TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-26/2020-01/45 - Tata Steel BSL

(Formerly known as Bhushan Steel Limited)

Plant: NarendrapurKusupangaMeramandaliDhenkanal _ 759 121 Odisha India Tel (O) 06762 300000/ 660002 / 660000

Regd. Office: Ground FloorMira Corporate SuitesPlot No. 1&2 Mathura Road Ishwar Nagar New Delhi – 110065

CIN No.: L74899DL1983PLC014942

TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-26/2020-01/45

1st June, 2020

The Additional Director General of Forests (C)

Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change,

Regional Office (EZ),

A/3, Chandrasekharpur

Bhubaneswar-751023

Sub: Half yearly environment clearance compliance report for fly ash disposal into mine void

of quarry-IV of Jagannath opencast mine of M/s MCL in Talchar of Tata Steel BSL

Limited for the period Oct’19 to Mar’ 20.

Ref: 1. EC vide letters no. Z-11013/43/2011-I-A.II (M) dated 19th April, 2017.

2. Your office letter no.106-12/EPE dated 11.05.2020.

Dear Sir,

As per EIA notification 2006 and its subsequent amendments, we have mailed soft copies

of the half yearly compliance status of the Environmental Clearance for fly ash disposal into

the mine void of quarry-IV of Jagannath opencast mine for the period from Oct’19 to Mar,

20 to the mail ID [email protected] on dated 01.06.2020 from the mail ID:

[email protected]

In case of non-receipt of our half yearly status report through email, request you to inform

us, so that we will be happy to submit hard copies in your good office by hand.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully, f: Tata Steel BSL Limited

KC Das

Head Environment

Hard copies submitted by post to:

1. The Member Secretary, CPCB, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun nagar, Delhi-110032

2. The Member Secretary, SPCB, Parivesh Bhawan,A/118,Nilakahanta Nagar, Unit- VIII,

Odisha, Bhubaneswar-751012.

HALF YEARLY COMPLIANCE REPORT

for the period

Oct,19 to Mar,20

Letter no.: Z-11013/43/2011-I-A.II (M) dated 19thApril, 2017 granted in

favour of Tata Steel BSL Limited (Formerly Bhushan Steel Ltd.) for fly

ash disposal into mine void of quarry-IV of Jagannath opencast mine

of M/s MCL in Talchar

TATA STEEL BSL LIMITED

Narendrapur, Kusupanga, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha

HALF YEARLY COMPLIANCE REPORT Oct’19 to Mar’20

Page 1 of 3

Tata Steel BSL Limited, Narendrapur, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Odisha (Formerly known as Bhushan Steel Limited)

Environment Clearance of Jagannath Mine Void

Letter no.: Z-11013/43/2011-IA.II (M) dated 19th April 2017

SL

STIPULATED CONDITIONS COMPLIANCE STATUS

i A pilot project shall be explored for implementation for Cenosphere extraction from fly ash and manufacturing of by-products in consultation with organization like CSIR, ISM (IIT) Dhanbad.

We have contacted the IMMT-CSIR, Bhubaneswar and discussed the issue with them. Details are being worked out and outcome will be communicated shortly.

ii As recommended by NEERI, Ash characterization, hydro-geological studies, leachability of trace metals, monitoring of trace elements in the supernatant, pH of the water and the piezometers on a quarterly basis and reports shall be submitted to the Ministry and its Regional office annually.

NEERI, Nagpur has been assigned to study the ash characterization, hydro-geological studies, leachability of trace metals, monitoring of trace elements in the supernatant water and the piezometers on a quarterly basis.

iii Radio tracer studies shall be continued once in six months and the findings of the study shall be submitted to the Ministry and its Regional Office annually.

Radio tracer studies has carried out by the Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, BARC, Mumbai and report was submitted to the ministry vide letter no.TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-06A/2019-02/161 dated 02th Dec, 2019. The summary of BRIT study is as below;

Good spatial and temporal spread of the labeled fly ash was observed in the pond water with respect to time of disposal.

Scandium-46 leached out from labeled fly ash could not be detected in the bore wells surrounding the quarry number 4 of Jagannath OCP indicating no leachates are reaching the groundwater aquifers from the time of injection.

Further dumping of fly ash could be continued into the mine void to push particulate matter towards the boundaries of the void forcing the labeled fly ash towards the bore wells and to ascertain the impact of leachates in future.

The final report of Radiotracer study is attached as Annexure-I.


Page 2 of 3


iv Bioaccumulation and bio-magnification tests shall be conducted on surrounding flora and fauna (tree leaves, vegetation, crop yields and cattle population etc.) during pre-monsoon and post monsoon to find out any trace metals escaped through groundwater or runoff.

NEERI, Nagpur has been assigned to study the bioaccumulation and biomagnification on surrounding flora and fauna (tree leaves, vegetation, crop yields and cattle population etc.) with special emphasis on heavy metals. NEERI,Nagpur report has already been submitted vide letter no. TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-06A/2019-02/161 dated 02th Dec, 2019. Interim report of NEERI study is attached as Annexure-II.

v

Surface runoff and supernatant water, in any case shall not be let into surroundings. It shall be collected by providing adequate drains around the mine. As proposed the supernatant water along with surface runoff shall be treated and re-used for ash mixing and plant operations. Surface and groundwater quality along with existing piezometers wells shall be monitored quarterly and the reports shall be submitted to the Ministry annually.

It is a huge exhausted mine pit where runoff from the surrounding areas get accumulated during rainy season. This accumulated mine water is being used for slurry making and ultimately finds its way into the pit with slurry without any chance of going out.

Surface and groundwater quality in the area along with existing piezometers wells are being regularly monitored by engagement of NEERI, Nagpur.

vi After the mine void reaches its full capacity, 30 cm sweet soil lining and proper compacting be provided on the top to avoid any wash off during monsoon. Reclamation activities along with greenbelt development shall be carried out in consultation with M/s MCL in accordance with approved Mine Closure Plan.

Only 2.5% of the void has been filled till date. Necessary reclamation measures as mentioned shall be undertaken after the mine void reaches its full capacity.

vii Only decanted water from mine, make up water from treated effluents such as cooling tower blowdown and treated sewage water shall be used for making ash slurry.

Only mine water is being used for making ash slurry.

viii Mercury in fly ash shall be periodically monitored by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Mercury in fly ash is being periodically monitored by NEERI, Nagpur.

ix Details of month wise quantity of fly ash disposed and water consumption along with nature of water shall be submitted to the Ministry.

Till now 446535 ton of fly ash has been filled in the Jagannath OCP.

Fly ash disposal has been discontinued since February’ 2016.


Page 3 of 3


x Half-yearly compliance report for all the stipulated conditions in this permission shall be submitted to the Ministry and its Regional Office.

Last half yearly compliance report for stipulated conditions was submitted vide letter no. TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-06A/2019-02/161 dated 02th Dec, 2019.

xi The fly ash utilization shall be in compliance with Fly Ash Notification and its amendments issued from time to time by the Ministry.

We are complying with fly ash Notification and its amendments there of by achieving 100% utilization.

xii Third party evaluation/Environment Audit shall be conducted annually for reviewing the compliance conditions stipulated in the clearances along with the baseline data / studies to be carried out during the period of temporary permission.

Annual review including the base line data and findings of the studies conducted by NEERI.

xiii Compliance of EC / amendment conditions, Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Rules and MoEF&CC Notifications issued time to time shall be done by an Environment Officer to be nominated by the project head of the Company who shall be responsible for implementation and necessary compliance.

Head of Environment Management Department is nominated for implementation and necessary compliance to all MoEF&CC guidelines.

Final Report

on

RADIOTRACER STUDY

of

Fly-ash disposal into mine void

in

Quarry No. 4 of Jagannath OCP

for M/s. Bhushan Steel Ltd.

By

Isotope Application Services

Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology

Department of Atomic Energy

Government of India

December 2019

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to BRIT

1.2 Theory of radiotracer study

1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of using radiotracer technique

1.4 Safety issues

2. SCOPE OF WORK

2.1 Description about site

2.2 Narrative of the problem

2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology

2.4 Targeting the task

3. EXPERIMENTAL

3.1 Selection of radiotracer

3.2 Laboratory studies

3.3 Neutron Irradiation

3.4 Preparations at site

3.5 Labeling bulk fly ash

3.6 Disposal of radiotracer

3.7 Radiation safety monitoring

4. OBSERVATIONS

4.1 Radiotracer Monitoring in surface water

4.2 Schedule of ground water sampling

4.3 Analysis of bore well samples

5. RESULTS

5.1 Iso-count mapping in the mine void water

5.2 Progress of radiotracer in the ground water

6. DISCUSSIONS

7. CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to BRIT

Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) was carved out of

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of

India to undertake commercial activities of radioisotope and radiation

applications. In other words it is a commercial wing of Department of Atomic

Energy. Few of the industrial applications of radioisotopes like Gamma column

scanning, blockage, void, corrosion detection in pipelines, identification of location

of leakage in underground pipelines, residence time distribution analysis in

reactor vessels of any kind, flow rate estimation and flow-meter calibration,

effluent dispersion studies in surface waters and sediment transport studies on

river/sea bed, bore-well interconnection studies for groundwater, studies for the

enhanced recovery of oil from the oil wells, reservoir development,

interconnection between oil wells, monitoring secondary recovery of oil and its

effectiveness, etc are undertaken by BRIT. BRIT also supplies industrial

irradiators for the irradiation of surgical items for sterilization, food grains for

removal of pests and enhancement of their shelf life, etc. Gamma chambers of

various capacities are supplied for research purposes. Indigenous radiography

cameras (Industrial gamma radiography exposure device) are supplied for

industrial radiography and the radioisotopes are provided for the imported

radiography camera. For diagnosis and therapy, radioisotopes are produced and

supplied to the hospitals in India and abroad. BRIT has laboratories for

radiopharmaceutical distribution at various locations throughout India.

Out of the above activities undertaken by BRIT/BARC, radiotracer studies

for dilution and dispersion of pollutants in surface waters is helping various

agencies to decide upon the outfall design and its efficacy.

1.2 Theory of Radiotracer Study

The basic principle of tracer investigation is to label a substance, an object or a

phase and then to follow it through a system or to carry out a quantitative assay

of the tracer after it has left the system. The requirements of tracer are that:

it should behave in the same way as the material under investigation, it should be

easily detectable at low concentrations, detection should be unambiguous,

injection, detection and/or sampling should be performed without disturbing the

system, the residual concentration in the system after the study period should

be minimal. All these criteria can be met using radioisotopes as tracer and by

careful selection of the most appropriate tracer for a particular application.

Factors which are important in the selection of radiotracer are: Half life – should

be long enough to allow time to transfer the tracer from the nuclear reactor to

the work site, prepare the tracer for use and complete the measurements. In

order to reduce the level of residual tracer in the system short or optimum half-

life tracer is desirable. Type and energy of radiation – should be detectable at

lower concentrations either by sampling or in-situ detection, will have direct

bearing on the total amount of activity which can be accommodated safely within

given system. After injection, self-absorption by water present in the system may

reduce the level of radiation to the levels which should be within the legal limits.

Physico-chemical form – should be compatible with the material being traced both

in physical form and chemical form and preferably behave same as the material

being traced in the system. The ideal tracer in these circumstances is

undoubtedly the irradiated material itself i.e. irradiated fly ash.

The final choice of radiotracer for an investigation is made after consideration

of all of the above factors, many of which may be mutually exclusive.

Preferably, highly sensitive detectors which are pre-calibrated are used to track

the progress and strength of the radiotracer. In the current scenario, in order

to understand and establish the transport of heavy metals and other trace

elements from the fly-ash to the surrounding environment, Scandium-46 (with

half-life of 84 days and emitting 0.887MeV and 1.119MeV gamma rays) is selected

as a radiotracer.

Radioactive methods can help in investigating suspended sediment dynamics,

providing important parameters for better designing, maintaining and optimizing

disposal of suspended load in to the surface water bodies. Radioisotopes as

tracers and sealed sources have been useful and often irreplaceable tools for

such studies.

For the study of the behavior of the suspended load, the material being disposed

is labeled with the radioactive isotopes such as Au-198/Sc-46 and injected in the

water body. In this study the fly ash was labeled with Sc-46 isotope in chloride

form. The detection of the radioactive cloud is achieved by towing immersed

detectors at different depths.

There are three main transport mechanisms active in the transport of suspended

particles:

1. Advection(currents)

2. Dispersion(turbulences)

3. Decantation(specific weight and volume of particles)

1.2.1 Dispersion Coefficient

Dispersion coefficient can be calculated by the method of moments:

Assuming the obtained steady state cross plume concentration profiles follows

normal distribution (Gaussian), then lateral dispersion coefficient between two

section, Dy is defined as:

𝐷𝑦 =𝜎𝑦2

2 − 𝜎𝑦12

2(𝑡2 − 𝑡1)𝑚2/𝑠

Where 𝜎𝑦22 and 𝜎𝑦1

2 are the variance of cross plume concentration profiles at the

sections 1

& 2 and 𝑡1 & 𝑡2 are time elapsed from the discharge point to the corresponding

section.

Similarly, longitudinal dispersion coefficient can also be estimated using method

of moments.

1.2.2 Decantation rate

The quantity of suspended matter at any moment can be obtained from

𝑀(𝑡) = 𝑀0. 𝑒−𝑤(𝑡−𝑡0)

𝐻.𝜑

Where: t=time

t0= time of injection

w= sinking speed of suspension particles

H=water depth

M0=total mass of suspension tracer

Φ= dimensionless function in Rouse’s theory

Φ = ∫[

aH

(1 −aH)

.(1 − z̕′′′)

z′′′̕

wk.u1

aH

dz

z ̕=z/H reduced height above bed

a= height of detector above bed

k= van Karman coefficient

u= shear stress velocity

Variation of M with respect to time gives decantation rate:

𝜃 =1

𝑀|

𝑑𝑀

𝑑𝑡| gm/sec-ton suspension

Case studies show that flocs are formed during slack water. When currents

induced due to wind are active, flocs disintegrate and tend to become

homogenous.

1.2.3 Transport Velocity

From the iso-count contours, a plot between cumulative of product of count rate©

and length of lateral spread (Y)( i.e. 𝐶1 = ∑ 𝐶. 𝑦) for different locations(x) along

the axis of movements is plotted against x, so that contour map is reduced to one

dimension. The count distribution diagram so generated are called as ‘transport

diagrams’. For each diagram, the location of the weighted centre of gravity along

the axis movements is found out using

𝑋 =∫ 𝐶1. 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝐶1. 𝑑𝑥

Successive tracking in time make it possible to establish many centers of gravity

and the mean velocity of movement (Vm) is calculated from the shifts in the

centre of gravity between two successive trackings.

Radioactive tracers are the only unequivocal method of direct real time

assessment of distribution of suspended matter in the surface water as well as

ground water. Radiotracers are more sensitive and provide more accurate

parameters than conventional tracers. In recent decades, many radiotracer

studies for the investigation of suspended sediment transport in natural systems

have been conducted worldwide, and various techniques for tracing and monitoring

the suspended sediment have been developed by Isotope Application Services of

BRIT. In addition to radiotracers, sealed source techniques can provide

information on the density of suspended sediments in a channel of navigation as

well as on the concentration of sediments circulating in suspension.

The environmental, economic and social benefits from the application of

radiotracer and sealed source techniques can be enormous.

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of using radiotracer technique

Radiotracer technique is carried out without disturbing the system i.e. online. The

radiotracer as the name suggests is used in trace quantity in comparison with the

material in the system as it can be detected at very low concentrations using the

highly sensitive radiation detectors. The detection does not depend upon physical

or chemical changes during the study period as the nuclear properties of the

radiotracer do not change during the course of the study. Since the properly

selected radiotracer either in the same form of the material being traced or

labeled on the traced material follows intended flow paths and undergoes same

changes as the material being traced, ideally it follows the same flow dynamics of

the mother material including leaching, sorption, desorption, flocculation, de-

flocculation, floatation and settling. The conventional tracers like dyes, salts,

fluorescents, etc. often are interfered by other physical or chemical parameters

but radiotracers have no such adverse effect of the suppressing parameters.

Disadvantage of using radiotracers is, it requires trained manpower, additional

training for handling of radioisotopes and knowledge of radiation safety.

Contamination due to the use of radiotracers in powder as well as liquid form

requires huge efforts to deal with.

1.4 Safety Issues

Since the water body of mine void is huge and the labeled fly ash being disposed

should truly represent the bulk fly ash, the quantity of radiotracer theoretically

arrived at is about 5 Ci. The selected radiotracer i.e. scandium (powder of ScCl3)

in sealed aluminum can needs to be brought to the site by road in a lead container

weighing about 800kg. with proper regulatory approvals of transportation and

usage. The vehicle transporting this will be properly labeled with necessary safety

signs.

After it arrives at the site it will be kept secured in a locked room. The handling

for making it in to chloride form will be done using long handled tongs. The

radioactive scandium chloride will be remotely transferred to the fly ash

conditioner using a peristaltic pump. After sufficient time given for labeling, the

fly ash will be disposed off in to mine void.

In general principle of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) will be strictly

followed while performing the entire operation. Similarly the operations of

handling the radiotracers will be carried out in minimum possible time, keeping

the safe distance between source and personnel and using maximum possible

shielding wherever required.

2. SCOPE OF THE WORK

2.1 Description about the Site

M/s. Bhushan Steel limited (BSL) and M/s. Bhushan Energy limited (BEL) are

located at Narendrapur village in Meramandali approx 20 km from Angul town

under the jurisdiction of Dhenkanal district and about 140 km from Bhuvaneshwar

in Odisha. (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Location map of study area

M/s. Bhushan Energy limited has in-house thermal power plant (TPP) generating

883MWof electricity. Burning of coal in the plant generates 5000 tons per day

of fly-ash (1.65 MTPA) which is proposed to be disposed off in a mine void about

25 km. from the plant. The fly-ash disposal site is located in the micro watershed

covered between latitudes 20°52’00’’ N and 20°59’00’’ N and longitudes 85°07’30’’

E and 85°15’30’’ E. The area of study experiences tropical climate with mild winter

and hot summer with an average rainfall of 1250mm during June-Sept (monsoon).

It is characterized by uneven topography, some scattered hillocks, forest blocks

and rocky outcrops. The altitude ranges from 58m to 139m AMSL and the slope

is towards the south east direction.

2.2 Narrative of the problem

Safe disposal of fly ash is a major issue as it contains several toxic chemical

constituents which may pollute the environment. Although, utilizing fly-ash for

manufacturing bricks and cement could take care of this issue partially, the cost

of transporting fly-ash to concerned factories limits its utility.

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) has accorded permission for disposal

of fly ash from the BSL TPP at the disused quarry No. 4 of Jagannath opencast

mines of Mahanadi Coalfields limited (MCL). The mine void is located 25km from

the TPP and covers an area of 119Ha. The fly-ash generated in the TPP is brought

to the quarry in closed vehicles (bulkers) in dry form and is disposed into the mine

void after conditioning and making 60% slurry with water. BSL has been disposing

fly-ash to the mine void since March, 2014. In order to assess the environmental

impact of the fly-ash disposal in the vicinity of the mine void, National

Environmental Engineering Research Institute {NEERI (CSIR)} undertook a

project to survey the underground and surface water quality in the pre and post

monsoon seasons.

Their findings for the ground water showed that the current concentrations of

all the cations, anions except the nitrate and fluoride concentrations were within

the allowable limits prescribed by Beuro of Indian Standards (BIS). The

concentration of all heavy metals except Al, Mn and Ni were also found to be

within the permissible limits of BIS. Their petrographic study indicated presence

of Fluoride and Aluminum containing minerals in the rocks, hence it was concluded

that the higher concentrations of fluorides and Al was geogenic in nature. A

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and water extraction test was

used to study the leaching of heavy metals from the fly ash. The findings of TCLP

and water extraction test showed that the leaching was well within the acceptable

international limits. They also concluded that the plume movement is at a pace of

maximum 700m in 30 years starting from March 2014 using a groundwater mass

transport model MT3D. However, to comply with condition No.-3 (Incorporation

of Radioactive tracer studies for heavy metal) of Environmental Clearance,

Bhushan Steel Limited approached Board of Radiation and Isotope

Technology(BRIT) to carry out the Radiotracer study to understand the leaching

of heavy metals from fly ash in to the surface water and surrounding ground

water.

2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology

The area is largely covered by sedimentary rocks of karhabari and barakar

permocarboniferous formation having large deposits of coal belonging to

Gondwana group overlying Talchir formation consisting of very thick sandstone

and shale sequence. These Gondwana group are overlain by recent alluvium and

valley fill materials mainly along the river courses. A small part of granitoid rock

of the Eastern Ghats is also exposed in the S-E and S-W part (Figure 2). The

sandstones are pale brownish yellow in color, massive, medium to coarse grained

and contains Talchir shale, all held together loosely by a clay matrix bearing a

slightly greenish tint. The barakar formation which overlies karhabari, is

characterized by a thick and conspicuous conglomerate horizon at its base. The

conglomerate members form low ridges in the southern and northern part parts

of the coalfield. The basal conglomerate unit is overlain by a thick sequence (more

than 500m) of medium to coarse grained grayish feldspathic sandstone, grey to

dark grey shale, carbonaceous shale, thick coal seams mostly inter bedded with

shale.

Figure 2 Geological map of study area

The area falls under the Brahmani tributary. The ground water reservoir in the

area is semi-consolidated Gondwana formations comprising mainly of sandstone,

shale and crystalline rock of Precambrian age. The weathered and fractured

sandstone constitute good aquifer and rainfall and seepage from the river

Brahmani are the major sources of groundwater replenishment in this area.

Groundwater occurs under water table condition in the weathered zone and under

semi confined and confined condition in the fracture zone. The depth of dug wells

in these formations ranges from 7.2m to 10.5m BGL.

2.4 Targeting the task

A radiotracer study was conducted for the same purpose during October 1996

which concluded that the radiotracer is not appearing in the surrounding

borewells of the mine void. To reconfirm the findings and to ascertain the

efficacy of fly ash disposal, the radiotracer study was repeated as per the

directive of Ministry of Environment and Forest.

Figure 3 Picture of mine void (west half and east half joined together)

On the upstream side (south side of the void) there was an approach road to the

void area. On the south bank of the void towards the western corner on a flat

plain ground there were fly ash conditioners and auxiliary water storage facility

and various pumping facilities were available as was there in the previous study.

Figure 4 Fly ash conditioner

When bulker used to arrive with a load of fly ash, it was connected to the

conditioner. The fly ash used to get transferred to the conditioner from bulker

pneumatically. In the conditioner fly ash was properly made in to the slurry using

water flow with the help of an agitator.

Figure 5 Agitator in the conditioner

agitator

The homogenized slurry in the proportion of 70%water+ 30% fly ash was disposed

in to the mine void at a constant outflow rate. The additional water jets were

spread on the outlet through the nozzles to increase the fluidity of the slurry.

Since the fly ash is disposed off in to the void water, the fly ash may leach in to

the void water. The leachates may contain heavy metals which could get

percolated in to the ground water contaminating the ground water in the

surrounding bore wells. To study the extent of leached heavy metals with respect

to time, it was proposed to label the fly ash with a suitable radiotracer while

disposing it in to the mine void and to study its spatial and temporal distribution

in the water of mine void and its subsequent progress in to the surrounding bore

wells.

3. EXPERIMENTAL

3.1 Selection of Radiotracer

Ideally, irradiated fly ash would serve as the best tracer for the proposed study.

For this fly ash would be irradiated in nuclear reactor to generate various

radioisotopes and disposing this irradiated fly ash in to the water of mine void to

study dynamics of leachates both in surface and ground water. However,

irradiation of the fly ash would generate radioisotopes of various heavy metals

present in the fly-ash and would pose a serious environmental problem of long

lived radio-isotopes like Zn-65 (half life: 244 days). Please see the following

figure no. 6 for the nuclear properties of Zn-65.

Figure 6 Nuclear properties of Zn-65 radioisotope

Hence, it was decided to carry out the radiotracer study by fly-ash labeled with

Sc-46 (Gamma energies: 0.89, 1.1 MeV, Half-life: 84 days).

For studying ground water movement in the two close bore wells, Mo-99 (average

gamma energies: 730 KeV, Half life: 2.7 days) as sodium molybdate was proposed.

3.2 Laboratory studies

Fly ash is labeled efficiently with scandium as scandium chloride in acidic medium.

Therefore in the laboratory, a study was carried out to estimate the molarity and

quantity of HCl required to efficiently label scandium from scandium chloride

powder.

From the laboratory studies it was estimated that 3 litres of concentrated HCl

is required to be mixed with 15 cubic meter of water and 2000kg of fly ash in

slurry.

3.3 Neutron Irradiation

The optimum quantity of radioactivity of Sc-46 was estimated to be 5 Ci which

would be sufficient to be detected after the leaching and dilution in both water

in the mine void and ground water. The Weight of ScCl3 powder was calculated to

get the required activity (5 Ci of Sc-46 at the time of injection) after irradiation

for one week and pile factor of 13 in Dhruva research reactor at BARC.

1.23 grams of Sc-45 in the form of ScCl3 powder was irradiated for one week to

obtain approximately 5 Ci of activity.

3.4 Preparations at Site

In order to monitor the percolation of radiotracer through the groundwater, and

for better understanding about the groundwater movement the bore wells which

were available during the last study were examined for their efficacy (cleaned

and stagnant water was removed) and regular water samples were drawn.

On the flat plain ground i.e. the injection point of the study area, there were 3

fly ash conditioners out of which the east side conditioner was used for the

proposed activities.

Figure 7 Locations of the bore wells for sampling underground waters

All the material required to carry out the activities like opening of the lead

container, removal of can from the container, cutting the can, remotely

transferring the radioactive powder of scandium chloride to the conditioner,

agitation of the slurry and its disposal were arranged and safety precautions were

taken to tackle any spillage or contamination due to radiotracer if it occurs. The

area was covered with polythene sheets and absorbent sheets above them. The

radiotracer lead container was kept in the vicinity of the laboratory.

About 2000kgs of fly ash was loaded in to the conditioner. Water was filled in

the conditioner in 70:30 ratios to make the slurry.

A rowing boat was also procured to monitor the injected plume movement in the

water of mine void.

3.5 Labeling bulk fly ash

All the material required to carry out these activities were arranged and

necessary safety precautions were taken. 4 liters of concentrated HCl was safely

poured in to the conditioner tank. Before actual handling of the radiotracer,

cutting of dummy aluminum can and related transfers were practiced. The entire

operation was imitated by transporting the water in to the conditioner. After

conducting all the dummy trials, actual handling was done.

A can containing radioisotope Sc-46 as scandium chloride powder was removed

from the transport container using long handled tongs.

The can was placed in a lead die and sheared at the lid of the can remotely using

a long handled cutting tool as shown in figure 11.

Figure 8 Fly ash being loaded in to the conditioner

The irradiated scandium chloride powder was transferred from the cut open can

in to the agitated slurry inside the conditioner tank so that the fly ash remains

in suspension and comes in maximum contact with the radiotracer molecules for

effective labeling of fly ash with Sc-46.

3.6 Disposal of radiotracer

After 2 hours of mixing the batch of labeled fly ash slurry was ready for the

disposal. Flap of the conditioner was opened to dispose the scandium-46 labeled

slurry (radiotracer) in to the mine void.

Figure 9 Disposal of labeled slurry

While disposing the slurry constant water flushing was done and in addition

sprinklers were used to further enhance the disposal. Water flushing was

continued till the radioactivity level on the surface of conditioner was brought

down to the background level.

3.7 Radiation Safety monitoring

Before starting the preparations, all the personnel present and would be involved

in the operations were given thorough briefing of the total activity planned.

Wherever the radioactivity was in use, the polythene sheets were spread and

covered with absorbent sheets. From beginning to the end of the entire

operation, radiation monitoring was continuously carried out. After the

radioactive handling job was finished all the personnel and area under use was

specifically monitored.

Figure 10 Monitoring of the contamination

The area was thoroughly flushed with copious amount of water so that there are

no traces of radioactivity.

Figure 11 flushing the area with water

4. OBSERVATIONS

4.1 Radiotracer monitoring in surface water

Since the radiotracer was disposed off on 31/01/2019 in the void, monitoring of

its spread in the water of mine void was carried out on 1/02/2019. 1” diameter

x1” height sodium iodide scintillation detector connected by about 25 meters

cable to a scaler-ratemeter was inserted in a PVC pipe of about 3 meters length.

The pipe was lowered in the void water from a rowing boat. The detector was

moved from surface to the different depths at various locations in the water and

the corresponding count rate was recorded with respect to the position of the

monitoring boat. The position was determined by a GPS device. Thus the count-

rate data was obtained at various lateral and longitudinal locations and at various

depths.

Figure 12 Data being recorded

4.2 Schedule of ground water sampling

Figure 13 Sample collection from a bore well

In the bore wells already available for monitoring Sc-46 radiotracer injected on

31/01/2019 the frequency of sampling was decided to be every month till the

breakthrough is achieved. After the breakthrough, this frequency could be

increased to once in a week till the depletion in the count rate observed in each

of the bore well sample.

4.3 Analysis of bore well samples

The samples received from each bore well were filtered and filled in a standard

counting container. The container was placed in a highly shielded 3” x3” sodium

iodide scintillation detector coupled to a multichannel analyser as shown in figure

18.

Figure 14 Bore well samples being analyzed

It was ensured that the background count rate is minimal. Each bore well sample

was assayed for 10,000 seconds. In multichannel analyser a spectrum of all the

available energies is obtained. In the spectrum few peaks like K-40, Pb-210 are

obtained which are naturally present in the background. Existence and Location

of the peaks ensures the quality of counting. When the injected radiotracer will

appear in the sample, distinct peaks corresponding to those radioisotopes will be

observed. Area under the specific peaks is recorded and compared with the

standards to estimate the quantity of radiotracer present in the sample. Various

samples collected so far from the date of injection are tabulated in the

ANNEXURE 1 and subsequently their assay results are also attached.

5. RESULTS

5.1 Isocount mapping in the mine void water

The count-rate data received at a given lat/long location was plotted with respect

to various depths to get isocount contours for that depth. From the isocount

contours the spread of radiotracer at various depths can be estimated. The

spread of radiotracer (velocity of transport of radiotracer in the surface water)

in the mine void with respect to time could be obtained when the second and third

tracking conducted on 21/03/2019 and 24/05/2019.

During the first tracking, it was observed that the radiotracer remained

in the vicinity of injection point within 110meters radius on the surface,

94meters at 2 meters depth and 81meters at 5 meters depth.

During the second tracking, it was observed that the radiotracer spread

was within 256meters around the injection point on the surface,


During the third tracking, it was observed that the radiotracer spread

was within 377meters around the injection point on the surface,


5.3 Progress of radiotracer in the ground water

Water samples are drawn as per schedule from all the designated bore wells every

month for the assay of Scandium-46. As soon as the samples are received at

‘Radioanalysis Laboratory Vashi, those are assayed on gamma ray spectrometer

(multichannel analyser) to determine the radiotracer content. However, samples

assayed till 21/10/2019 have not shown any traces of the presence of scandium-

46.

6. DISCUSSION

The injected Sc-46 radiotracer needs to be homogenously spread throughout the

water in the mine void so that it can have maximum surface contact with the rocks

and its fractures surrounding the void and thus percolating through them to reach

to the observation bore wells in the same manner as the groundwater. It has been

observed that the injected radiotracer follows the form of a plume in the void

water near the injection point which is evident from the isocount contours

obtained at various depths. Heavier particles from the fly ash could be settling

on the bottom surface with a localized spread. Column of the plume rises to the

surface with confined dimensions and the good amount of spread of the

radiotracer is observed on the surface indicating lighter particles tend to float

on the surface.

However, leaching process of the radiotracer (labeled fly ash) may be in action

at various depths in the water due to physical churning of the fly ash with water

molecules. The same could be in place when the finer particles escape through the

cracks in the surrounding rock of the mine void and fractures. Due to their

physical friction with the soil particles Sc-46 may appear in the water samples

drawn from the bore wells. In the period from 01/02/2019 to 21/10/2019 the

presence of Sc-46 in water samples could not be observed as tabulated in

Annexure I.

7. CONCLUSION

Good spatial and temporal spread of the labeled fly ash was observed in the pond

water with respect to time of disposal.

Scandium-46 leached out from labeled fly ash could not be detected in the bore

wells surrounding the quarry number 4 of Jagannath OCP indicating no leachates

are reaching the groundwater aquifers from the time of injection.

Further dumping of fly ash could be continued in to the mine void to push

particulate matter towards the boundaries of the void forcing the labeled fly ash

towards the bore wells and to ascertain the impact of leachates in future.

Annexure-I

Groundwater samples sent by TATABSL to RAL, BRIT for analysis

Samples assayed between 17/03/2019 - 22/03/2019

Counting time for each sample (as well as for background): 5000seconds

Sl.No Sample

Id

Sample description Background

Count-rate

cps

Sample

Count-rate

cps

1 BPZ-3 Adjacent to inject Bore well 2456 2455

2 BPZ-4 Near railway line 2993 2990

3 BPZ-5 Near MCL workshop 2891 2899

4 BPZ-6 Adjacent to pit downstream 2778 2845

5 BPZ-7 Near MCL CHP 2655 2650

6 BPZ-8 Ambedkar Nursery 2463 2461

7 BG-1 Pani hating near anganwadikendra 2921 2889

8 BG-2 Dera village (inside primary school) 2435 2455

9 BG-22 South balanda near Dispensary 2656 2665

10 BG-24 Beside Kalimandir Near Nehru

Satabdi Hospital

2757 2881

11 CP-3 Padmabatipur village inside upper

primary school

2994 2996




Sl.No Sample

Id


Count-rate

cps

Sample

Count-rate

cps











Satabdi Hospital

2757 2784


primary school

3001 3010




Sl.No Sample

Id


Count-rate

cps

Sample

Count-rate

cps











Satabdi Hospital

2651 2615


primary school

2789 2711




Sl.No Sample

Id


Count-rate

cps

Sample

Count-rate

cps











Satabdi Hospital

2125 2131


primary school

2833 2839




Sl.No Sample

Id


Count-rate

cps

Sample

Count-rate

cps











Satabdi Hospital

2245 2249


primary school

2685 2683




Sl.No Sample

Id


Count-rate

cps

Sample

Count-rate

cps











Satabdi Hospital

2632 2640


primary school

2999 3006

1

Draft Final Report

Hydro geological study, ash characterization, trace metal leachability, mine water analysis, bio accumulation and bio magnification, surface and ground water monitoring in 10km area from the mine void of Jagannath OCP of MCL (Coal Mine area, Talcher)

M/s Tata Steel BSL Limited

Meramandali, Dhenkanal District, Odisha-759121

CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

Under Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

Nehru Marg, Nagpur – 440 020 ISO 9001:2008

June 2020

2

Chapter I

Introduction

3

1.1 Preamble

The plant has captive thermal power plant (TPP) generating 883 MW of electricity (both

BSL and BEL). The Power plant is located approximately 140 km from Bhubaneswar in

Dhenkanal district of Odisha. The Steel Plant has an annual capacity of 5.6 MTPA. BSL and

BEL generate about 5000 tons of ash per day (1.65 MTPA). MoEF has accorded permission

for disposal of the ash at the mine void of Jagannath Opencast Mines (OCP) of the Mahanadi

Coal Fields Limited (MCL). Total capacity of the mine void is 17 million tons. The mine

void is located at an approximate distance of 25 km from the TPP and covers an area of 119

Ha. The ash is brought to the disposal site by covered vehicles (bulkers) in dry form. At the

disposal site, the ash is conditioned and slurrified by mixing the ash and water in the ratio of

60% and 40%. The disposal of ash in the mine pit started in March 2014. In view of the large

quantity of ash dumping in the mine void, it is essential to assess the impact of the ash

disposal on the groundwater and surface water quality in the vicinity of the mine void and

surrounding villages. M/S Tata Steel BSL Limited desires CSIR-NEERI to carry out Hydro

geological study, ash characterization, leachability studies, mine water analysis, bio

accumulation and bio magnification studies, surface and ground water monitoring in 10km

area from the mine void of Jagannath OCP of MCL (Coal Mine area, Talcher).

The task has been assigned with the following objectives:

Assessment of the groundwater and surface water quality of the existing sources, mine water

analysis, biological studies and fly ash characterization in 10km buffer area of the mine void

of Jagannath opencast mine pit.

1.2 Approach of the study

Keeping in view the objectives of the study, maximum primary data have been collected

from the study area. Secondary data have also been collected for the purpose.

Delineation of the study area on the basis of watershed principle.

A network of observation wells has been set up for water level measurement and

groundwater sampling. The monitoring has been carried out for December 2017, April

2018, June 2018, Nov 2018, Feb 2019, June 2019, October 2019. The samples have

been analyzed for major cations, anions and trace elements.

4

Mine Pit samples have been collected and analysed for trace elements in December

2017, April 2018, June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019, October 2019

and February 2020 to study the trend of concentration of key trace elements.

Particle Size Analysis of the fly ash samples

Chemical characterization of the fly ash for parameters namely Na2O, MgO, SiO2,

Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, K2O, P2O5, SO3, Cr2O3, MnO2, NiO, CuO, ZnO, Rb2O,SrO

etc.

Trace elements in the fly ash for parameters namely Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,

Pb, Hg, Zn, Se, B.

Ground water level and flow direction for post monsoon and pre monsoon seasons.

Analysis of trace elements like Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Hg, Zn, Se, B

and other parameters pH, EC, Turbidity, TDS, Total hardness and major cations/anions

like Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+ , Alkalinity, No3-, So4

-, Cl- and F- for mine pit water.

Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification studies for trace elements

Analysis of soil samples for parameters namely Hydraulic conductivity, pH, EC,

Organic carbon, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K), total fluoride, trace elements

Leachability analysis (TCLP and SPLP) to study the hazardous nature of fly ash and

bottom ash.

As suggested by the Environmental Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of

Environmental and Forest (MoEF) vide letter dated Z-11013/43/2011/IA-II(M) dated

19.04.17, various issues recommended by the EAC have been addressed in the study.

1.3 Tasks Undertaken

The present study is based on the extensive primary and secondary data.

Delineation of the study area has been carried out on the basis of watershed principle

A network of observation wells has been set up for water level measurement in the post-

monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. It was also attempted that samples are located in

10km buffer zone from the mine void of Jagannath OCP.

Groundwater sampling and analysis has been carried in the observation well network

5

Mine pit water has been collected and analyzed for major cations/anions and trace

elements

Mercury analysis in fly ash

Analysis of soil in the study area

Analysis of flora and fauna has also been carried out

Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification studies for trace elements

1.4 Report Layout

The report is presented as follows:

Chapter 2: It gives brief introduction to the study area

Chapter 3: The methodology of data collection is presented. A detailed description is

provided about the methodology of sampling groundwater, mine water, surface water and

Bioassay studies

Chapter 4: The results and discussions in respect of Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and

Ash characterization are presented in Chapter 4.

Chapter 5: The results and discussions pertaining to Bioaccumulation test and Bio-

magnification are presented in Chapter 5.

Chapter 6: The findings and recommendations are presented in Chapter 6.

6

Chapter II

Study Area

7

2.1 Location

The Tata steel BSL Limited is located at Narendrapur village in Meramandi which is under the

jurisdiction of Dhenkanal district in Odisha. It is approximately 18 km from the Angul town

(Figure 2.1). However, the ash disposal site is located in the microwatershed covered between

latitudes 20° 52’ 00” N to 20° 59’ 00” N and longitudes 85° 07’ 30” E and 85° 15’ 30” E. It is

covered by Survey of India Toposheet (F45 T/1 and F45 T/5 on 1:50,000 scale).

Figure 2.1: Location map of the study area

The ash disposal site, i.e. the Jagannath mine void (Figure 2.2) is located approximately 25 km

from the Tata Steel BSL Plant at Meramandali. The disposal site covers an approximate area of

0.22 sq km. The fly ash is brought to the site by covered bulkers. Subsequently, the ash is mixed

Tata Steel BSL

8

with water pumped from the reservoir and made to a slurry form which is disposed (Figure 2.3)

on the abandoned Jagannath Mine pit.

Figure 2.2: Jagannath Abandoned Mine Void

Figure 2.3: Ash disposal at the Jagannath abandoned Mine void in slurry form

9

2.2 Climate

The study area experiences tropical monsoon climate with mild winter and hot summer. The

average annual rainfall of the study area is approximately 1250 mm of which major amount is

received during the four months extending from June to September.

2.3 Physiography and Landuse

The study area constitutes northern part of Angul district. The area is mainly drained by the river

Brahmani. The area constitutes various physiographic features such as alluvial plain, mountain

ranges, flood plains and water bodies. The slope is towards the southeast direction.

2.4 Geological set up

The study area is mostly characterized by the rocks of the Gondwana Super Group (Figure 2.4).

The Gondwanas comprise of sandstone, carbonaceous shale and coal bands with pink clay and

pebbly sandstones. Gondwana rocks are overlain by recent alluvium and valley fill materials at

places. It is observed that granitoids of Precambrian age appeared in South East and South West

patches of the study area (Figure 2.4). In addition, the laterites occur as patches capping over the

country rocks and attain a limited thickness.

2.5 Hydrogeology

The area falls in the Brahmani tributary. The principal ground water reservoir in the area is

consolidated crystalline rock of Precambrian age and semi consolidated Gondwana formations

comprising of mainly sandstone and shale. The weathered and fractured sandstone form a good

aquifer. Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in the weathered zone and under semi-

confined to confined condition in the fracture zone.

10

Figure 2.4 Geological map of the study area (after GSI, 2010)

11

Chapter III

Methodology for data collection

12

3.1 General

The study envisages addressing the objectives by undertaking the following tasks:

Delineation of Watershed and setting up the observation well network

Hydrogeology

Hydrochemistry

Analysis of Mine Pit water at different period

Soil analysis

TCLP Analysis

Chemical characterization of fly ash

Bio-magnification and Bioaccumulation tests

Accordingly, primary data has been generated by undertaking extensive field survey in the

months of December 2017, April 2018, June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019

and October 2019. Secondary data has been collected through interaction with Tata Steel BSL

Limited officials, Officials of the Rural Water supply and sanitation Department, Odisha and the

local villagers in and around the study area.

3.2 Delineation of the watershed and observation well network

The delineated watershed covers an area of 89.35 sq. km (Figure 3.1). A network of observation

wells (15 nos.) has been set up in the study area. The observation well network consisted of India

Mark II hand-pumps as well as open wells (Table 3.1). The network also consisted of the Piezo

metres set up by the Tatasteel BSL. The observation wells were distributed in a representative

manner in the study area and are spread over different land use pattern in the study area.

13

Figure 3.1: Base map of the study area

14

Table 3.1: Observation Wells in the study area surrounding the Jagannath opencast mine pit

S.No. Sample Code

Longitude Latitude Source Type

Remarks

1. BHG-1 85° 10ʹ 11.5ʺ 20° 56ʹ 26.0ʺ HP Panihating, beside Aanganwadi

Kendra, downstream of the Jagannath mine pit

2. BHG-2 85° 09ʹ 55.1ʺ 20° 56ʹ 54.8ʺ HP Dera village, inside primary

school, LHS of the road towards Jagannath mine pit

3. BHG-3 85° 11ʹ 37.1ʺ 20° 54ʹ 50.0ʺ HP

Jagannathpur village, RHS of the road towards bikrampur, beside kuna bhai house, slum

huts, after canal

4. BHG-4 85° 12ʹ 04.6ʺ 20° 55ʹ 58.9ʺ HP On LHS of the road from Talcher station to Hatatota

5. BHG-5 85° 10ʹ 32.0ʺ 20° 54ʹ 19.4ʺ HP

RHS of the road towards NALCO, opposite to shri

ganesh petrol pump, bidyuth colony, bikrampur

6. BHG-6 85° 10ʹ 32.9ʺ 20° 55ʹ 07.1ʺ HP

Inside Tentulei village, opposite naresh Chandra patnaik house,

RHS of the road towards NALCO

7. BHG-7 85° 14ʹ 19.7ʺ 20° 57ʹ 17.7ʺ HP Talcher town, beside jagannath

mandir, LHS of the road towards talabeda village

8. BHG-8 85° 12ʹ 59.5ʺ 20° 54ʹ 19.5ʺ HP LHS of the road towards TTPS, beside talcher thermal railway

station

9. BHG-9 85° 13ʹ 57.8ʺ 20° 54ʹ 43.3ʺ HP Santhapada village, LHS of the

road towards bolhar village

10. BHG-10 85° 10ʹ 48.4ʺ 20° 56ʹ 06.3ʺ HP Ghantapada village, LHS of the road towards Chalagarh village,

beside pawan biswal house

11. BHG-11 85° 09ʹ 18.4ʺ 20° 55ʹ 11.0ʺ HP Laxmanpur village near

Balanda village, RHS of the road, beside the temple

12. BHG-12 85° 10ʹ 17.5ʺ 20° 58ʹ 09.7ʺ HP Naraharipur, LHS of the road,

evacuated village

13. BHG-13 85° 09ʹ 42.7ʺ 20° 59ʹ 06.1ʺ HP Naraharipur village, RHS of the

road towards Dera village

14. BHG-14 85° 12ʹ 20.2ʺ 20° 58ʹ 28.3ʺ HP Talabeda village, RHS of the

road towards Talcher road

15. BHG-15 85° 14ʹ 00.8ʺ 20° 55ʹ 09.7ʺ HP Santhapada village, RHS of the road towards Brahmani River

15

16. BHG-16 85° 08ʹ 58.4ʺ 20° 53ʹ 19.0ʺ HP Kukudanga village, LHS of the

road towards gobara, beside grinding mill

17. BPZ-1 85° 09' 0.5"E 20° 56' 53.7"N PZ Upstream of Jagannath mine

pit, near by BSL mine pit office.

18. BPZ-2 85° 8'59.90"E 20°56'53.73"N PZ Upstream of Jagannath mine

pit, near by BSL mine pit office.

19. BPZ-3 85° 9'43.69"E 20°56'3 9.7"N PZ Entrance of the road towards BSL mine pit office, besides

railway track.

20. BPZ-4 85° 8'53.29"E 20°56'37.84"N PZ RHS of the road towards

Jagannath mine pit, Beside NTPC ash pond.

21. BPZ-5 85° 8'41.54"E 20°56'32.18"N PZ Behind Jagannath Colliery

office.

22. BPZ-6 85° 8'57.07"E 20°56'26.16"N PZ

RHS of the road towards Jagannath mine pit, in the

premises of Jagannatha colliery office.

23. BPZ-7 85°10'7.71"E 20°56'13.83"N PZ Behind Medical college, inside

BSL garden.

3.3 Groundwater sampling and analysis

Groundwater samples (Table 3.1) and few surface water samples have been collected from the

identified sources (Figures 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) in the study area. The co-ordinates (latitude/longitude)

of the observation wells were noted with the help of hand held GPS of Garmin make (Figure

3.4). The water level from observation well network was obtained using Electric Contact Gauze

(water level meter – Solinst 101). The groundwater level has been obtained with respect to below

ground level (bgl).

For physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal analysis, the samples were collected in pre-

cleaned 500 ml and 100 ml polyethylene bottles respectively. Concentrated HNO3 was added to

the heavy metal samples for preservation. Parameters namely, pH and temperature were

measured in the field itself.

16

Figure 3.2: Groundwater sample collection from Piezo metre

The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed by following the standard protocols (APHA,

2012). The heavy metal analysis was done by using ICP-OES (Model: iCAP 6300 DUO, Make:

Thermo Fischer). The detection limit for Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu are 0.0062 ppm, 0.0014

ppm, 0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm, 0.002 ppm, 0.02 ppm and 0.005 ppm respectively. The parameters

namely Na and K were analyzed by Flame Photometer (Model: CL361, Make: ELICO).

17

Figure 3.3: Surface water sample collection

Figure 3.4: GPS measurement of observation well in the study area

18

3.4 Mine Pit water Sampling

Mine pit water samples (2 nos) were collected from the mine pit (Figure 3.5). The samples were

collected from different points at different depths (Table 3.2) by using a depth sampler.

Table 3.2 Water samples collected at different depths from Jagannath Mine pit

S.No. Sample Code Depth (in m)* 1. JP-1 Depth 1m 2. JP-2 Depth 7m 3. JP-3 Depth 9m 4. JP-4 Depth 8m

*Depth at which the sample was taken

Figure 3.5: Sampling locations in Jagannath Mine Pit

3.5 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

The fly ash and bottom ash samples were collected at the four ash generation units and analyzed

using the TCLP test. A commonly used test for the determination of the leaching characteristics

of fly ash is the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) established by the US

Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA, 1992). The TCLP is designed to determine the

mobility of both organic and inorganic analyses present in liquid, solid and multiphase wastes.

The procedure is carried out in an assembly (Figure 3.6) which has an orbital shaker with fixed

19

rotations per minute (RPM). This procedure provides a uniform method to compare the tendency

of inorganic elements to leach out from fly ash samples into moderate-to-highly acidic aqueous

environments. The testing methodology is used to determine if ash is characteristically

hazardous (D-List) or not. The extract is analyzed for substances appropriate to the protocol. The

toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was conducted as per United States

Environmental Protection Agency protocol (US EPA SW-846 method, 1311), where 10 gram of

ash samples was taken with extraction fluid in 1:20 ratio (m/v). The extraction assembly at room

temperature was tightly closed and kept in orbital shaker at 30±2 rpm for 18 hours. The

suspension was filtered and filtrates for heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS. The TCLP

extraction fluid was prepared by mixing 5.7 ml of glacial acetic acid, 500 ml of deionized water

and later 64.3 ml of 1N NaOH was added and the volume was made up to 1 Liter. The pH of

extraction fluid was maintained at 4.9.

Figure 3.6: Orbital shaker for TCLP

20

3.6 Chemical Characterization of the fly ash samples:

The ash samples were collected at six (06) locations in the study area (Table 3.1). They were

analyzed for elements like Na2O, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, K2O, P2O5, SO3, Cr2O3,

MnO2, NiO, CuO, Cr2O3, MnO2, NiO, CuO, Rb2O, SrO, ZrO2, BaO and Cl. The analysis was carried

out at IBM (Indian Bureau of Mines), Nagpur.

3.7 Soil Analysis

3.8 Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Flora and Fauna

Plants are the primary biological absorbent of trace elements as they are the producers in any

food chain. These trace elements may not be toxic to the plant but there are evidences of

bioaccumulation of trace metals/elements in plant may cause blight, spots in leaves and stunted

growth. These plants are food to various other herbivorous animals that ingest them and in turn

taken in a dose of these trace elements that may lead to bio magnification. Keeping requirement

of TOR as proposed and background the monitoring for trace metals in plants, fishes and milk

samples was carried out in Dec., 2017; April., 2018 and Dec., 2018, February 2019, June 2019.

3.8.1 Sampling

Sampling for biological material to monitor and assess bioaccumulation of trace metals in flora

and fauna in the study area was carried out in three different seasons falling in different months

i.e. December 2017, April 2018 and July 2018, December 2018, February 2019 and June 2019.

Bioaccumulation samples were to be represented from plants (wild plants, horticulture plants)

and fishes for fauna as well as milk samples. The samples of plants (wild as well as agriculture

crops) were collected using stratified random sampling from the delineated study area falling in

mine void as well as from villages situated at varying distances from the mine void to understand

the impact of distance (Figure 3.7). A detailed list of plants collected from individual locations

is presented in Annexure I.

21

Figure 3.7:Common plants found and collected around the mine void

Crops and horticulture plant samples were collected from the villages as per TOR (Figure 3.8).

A detailed list of plants collected from individual locations is presented in Annexure I, II and

III. Plant leaves were collected as per TOR provided. The plants, after identification were

collected in polyethylene bags, well dried using bloating paper to avoid fungal growth and

22

contamination and were carried back to NEERI Nagpur for further analysis. Collected samples of

plants were analyzed after air drying.

23

Figure 3.8 Prominent vegetable crops collected from the villages around the mine void

In order to study the effect of bio-accumulation of trace elements and heavy metals in fish fauna

as per TOR (Brahmani, Nandira and Mine void). Fishes are the most sensitive animal species in

any Aquatic ecosystem. Any form of change in the water body would vastly affect the biological

pattern of the fishes. In this case we chose the species Tilapia. Tilapia is the common name for

nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the tilapiine cichlid tribe. Tilapia are mainly

freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found

living in brackish water. The fishes were caught from the banks of the void and rivers using a

fishing net and preserved in the 125 ml sampling bottle. Fish samples were immersed into 100

ml of formalin in the sampling bottle and were stored in icebox and brought back to NEERI,

Nagpur for further analysis.

24

Labeo bata (bata fish Juvinile)

Labeo rohita (Rohu fish Juvinile)

Figure 3.9: Fishes collected from Brahmini, Nandira river and mine void

Milk samples were collected from villages as per TOR within 10 kilometers distance from the

mine void. Cowshed from a random household in each village was selected and milk was

collected in 125ml sampling bottles as per standard protocol of International Dairy Federation

(IDF) (Figure 3.10). Milk samples collected in sampling bottles and preserved in 10% formalin.

20ml of formalin was added to 100 ml of milk to stop any form of bacterial degradation.

25

Figure 3.10 Milk samples collected from the study area as brought to lab for analysis

The sampling locations for plants have been marked using GPS (Garmin hand held GPS Model –

Montana 650) for December 2017, April 2018 and July 2018 sampling (Figures 3.11, 3.12 and

3.13 respectively).

26

Figure 3.11: Map showing co-ordinates of plant sampling around Jagganath mine void area, Dec., 2017

27

Figure 3.12: Map showing co-ordinates of plant sampling around Jagganath mine void area, April 2018

Figure 3.13: Map showing co-ordinates of plant sampling around Jagganath mine void area, July 2018

28

3.8.2 Sample Preparation

Heavy metal analysis in plants was preceded by sample preparation using the digestion

technique. Hence, samples were washed thoroughly to clean the dirt and dust from their surface

followed by air-drying of the samples for complete drying of the organic matrix and avoid any

kind of fungal or microbial growth. Dried plant samples were stored in tight zip-lock plastic bags

for further digestion and sample analysis. Pre-weighted plant samples of 1gm using digital

balance (AG204 Delta Range, METTLER TOLEDO) were digested using conc. HNO3 and

HClO4 in the ratio of 2:1 inside the fume hood. The samples were digested when clear solution

was obtained and white fumes subsides (APHA 2017, Rice et al, 2017). For preparation of milk

samples for heavy metal analysis, the oven dried milk samples were digested by taking 0.5gm of

dried sample of the milk and to it 10ml of HNO3 and 1ml of H2O2 was added and kept over-night

for pre-digestion. Later samples were heated at 70-80°C on hotplate until the solution turned

colorless (Anastasio et al., 2006).

(i) Sample Analysis

The digested samples were maintained up to required volume of 15 ml and analyzed by ICP-

OES instrumentation techniques. The standards of different concentration (1ppm, 2ppm, 3ppm,

5ppm and 10ppm) from multi-element standard solution, for every metal, were prepared using

the standard equation of normality calculation.

N1V1 = N2V2

Where, N1= Concentration of stock solution.

N2= Concentration of solution to be prepared.

V1= Volume of solution to be calculated. (Unknown)

V2= Volume of solution to be prepared.

Multiple element standards of various concentrations pertaining to each metal were prepared for

heavy metal analysis by single standard of various concentrations was prepared for heavy

analysis. (APHA, 2013). Sterilized, clean falcon tubes were used for storing the stock solution

and the standards. Calibration curve plots of prepared standards were plotted with an accuracy of

29

99.999%. Heavy metal analysis of various plant, cow dung and fishes are analyzed for every

heavy metal using ICP-OES (Thermo Fisher Model- iCAP6300 DUO).

The trace elements studied for understanding bioaccumulation (Al, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cd,

Se, Pb, Zn, Ni and B) were divided into 3 subgroups for ease of understanding viz. Toxic, Semi-

toxic and non-toxic elements. The given chart below shows the classification the trace metals in

3 subgroups (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3: Category of Trace Metals as per their toxicity

Category of heavy metals Metals

Non-toxic B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn Se, Zn

Semi-toxic Al

Toxic As, Cd, Pb, Ni

(Source: Patil et al., 2013)

The trace elements studied for bioaccumulation (Al, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cd, Se, Pb, Zn, Ni

and B) were compared to the permissible limits given below to produce an inference from the

results. So, far there is no published literature on standards of heavy metals in soil and plants but

we have tried to look to the information published elsewhere internationally in reputed journals

and sources and tried to see our results. See the source of permissible limits provided in Table

3.4.

Table 3.4 Trace Metals and their permissible limits as per literature surveyed

*Shah et al, 2013; *World Health Organization, 1998; ** DIRECTIVE 2002/32/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL 2002)

Trace elements

Al* As** B* Cd* Co Cr* Cu* Fe* Mn* Ni* Pb* Se Zn*

Permissible limits (ppm)

20 2 - 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 - 50

30

Chapter IV

Results & Discussion

(Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry)

31

4.1 Groundwater Level

Groundwater level conveys useful information about the groundwater system. The temporal

variation of the groundwater level conveys the characteristics like its recharge potential due to

precipitation. The groundwater level has been measured in the observation well (22 nos) network

during the seasons Dec 2017, Apr 2018, Jun 2018, Nov 2018 and Feb 2019. It is observed

(Figures 4.1 (a) to 4.1 (e) & Table 4.1) that the season Dec 2017 water level (bgl) varied from

1.15 m (BHG-5) to 27.26 m (BPZ-1), the season April 2018 water level (bgl) varied from 1.37 m

(BHG-4) to 27.75 m (BPZ-1), the season June 2018 water level (bgl) varied from 1.91 m (BHG-

1) to 27.48 m (BPZ-1), the season Nov 2018 water level (bgl) varied from 1.57 m (BPZ-7) to

24.33 m (BPZ-2) and the season Feb 2019 water level (bgl) varied from 1.53 m (BHG-5) to

25.37 m (BPZ-2), the season June 2019 water level (bgl) varied from 2.73m (BHG-1) to 26.87m

(BPZ-1), the season October 2019 water level (bgl) varied from 0.47 m to 16.76 m (BHG-8). It

indicated that the water level is at a deeper level in pre-monsoon as compared to the post-

monsoon level.

32

Table 4.1: Water level (bgl-m) in observation well network

S.No. Sample Code

DTW(m)

Dec

(2017)

MP(m)

Dec

(2017)

BGL(m)

Dec

(2017)

BGL(m)

Apr

(2018)

BGL(m)

Jun

(2018)

BGL(m)

Nov

(2018)

BGL(m)

Feb

(2019)

BGL(m)

June

(2019)

BGL(m)

Oct

(2019)

1. BHG-1 3.73 1.1 2.63 2.65 1.91 2.29 2.63 2.73 2.01

2. BHG-2 17.0 0.78 16.22 26.23 20.07 12.81 18.98 21.76 10.07

3. BHG-3 9.13 0.77 8.36 10.44 - - -

4. BHG-4 - 0.8 - 1.37 2.15 2.4 5.73 4.45 2.54

5. BHG-5 1.65 0.5 1.15 2.67 4.51 1.92 1.53 22.46 19.8

6. BHG-6 5.53 0.48 5.05 6.76 4.95 3.73 4.8 7.03 6.96

7. BHG-7 11.78 0.51 11.27 12.77 14.06 9.99 4.98 5.35 3.27

8. BHG-8 5.03 0.7 4.33 11.23 11.6 9.81 10.39 16.06 16.76

9. BHG-9 10.38 0.68 9.7 12.61 9.52 14.39 7.72 9.01 2.04

10. BHG-10 7.62 0.5 7.12 9.32 8.42 4.9 6.55 8 3.31

11. BHG-11 4.65 0.5 4.15 3.24 3.48 3.4 2.33 4.78 1.92

12. BHG-12 16.08 0.51 15.57 - 5.44 8.27 5.85 8.75 5.74

13. BHG-13 5.49 0.5 4.99 4.88 5.35 3.48 4.26 4.73 3.4

33

14. BHG-14 17.84 0.95 16.89 5.07 21.1 15.01 17.08 20.15 15.55

15. BHG-15 20.83 0.76 20.07 18.04 14.67 14.43 5.86 25.59 11.93

16. BPZ-1 28.28 1.02 27.26 27.75 27.48 24.13 24.07 26.87 24.14

17. BPZ-2 27.3 0.9 26.4 27.56 27.23 24.33 25.37 25.83 24.63

18. BPZ-3 11.7 0.7 11 11.69 11.66 2.61 9.56 10.35 5.74

19. BPZ-4 14.71 1.17 13.54 13.53 13.47 - -

20. BPZ-5 10.54 1.05 9.49 9.78 9.59 9.2 9.31

21. BPZ-6 17.43 0.9 16.53 17.15 16.43 14.96 16 16.06 14.39

22. BPZ-7 4.16 0.9 3.26 4.3 3.6 1.57 3.2 3.56 0.47

34

Figure 4.1 (a): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in December, 2017

Figure 4.1 (b): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in April, 2018

35

Figure 4.1 (c): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in June, 2018

Figure 4.1 (d): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in November, 2018

36

Figure 4.1 (e): Water level (AMSL) in the study area in February, 2019

4.2 Groundwater Quality (Physico-chemical Parameters)

The analysis of major cations, anions and trace elements of the groundwater samples (Tables

4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8) indicate the temporal variability of the different parameters.

The key parameters like TDS, Cl, NO3, F and SO4 (Table 4.2 & 4.3) were taken into

consideration for the analysis which show significant impact on groundwater quality. The

physico-chemical parameters (Table 4.2 & 4.3) were also analyzed and compared with the

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS: 10500-2012) (Table 4.4).

pH: pH is an important parameter for water quality assessment to know the acidic or basic nature

of water. The pH of the samples were found in between 5.6 (BHG-4) to 7.7 (BHG-15) during

December 2017 (Table 4.2), 5.9 (BHG-1) to 7.4 (BHG-8 & 15) in April 2018 (Table 4.3), 5.7

(BHG-1) to 7.2 (BHG-5, 11, 16) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 5.8 (BHG-2) to 7.3 (BHG-15) in

November 2018 (Table 4.5), 6.7 (BHG-10) to 8.3 (BHG-12) in February 2019 (Table 4.6). 6.5

(BHG-1) to 7.7 (BHG-12 & BHG-15) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 6.8 (BHG-2) to 7.6 (BHG-5 &

37

BHG-12) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). Hence pH is found to be within acceptable range of 6.5

to 8.5 as per BIS standards (10500:2012).

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): (Figures 4.2 (a) to 4.2 (g)) - The estimation of TDS reveals that

values varied in the range 66 mg/L (BHG-1) to 827 mg/L (BHG-5) during Dec, 2017 quarter and

in the range of 130 mg/L (BHG-7) to 1356 mg/L (BHG-6) during Apr, 2018 quarter (Table 4.3),

147 mg/L (BHG-13) to 1174 mg/L (BHG-3) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 93 mg/L (BHG-8) to 498

mg/L (BHG-2) in Nov 2018 (Table 4.5), 131 mg/L (BHG-1) to 1224 mg/L (BHG-6) in Feb,

2019 (Table 4.6), 84 mg/L (BHG-1) to 1422 mg/L (BHG-6) in June, 2019 (Table 4.7), 182

mg/L (BHG-1) to 1272 mg/L (BHG-6) in October, 2019 (Table 4.8). It was observed that the

TDS values (Tables 4.2-4.8) of all the sources are within the permissible limit as per BIS

standard (2012:10500).

Sulphate: From Figures 4.3 (a) to 4.3 (g) it is observed that Sulphate concentration varied in the

range 6 mg/L (BHG-12) to 195 mg/L (BHG-5) in the period of Dec, 2017 (Table 4.2) and in the

range of 5.2 mg/L (BHG-7) to 340 mg/L (BHG-6) during Apr, 2018 (Table 4.3), 4 mg/L (BHG-

13) to 263 mg/L (BHG-2) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 13 mg/L (BHG-13) to 151 mg/L (BHG-6) in

November 2018 (Table 4.5), 3 mg/L (BHG-5) to 189 mg/L (BHG-6) in February 2019 (Table

4.6), 4 mg/L (BHG-5) to 445 mg/L (BHG-6) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 9 mg/L (BHG-13) to 210

mg/L (BHG-6) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). The Sulphate concentration in all the samples was

within the permissible limit of BIS standard (Tables 4.2-4.3).

Nitrate: From Figures 4.4 (a) to 4.4 (g) it is observed that the Nitrate concentration exceeding

the desirable limit was observed in samples namely 0 mg/L (BHG-3, 4, 6, 8, 10 & 13) to 91

mg/L (BHG-1) in Dec 2017 (Table 4.2), 0 mg/L (BHG-7, 13 & 14) to 46 mg/L (BHG-2) in

April 2018 (Table 4.3), 0 mg/L (BHG-7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15 & 16) to 56 mg/L (BHG-5) in June

2018 (Table 4.4), 1 mg/L (BHG-5, 8, 13 & 16) to 142 mg/L (BHG-2) in November 2018 (Table

4.5) and 2 mg/L (BHG-7 & 14) to 95 mg/L (BHG-2) in February 2019 (Table 4.6), 1 mg/L

(BHG-13) to 168 mg/L (BHG-2) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 1 mg/L (BHG-5) to 132 mg/L (BHG-

11) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). The major source for nitrate contamination may be due to the

38

land use and land cover pattern i.e., local habitation without proper sewerage and agricultural

practices in the study area.

Fluoride: (Figures 4.5 (a) to 4.5 (g)) - The Fluoride concentration varied in the range 0.35 mg/L

(BHG-2) to 3 mg/L (BHG-7) during Dec, 2017 quarter (Table 4.2) and in the range 0.1 mg/L

(BHG-1, 2, 11, 14 & 16) to 1.9 mg/L (BHG-15) during Apr, 2018 quarter (Table 4.3)

respectively. It varied in the range 0.03 mg/L (BHG-1 & 10) to 1.1 mg/L (BHG-15) in June 2018

(Table 4.4), 0.31 mg/L (BHG-2 & 7) to 4.3 mg/L (BHG-3) in November 2018 (Table 4.5), 0.09

mg/L (BHG-1) to 3.2 mg/L (BHG-2) in Feb 2019 (Table 4.6), 0.1 mg/L (BHG-1, BHG-2, BHG-

10) to 3.7 mg/L (BHG-5) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 0.1 mg/L (BHG-7) to 0.9 mg/L (BHG-5) in

October 2019 (Table 4.8). The samples namely BHG-7, BHG-9, BHG-14 and BHG-15 during

post-monsoon season and samples namely BHG-5 and BHG-15 during pre-monsoon season

showed higher values of fluoride. Excluding above mentioned samples, all the other samples

have fluoride concentration within the permissible limits as per BIS standards. It is revealed from

various studies carried out in past that the occurrence of high level of fluoride in the ground

water is in this region is lying in the basement crystalline and in the Gondwana sedimentary

(Talcher Coal Field).

Chloride: (Figures 4.6 (a) to 4.6 (g)) - Chloride concentration varied in the range 8 mg/L

(BHG-10) to 200 mg/L (BHG-5) in the period of Dec, 2017 quarter (Table 4.2) and in the range

of 18 mg/L (BHG-13) to 344 mg/L (BHG-3) during Apr, 2018 quarter (Table 4.3), 14 mg/L

(BHG-13) to 304 mg/L (BHG-3) in June 2018 (Table 4.4), 14 mg/L (BHG-1) to 280 mg/L

(BHG-6) in November 2018 (Table 4.5), 10 mg/L (BHG-13) to 370 mg/L (BHG-6) in Feb 2019

(Table 4.6), 20 mg/L (BHG-13) to 366 mg/L (BHG-6) in June 2019 (Table 4.7), 16 mg/L

(BHG-13) to 350 mg/L (BHG-6) in October 2019 (Table 4.8). The average concentration was

observed to be approximately 101 mg/L and 61 mg/L during Dec, 2017 and Apr, 2018 quarters

respectively. The chloride concentration in all the samples was within the permissible limit of

BIS standard (Tables 4.2-4.8).

39

Figure 4.2 (a): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017

Figure 4.2 (b): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018

40

Figure 4.2 (c): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018

Figure 4.2 (d): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018

41

Figure 4.2 (e): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019

Figure 4.2 (f): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019

42

Figure 4.2 (g): TDS concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019

43

Figure 4.3 (a): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in Dec, 2017

Figure 4.3 (b): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018

44

Figure 4.3 (c): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018

Figure 4.3 (d): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018

45

Figure 4.3 (e): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019

Figure 4.3 (f): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019

46

Figure 4.3 (g): Sulphate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019

47

Figure 4.4 (a): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017

Figure 4.4 (b): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018

48

Figure 4.4 (c): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018

Figure 4.4 (d): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018

49

Figure 4.4 (e): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019

Figure 4.4 (f): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019

50

Figure 4.4 (g): Nitrate concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019

51

Figure 4.5 (a): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017

Figure 4.5 (b): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018

52

Figure 4.5 (c): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018

Figure 4.5 (d): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018

53

Figure 4.5 (e): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019

Figure 4.5 (f): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019

54

Figure 4.5 (g): Fluoride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019

55

Figure 4.6 (a): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in December, 2017

Figure 4.6 (b): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in April, 2018

56

Figure 4.6 (c): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2018

Figure 4.6 (d): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in November, 2018

57

Figure 4.6 (e): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in February, 2019

58

Figure 4.6 (f): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in June, 2019

59

Figure 4.6 (g): Chloride concentration (mg/L) of the study area in October, 2019

60

Table 4.2: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – post-monsoon season (December, 2017)

Sr.N

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–

Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

BIS 10500-2012

Desirable/ Permissible

limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHG-1 6.4 643 386 1.1 224 67 14 50 15 100 112 78 91 0.03 0.43

2 BHG-2 5.8 110 66 0.5 60 11 8 13 4 60 14 12 14 0.17 0.35

3 BHG-3 7.1 644 386 0.9 224 56 20 58 10 290 83 46 0 0.07 1.20

4 BHG-4 5.6 149 89 60.0 64 11 9 24 5 65 10 24 0 0.07 0.38

5 BHG-5 7.3 1379 827 0.6 616 136 67 59 17 415 195 200 31 0.10 1.10

6 BHG-6 7.5 1122 673 1.0 292 83 20 72 2 215 114 110 0 0.08 1.00

7 BHG-7 7.6 884 530 0.5 224 64 16 68 2 145 82 148 15 0.11 3.00

8 BHG-8 7.5 848 509 1.9 168 40 17 78 2 255 25 52 0 0.10 0.96

9 BHG-9 7.5 863 518 1.9 308 70 32 62 2 310 85 68 2 0.12 1.50

10 BHG-10 6.8 203 122 1.6 100 30 6 9 7 115 13 8 0 0.08 0.86

11 BHG-11 7.5 1163 698 0.9 420 107 37 68 6 225 159 108 50 0.08 1.40

12 BHG-12 7.1 537 322 1.8 248 42 35 32 13 315 6 30 3 0.11 1.30

13 BHG-13 6.9 282 169 2.2 152 40 13 8 6 175 19 10 0 0.08 1.00

14 BHG-14 7.1 928 557 1.1 444 64 69 51 16 475 111 44 2 0.08 1.80

15 BHG-15 7.7 1021 613 1.3 332 94 23 68 2 365 28 124 3 0.12 2.00

61

Table 4.3: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (April, 2018)

Sr.N

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHG-1 5.9 226 136 1.7 72 22 4 20 10 80 30 24 12 0.3 0.1

2 BHG-2 6.2 719 431 8.8 192 58 12 47 31 75 62 90 46 0.2 0.1

3 BHG-3 7.1 2110 1266 3.9 812 203 73 89 1 425 199 344 8 0.1 0.5

4 BHG-4 7.3 944 566 1.5 340 54 49 55 3 350 51 70 19 0.2 0.8

5 BHG-5 7.3 1375 825 0.7 384 34 72 138 1 620 65 100 7 0.2 1.8

6 BHG-6 7.3 2260 1356 3.0 764 22 170 148 3 425 340 340 2 0.1 1.2

7 BHG-7 6.5 216 130 19 124 22 16 13 6 160 5.2 20 0 0.3 0.3

8 BHG-8 7.4 932 559 5.5 136 34 12 144 1 340 19 76 0.3 0.4 0.5

9 BHG-9 7.0 510 306 2.0 212 64 12 11 1 160 25 46 0.4 0.2 0.4

10 BHG-10 6.3 511 307 29 144 45 8 21 6 65 14 52 12 0.3 0.2

11 BHG-11 7.3 1214 728 2.3 300 59 36 115 2 425 66 112 15 0.2 1.1

12 BHG-16 7.3 853 512 5.4 256 46 32 30 6 248 66 50 0.3 0.1 1.1

13 BHG-13 6.6 262 157 22 120 34 9 33 21 150 6.1 18 0 0.2 0.5

14 BHG-14 6.9 263 158 2.7 420 67 60 111 1 465 52 46 0 0.2 1.1

15 BHG-15 7.4 982 589 2.6 296 77 25 84 1 365 21 98 2 0.1 1.9

62

Table 4.4: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (June, 2018)

Sr.N

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHG-1 5.7 303 182 80 180 29 7 31 5 52 42 32 8.1 0.04 0.03

2 BHG-2 6.3 726 436 55 240 40 34 72 33 112 263 90 29 0.02 0.06

3 BHG-3 6.9 1957 1174 50 640 40 130 94 2 372 104 304 52 0.01 0.2

4 BHG-4 6.9 945 567 9.3 324 19 66 64 7 344 82 94 8.4 0.01 0.4 5 BHG-5 7.2 1571 943 1.2 472 11 107 127 4 408 127 180 56 0.02 0.9

6 BHG-6 7.1 1945 1167 0.8 540 21 117 145 7 404 220 300 0.3 0.0 0.7

7 BHG-7 5.8 216 130 370 472 16 12 16 7 120 6 22 0 0.0 0.2

8 BHG-8 7.1 855 513 3.2 132 34 12 145 2 396 8 44 0 0.04 0.2

9 BHG-9 7.1 512 307 0.8 480 43 28 37 1 184 23 54 20 0.01 0.2

10 BHG-10 6.1 262 157 700 220 21 2 31 9 84 16 50 0 0.0 0.03

11 BHG-11 7.2 1148 689 13 324 46 50 115 5 360 80 98 25 0.0 0.6

12 BHG-12 6.8 372 223 16 128 34 11 40 16 104 56 30 15 0.13 0.07

13 BHG-13 6.7 245 147 330 120 26 13 15 5 124 4 14 0 0.02 0.6

14 BHG-14 6.7 933 560 40 404 10 67 60 24 428 42 40 0 0.01 0.2

15 BHG-15 7.1 969 581 3.4 212 24 36 113 1 360 13 100 0 0.0 1.1

16 BHG-16 7.2 848 509 3.9 248 40 36 95 2 336 65 62 0 0.0 0.7

63

Table 4.5: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – post-monsoon season (November, 2018) Sr

.No

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHG-1 6.5 604 363 3.2 184 35 23 45 9 88 122 14 8 0.63 1.0

2 BHG-2 5.8 830 498 6.9 212 48 22 57 42 96 111 80 142 0.59 0.31

3 BHG-3 6.7 805 483 2.3 200 48 19 114 8 100 131 140 8 0.60 4.3

4 BHG-4 6.1 630 378 1.7 304 101 12 62 11 288 125 80 42 0.28 0.97

5 BHG-5 5.1 233 140 4.7 56 16 4 98 2 56 18 140 1 0.36 3.5

6 BHG-6 5.9 354 212 5.1 648 48 127 121 5 332 151 280 55 0.11 1.4

7 BHG-7 5.4 550 330 8.4 152 34 16 20 14 108 72 36 3 0.30 0.31

8 BHG-8 6.5 154 93 3.1 140 14 25 148 3 340 33 34 1 0.50 0.61

9 BHG-9 5.9 260 156 5.5 208 40 26 20 2 160 33 46 50 0.26 0.52

10 BHG-10 7.1 429 257 320 144 34 14 28 12 120 61 50 21 0.12 0.31

11 BHG-11 7.1 675 405 5.8 200 51 17 128 14 328 131 88 38 0.24 1.3

12 BHG-12 7.2 559 335 4.8 168 40 16 46 12 92 72 46 62 0.38 0.52

13 BHG-13 6.1 243 146 4.2 140 32 14 9 4 120 13 16 1 0.38 0.60

14 BHG-14 6.9 765 459 230 400 24 82 58 19 392 80 54 2 0.09 1.4

15 BHG-15 7.3 418 251 4.4 168 18 30 76 6 252 41 90 2 0.24 1.7

16 BHG-16 6.1 294 177 4.6 256 19 50 80 3 284 57 60 1 0.25 1.3

64

Table 4.6 Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (February, 2019)

Sr.N

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHG-1 7.2 218 131 3.8 84 29 3 12 5 40 51 22 7 0.29 0.09

2 BHG-2 6.8 681 409 13 180 40 19 43 37 80 83 90 95 0.07 3.2

3 BHG-3 7.3 755 453 1.8 156 37 15 105 1 108 42 170 8 0.09 2.9

4 BHG-4 7.3 1046 628 4.6 392 59 59 49 4 312 92 136 26 0.05 0.73

5 BHG-5 7.6 582 349 2.2 44 16 1 104 2 48 3 180 3 0.07 0.13

6 BHG-6 7.3 2040 1224 0.8 780 59 152 174 4 400 189 370 18 0.22 1.1

7 BHG-7 7.2 298 179 0.6 108 29 9 16 15 144 5 30 2 0.03 0.13

8 BHG-8 7.6 799 479 2.4 220 32 34 161 1 432 11 22 3 0.29 0.39

9 BHG-9 7.3 506 304 3.7 220 58 18 14 1 152 23 24 32 0.18 0.33

10 BHG-10 6.7 360 216 30 116 26 12 20 12 104 31 52 5 0.05 0.16

11 BHG-11 7.3 1074 644 2.3 316 90 22 107 4 332 108 100 54 0.09 0.98

12 BHG-12 8.3 244 146 1.1 100 21 12 12 5 92 46 12 8 0.08 0.22

13 BHG-13 7.3 254 152 31 152 29 19 11 4 116 13 10 3 0.15 0.34

14 BHG-14 7.3 962 577 16 460 58 76 39 22 436 78 40 2 0.09 0.89

15 BHG-15 7.6 885 531 6.6 288 78 22 90 1 440 28 92 3 0.15 1.4

16 BHG-16 7.7 852 511 2.8 324 112 11 75 1 368 70 76 3 0.38 0.92

65

Table 4.7: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – pre-monsoon season (June, 2019)

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s a

s C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca2+

Mag

nes

ium

M

g2+

Sod

ium

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

lini

ty a

s C

aCO

3

Pho

sph

ate

as

PO

4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F

-

Nit

rate

NO

3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride

Unit - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)

6.5/8.5

- 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200

30/100 - - 200/600

- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400

250/ 1000

1 BHG-1 6.6 140 84 2.0 128 46 3 14 3 68 0.1 0.1 37 50 36

2 BHG-2 6.5 787 472 2.7 288 74 25 31 13 96 0.5 0.1 168 112 80

3 BHG-4 7.4 874 524 0.3 300 88 19 32 3 136 0.5 0.7 33 126 70

4 BHG-5 7.9 641 385 0.9 44 16 1 92 2 60 0.1 3.7 2 4 174

5 BHG-6 7.5 2370 1422 0.3 980 64 197 153 4 272 0.0 1.1 17 445 366

6 BHG-7 7.4 331 199 3.9 120 32 10 15 4 120 0.0 0.2 2 30 34

7 BHG-8 7.8 895 537 0.9 92 24 8 141 1 328 0.0 0.4 2 21 50

8 BHG-9 7.5 523 314 0.5 200 42 23 14 1 108 0.1 0.4 80 39 52

9 BHG-10 6.7 278 167 7.5 124 46 2 13 5 40 0.0 0.1 79 11 56

10 BHG-11 7.5 1189 713 0.3 232 51 25 93 3 156 0.0 1.5 149 139 100

11 BHG-12 7.7 333 200 4.4 132 27 15 12 6 72 0.4 0.3 34 60 30

66

Table 4.8: Concentration of major cations / anions in observation well network – post-monsoon season (October, 2019)

12 BHG-13 7.0 260 156 13.5 104 16 15 8 3 112 0.3 0.5 1 13 20

13 BHG-14 7.2 1005 603 0.9 464 50 82 34 17 300 0.0 1.2 9 99 46

14 BHG-15 7.7 897 538 0.7 184 50 14 72 1 200 0.0 1.9 2 34 90

15 BHG-16 7.5 915 549 0.6 280 32 48 66 1 220 0.2 1.2 2 86 80

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s a

s C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca2+

Mag

nes

ium

M

g2+

Sod

ium

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

lini

ty a

s C

aCO

3

Pho

sph

ate

as P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F

-

Nit

rate

NO

3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride

Unit - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)

6.5/8.5

- 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200 30/100 - - 200/600

- 1.0/1.5

45 200/400

250/ 1000

1 BHG-1 7.2 304 182 0.2 116 16 18 12 3.1 68 0.8 0.8 23 44 22

2 BHG-2 6.8 1081 649 0.9 320 99 17 29 10 112 0.6 0.3 44 129 140

3 BHG-4 7.2 1146 688 0.3 400 144 10 28 2 120 0.6 0.5 29 120 116

4 BHG-5 7.6 623 374 0.9 40 11 3 78 1.6 60 0.7 0.9 1 13 70

5 BHG-6 7.2 2120 1272 0.3 816 112 129 145 3 232 0.9 0.2 12 210 350

6 BHG-7 7.5 324 194 0.9 108 32 7 12 3 72 0.8 0.1 3 35 40

67

7 BHG-8 7.8 892 535 0.9 148 40 12 130 1.2 304 0.8 0.7 2 32 50

8 BHG-9 7.4 586 352 0.5 232 72 12 12 0.7 120 0.6 0.7 68 22 70

9 BHG-10 7.4 458 275 0.9 160 48 10 13 4 44 0.8 0.5 66 12 60

10 BHG-11 7.5 1173 704 0.3 312 93 19 87 3 208 1.1 0.8 132 112 92

11 BHG-12 7.6 336 202 1 140 35 12 10 6 78 1.3 0.8 22 54 30

12 BHG-13 7.4 275 165 1 128 26 15 8 4 120 1.2 0.7 3 9 16

13 BHG-14 7.3 1117 670 0.9 368 80 40 31 15 300 1.5 0.4 9 89 40

14 BHG-15 7.5 901 541 0.7 300 66 23 68 0.9 196 1 0.3 12 23 80

68

4.3 Groundwater quality (Trace Elements)

The concentration of iron (Fe) during post-monsoon (December 2017) varied from 0.004 mg/L

(BHG-1 & BHG-5) to 0.9 mg/L (BHG-4 & BHG-13) and during pre-monsoon (April 2018) it is

varied from 0.004 mg/L (BHG-15) to 0.28 mg/L (BHG-13). It was observed that all the samples

are within the permissible limits as per BIS (10500:2012) standard (Tables 4.9 & 4.10).

The concentration of other heavy metals (Tables 4.9 & 4.10) such as Mn and Zn were also

within the permissible limit as per BIS standards (2012:10500). It is observed from the tables 4.9

& 4.10, that trace elements of concern like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not

detected or were below the detection limit during post-monsoon season (December 2017) and

pre-monsoon seasons (April 2018) respectively.

Table 4.9 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, post-monsoon season

(December, 2017)

Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit

(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001

ICP detection Limit (ppm)

0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHG-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 2 BHG-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.0005 0.25 ND BDL 0.4 BDL 3 BHG-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.7 0.1 0.21 BDL BDL 0.25 BDL 4 BHG-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.8 0.9 0.01 ND ND 0.07 BDL 5 BHG-5 0.006 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.0004 0.005 BDL ND 0.18 BDL 6 BHG-6 0.003 BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.6 0.1 BDL ND 0.09 BDL 7 BHG-7 0.005 BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.7 0.008 ND ND 0.05 BDL 8 BHG-8 0.005 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.4 0.007 BDL 0.009 0.005 BDL 9 BHG-9 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.14 0.001 ND ND 0.02 BDL

10 BHG-10 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.48 0.2 ND BDL 0.14 BDL 11 BHG-11 BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL 0.05 0.12 BDL BDL 0.15 BDL 12 BHG-12 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.26 0.17 BDL BDL 0.4 BDL 13 BHG-13 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.9 0.05 BDL BDL 0.002 BDL 14 BHG-14 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.001 BDL BDL 0.001 BDL 15 BHG-15 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0007 0.0005 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL

69

Table 4.10 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season

(April, 2018)

*BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHG-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2 BHG-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.01 BDL ND BDL BDL BDL 3 BHG-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.04 BDL BDL 0.5 BDL 4 BHG-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 0.03 ND BDL 0.1 BDL 5 BHG-5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.07 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL 6 BHG-6 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.02 BDL BDL ND BDL 7 BHG-7 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.02 0.1 ND BDL ND BDL 8 BHG-8 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.2 0.1 BDL BDL 2.3 BDL 9 BHG-9 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.05 BDL ND BDL 1.6 BDL

10 BHG-10 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.07 BDL ND BDL 1 BDL 11 BHG-11 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.04 BDL BDL BDL 2.1 BDL 12 BHG-12 BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.1 ND BDL BDL 2.8 BDL 13 BHG-13 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.28 0.002 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 14 BHG-14 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.004 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL 15 BHG-15 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.003 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL

70

Table 4.11 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season

(June, 2018)


Sr.No Sample code As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg BIS Limit

(ppm) 0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHG-1 BDL ND ND BDL 0.1 ND BDL BDL BDL ND 2 BHG-2 BDL 0.002 0.02 0.007 0.04 0.06 BDL BDL 0.1 ND 3 BHG-3 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.01 0.01 0.05 BDL BDL 1.4 0.0002 4 BHG-4 BDL ND 0.04 BDL 0.04 0.1 BDL BDL 0.9 0.0001 5 BHG-5 BDL ND 0.03 0.008 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 3.4 BDL 6 BHG-6 0.008 ND 0.01 ND 0.01 0.1 BDL BDL 3.2 0.00003 7 BHG-7 0.01 ND BDL 0.001 0.001 0.07 BDL BDL BDL BDL 8 BHG-8 BDL ND BDL 0.001 0.004 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 9 BHG-9 ND ND BDL 0.002 0.06 0.1 BDL BDL 0.1 ND

10 BHG-10 BDL ND BDL 0.003 0.005 0.09 BDL BDL 0.5 ND 11 BHG-11 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.004 0.004 ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.0001 12 BHG-12 ND ND BDL 0.002 0.07 0.05 BDL BDL 0.2 0.0003 13 BHG-13 ND ND BDL BDL 0.06 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 14 BHG-14 ND ND BDL ND 0.01 0.05 BDL BDL 5.6 BDL 15 BHG-15 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.05 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.0002 16 BHG-16 BDL ND BDL 0.001 0.1 0.1 BDL BDL BDL BDL

71

Table 4.12 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, post-monsoon season

(November, 2018)


Table 4.13 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season (February, 2019)


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHG-1 0.581 BDL ND BDL ND 2.517 0.0030 0.0030 ND ND ND 2 BHG-2 0.046 BDL ND ND 0.0231 2.111 0.0465 0.0103 ND 0.95 ND 3 BHG-3 1.259 BDL ND ND ND 1.89 0.027 ND ND 0.789 0.0006 4 BHG-4 ND BDL ND ND ND 0.431 0.099 ND ND 0.055 0.0001 5 BHG-5 2.368 BDL ND ND ND ND 0.021 ND ND 0.032 BDL 6 BHG-6 ND BDL ND ND ND 0.3536 0.032 ND ND 0.135 0.00003 7 BHG-7 ND BDL ND ND ND 11.4 0.09 ND ND 0.573 BDL 8 BHG-8 ND BDL ND ND ND ND 0.031 ND ND 0.321 ND 9 BHG-9 0.071 ND ND ND ND 0.46 0.063 ND ND 1.10 0.0004

10 BHG-10 ND BDL ND ND 0.013 18.6 0.68 0.009 ND 8.05 ND 11 BHG-11 1.747 BDL ND ND 0.0021 ND 0.1245 ND ND 0.583 0.0001 12 BHG-12 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.0002 ND ND 0.0003 13 BHG-13 0.446 ND ND ND ND 37.34 0.169 ND ND 2.524 BDL 14 BHG-14 0.133 ND ND ND ND 16.90 0.085 ND ND 4.52 BDL 15 BHG-15 0.969 ND ND ND ND ND 0.0169 ND ND 1.21 0.0002 16 BHG-16 ND BDL ND ND ND 1.67 0.058 ND ND 0.068 BDL


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHG-1 0.406 BDL 0.001 0.012 0.003 1.059 0.009 0.004 0.002 0.009 BDL

2 BHG-2 2.565 BDL 0.001 0.006 0.015 4.590 0.111 0.014 0.001 0.302 ND

3 BHG-3 1.384 BDL 0.001 0.002 0.026 0.994 0.018 BDL 0.003 0.308 ND

4 BHG-4 0.836 BDL 0.001 0.002 0.001 1.094 0.093 BDL ND 0.045 ND

5 BHG-5 0.956 BDL BDL 0.001 ND 0.569 0.021 BDL ND 0.020 ND

72


6 BHG-6 1.422 BDL BDL 0.001 0.004 0.346 0.084 ND ND 0.486 ND

7 BHG-7 2.776 BDL BDL 0.040 ND 36.87 0.267 ND ND 0.116 0.0005

8 BHG-8 0.033 BDL BDL ND BDL 0.436 0.021 ND 0.001 0.007 BDL

9 BHG-9 1.674 ND BDL 0.001 0.012 0.495 0.019 BDL BDL 0.316 BDL

10 BHG-10 0.765 BDL BDL 0.010 0.002 9.14 0.695 0.014 ND 3.802 ND

11 BHG-11 2.179 BDL BDL 0.001 0.060 0.546 0.09 0.001 BDL 0.601 ND

12 BHG-12 2.603 ND BDL 0.001 0.001 0.349 0.004 0.001 ND 0.009 0.0003

13 BHG-13 ND ND BDL 0.029 0.013 26.13 0.189 ND ND 5.457 BDL

14 BHG-14 3.159 ND BDL 0.029 ND 26.18 0.09 ND ND 6.366 BDL

15 BHG-15 1.777 ND BDL BDL 0.002 0.304 0.012 BDL ND 0.737 0.0002

16 BHG-16 ND BDL BDL 0.001 BDL 0.843 0.047 BDL ND 0.076 BDL

73

Table 4.14 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, pre-monsoon season (June, 2019)

Sr.No

Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg

BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHG-1 0.241 BDL ND ND BDL 1.517 0.136 0.0001 BDL BDL ND

2 BHG-2 0.046 BDL 0.002 0.02 0.007 1.111 0.082 0.0022 BDL 0.110 ND

3 BHG-4 ND BDL ND 0.04 BDL 0.610 0.170 BDL BDL 0.921 0.0001

4 BHG-5 0.660 BDL ND 0.03 0.008 ND 0.015 BDL BDL 2.416 BDL

5 BHG-6 ND 0.008 0.0001 0.01 ND 0.541 0.102 BDL BDL 2.283 0.00003

6 BHG-7 ND 0.01 ND BDL 0.001 11.40 0.37 0.004 0.001 BDL BDL

7 BHG-8 ND BDL ND BDL 0.001 ND BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0002

8 BHG-9 0.071 ND ND BDL 0.002 0.461 0.233 BDL BDL 0.310 0.00001

9 BHG-10 ND BDL ND BDL 0.003 18.64 0.300 BDL BDL 0.260 ND

10 BHG-11 1.147 0.0002 0.001 BDL 0.004 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.086 0.0001

11 BHG-12 ND 0.004 ND BDL 0.002 13.34 0.44 0.003 0.006 0.2 0.0003

12 BHG-13 0.246 0.005 0.0001 BDL BDL 9.90 0.320 0.001 0.004 BDL BDL

74


Table 4.15 Concentration of trace elements in observation wells, post-monsoon season (October, 2019)

13 BHG-14 0.132 0.006 0.0003 BDL ND ND 0.051 BDL ND 5.60 BDL

14 BHG-15 0.369 0.004 BDL BDL 0.001 1.570 0.079 BDL BDL BDL 0.0002

15 BHG-16 ND BDL BDL BDL 0.001 ND 0.162 ND BDL BDL BDL

Sr.No


BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BG-1 0.01 BDL 0.0003 BDL 0.005 1.2 0.03 ND BDL 0.05 0.0001

2 BG-2 0.1 ND ND 0.01 0.008 6.7 0.02 BDL BDL 0.02 ND

3 BG-4 0.006 0.009 BDL BDL 0.003 1.6 0.