural growth has featured a heavy environmental footprint • Frequent conflict between agricultural support and

environmental protection policies and programs; • Agriculture and aquaculture expansion has been a

major contributor to deforestation and biodiversity loss

• Heavy fertilizer and pesticide use is a major contributor to soil and water pollution

• Agriculture remains a major contributor to GHG emissions, and is showing an upward trend.

Growing environmental risks from and to agriculture

Population density over Flood Hazard

Cultivated land and coastal populations are among the most vulnerable to

climate-related hazards: floods, droughts, temperature change.

Source (WB, 2015)

√

AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

Pollution sources in agricultural land: agricultural activity: excessive agrochemical use

(fertilizer, pesticide) Non agricultural activity (industrial waste, mining

activity, etc.) Polluted agricultural land reduce environmental

quality, threaten food safety, interfere human health IAERI have been mapping agrochemicals residue and

heavy metal in agricultural land since 2012

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

Number and types of pesticides registered in Indonesia (Source: Directorate of Fertilizer and Pesticides, MoA, 2012)

943

725

431

121 72 52 66 18

28 7

11 4

12 InsektisidaHerbisidaFungisidaZPTBahan pengawet kayuMoluskisidaRodentisidaAkarisidaFumiganBakterisidaAtraktanNematisidalain-lain

Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Growth regulator Wood preservatives Molluscicides Rodenticides Rooticides Fumygans Bactericides Anthraktan Nematicides others

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2013

1082 1158

1702

2067 2247

2810

PESTICIDES FORMULATION

Tota

l for

mul

atio

n

Detection of banned pesticides in soil and water Persistent

Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Year-banned Range of Detection (ppb) Location

DDT 1990, 2008 (ratification - Stockholm 2001)

0.3 – 52 Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari)

Lindan 1990 , 2008 (ratification- Stockholm 2001)

11 - 40 ; 3 – 8 Upstream and downstream watersheds of Citarum (Karawang), rice centre – Central Java

Aldrin 1990, 2008 (ratification - Stockholm 2001)

0.2 - 107.3 Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari) , downstream

Dieldrin 1990, 2008 (ratification - Stockholm protocol 2001)

0.6 - 7.2; 2.6 – 20.1

Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari), rice centre – Central Java

Heptaklor 2007 (Presidential decree) 2008 (ratification - Stockholm protocol 2001)

0.3 - 25.1 Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari), Bantul

Endrin 1990 14.9 – 76.2

Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari) , downstream

Endosulfan 1990 5 - 13 Upstream watersheds Citarum , rice centre – Central Java

Source : Ramadhanti & Oginawanti, 2009; Mulyadi et al, Harsanti et al. 1999, 2011, 2012, Jatmiko et al,1999, 2010, Ardiwinata et al, 1999, 2006, 2008, 2007., Sriwahyuni et al., 2010

BLOOD TEST

Massive pesticides application

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

M -1 M- 3 M -4 M- 5 M - 6 M- 7 M- 8 M - 9 M - 10 M- 11 M -12 M- 13 M- 14 M -15 M- 16

Conc

entr

atio

n (p

pm)

Farmers

Lindan Aldrin Heptaklor

Endosulfan Paration Profenofos

Pesticides recidue on human blood

Acceptability

HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN RICE FIELDS

MoE Regulation: Kep-02/MENKLH/I/ 1988

Heavy metal Maximum tolerable concentration in water (mg/L)

Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Barium (Ba) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn) Chromium hexavalent (Cr6+) Cadmium (Cd) Hydragium (Hg) Plumb (Pb) Arsen (As) Selenium (Se)

200 150 0.05

1 0.5 1

15 0.05 0.01

0.001 0.1

0.05 0.01

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN PADDY RICE

Source Variety of heavy metals

Location

Steel industries Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd Juana, Tegal

Industry Pb, Cd, Cu Bengawan Solo and Citarum watershed

Vehicle exhaust Pb Rice fields along the transportation path

Organic fertilizer Cd, Pb, Zn Bengawan Solo watershed

Soil Pb, Cd Bengawan Solo and Citarum Watershed

(Source: IAERI, 2011)

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

CLIMATE CHANGE

Increase of CO2 concentration in Indonesia

Increase of CO2 concentration in Indonesia (comparison between Maona Loa and Bukittinggi)

In Indonesia, based on historical natural hazards data from 1907-2006, the first climate hazards categorized as global

hazard occurred in 1953 and then the hazards occurred more frequent after 1980s.

Source: Boer and Perdinan (2008) based on data from OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (2007)

Global warming intensified the extreme climate event and its frequency

0

2

4

68

10

12

14

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Num

ber o

f Clim

ate-

Rel

ated

. H

azar

ds

Global warming affect global climate system and enhance the frequency and intensity of ENSO

• El Niño events have become more frequent as the global temperature anomalies associated with each El Niño continue to increase. This means that the extreme regional weather and climate anomalies associated with El Niño are being exacerbated by increasingly higher temperatures (width of lines indicate length of El-Nino, i.e. between 6-18 month)

Sumber:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/1998/enso/10elnino.html

Multidimensional Role of Agriculture on Climate Change

23 KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

1. Agriculture is a victim of climate change: climate change affects agricultural sustainability and productivity due to temperature rise, increased rainfall intensity, prolonged dry period and more frequent El Niño which is designated by severe drought

2. Source of greenhouse gases: land use change to agriculture may increase green house gases emission and agricultural operation may release carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)

3. Agriculture can also mitigate the climate change (solution): significant amount of carbon could be absorb by plant through photosynthesis

Agriculture, especially paddy rice are

vulnerable to climate change impacts

24

Sources of GHG emissions in Indonesia in (MoE, 2010)

Agricuture contributes 4% of Indonesian GHG emissions. However, by improving land use change and management strategies, agriculture can play a significant role in reducing GHG emissions.

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

Sector Target 26%, (Gt CO2e)

Target 41% (Gt CO2e)

Agriculture 0.008 0.011 Forestry and peatland 0.672 1.039 Energy and transportation 0.038 0.056 Industry 0.001 0.005 Waste management 0.048 0.078 Total 0.767 1.189

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

LAND DEGRADATION

Soil Degradation

• Soil degradation is any type of problem that removes soil in an area or makes high-quality soil become

poor. Careless agricultural practices, pollution and deforestation are the main cause of soil degradation.

Several types of soil degradation exist and are a threat to natural forests and planted crops.

• Read more: Types of Soil Degradation | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/list_6523052_types-soil-degradation.html#ixzz2FuczEfSE

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN

Soil Erosion • Soil erosion is a natural process characterized by the

transport or displacement of particles (sediment) that are detached by rainfall, flowing water, or wind.

Soil erosion can be caused by the improper use of lands for cultivation or grazing and by deforestation.

Land use change Land Degradation

Changes to the Mahakam River delta over time. Source: Yves Laumonier

Landuse change

NATURAL DISASTER: TSUNAMI-ACEH INDONESIA 2004

Damage area:

Rice fields + horticulture 20.101 ha

Upland crops 31.345 ha

plantation 56.500 ha

MUD DISASTER—SIDOARJO

11.881 household affected areas

16 villages

Promoting a More Resilient Agriculture

• Multi-sectoral—agriculture, environment, public services, and trade

• Spatially differentiated—taking into account natural resources, environmental risks, and local institutional capacities

• Involving a combination of spatial (landscape), value chain, and sub-sectoral approaches

• Utilizing various instruments—regulatory, facilitative, financial, public investments and services

Sustainable Agriculture

Water management +

Irrigation Services

Green Agriculture

Technology and Information

Systems

Sustainable Commodity

Value Chains

Integrated Landscape

Management

Pesticides, Heavy metals, Environment, Sustainable rice fields, etc

REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

MoA Regulation No : 01/Permentan/OT. 140/1/2007 -- List of Active Ingridients on Prohibitted Pesticides and Limited Pesticides

MoA No : 24/Permentan/SR.140/4/2011 -- Terms and Procedure for Pesticides Registration

MoA Regulation No 107/Permentan/SR.140/9/2014 -- Control of Pesticides

Government Regulations No 18/1999 -- Waste Management of Hazardous and Toxic Elements

Government Regulation No. 82 /2001 -- Management of Water Quality and Control of Water Pollution

REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

MoA Regulation No : 27/Permentan/PP.340/5/2009 -- Food Safety Supervision of for Fresh Food

MoA Regulation No : 88/Permentan/PP.340/12/2011 -- Food Safety Supervision on Fresh Food

MoA Regulation No 04/Permentan/PP.340/2/2015 -- Food Safety Supervision of Fresh Food

MoE Regulation No 01/ 2010 – Water Pollution Control Procedure

SNI 7387:2009 – Tolerable Limit of Heavy Metals Contamination in Food

Supporting Sustainable Agriculture through Integrated Landscape Management

Shared or agreed management objectives that encompass multiple benefits, including participation and voice of affected farming and other communities

38

10 principles of environmental friendly agriculture (IAERI, 2014)

1. Increase crop productivity 2. Conservation of soil and water 3. Zero waste 4. Conservation of biological diversity 5. Low in agrochemicals residues 6. Utilize local natural resources 7. Adaptive to climate change 8. Integration between crop and

livestock 9. Low in heavy metal pollutant 10.Low greenhouse gases emission

Sustainable Agriculture

Closing Remarks • One of the challenges for Indonesia sustainable

agriculture development is the reduction of agrochemical pollutants in the environment

• Climate change becomes serious problem for sustainable agriculture developments, therefore there is a need to integrate between adaptation and mitigation. Without doing so, the impact of climate disasters in the future will be more severe, the investment required for managing climate disasters will be more expensive, and cost for recovery will also increase significantly

• Implementing the principles of environmental friendly approach (10 principles) is a must in order to achieve agriculture sustainability

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN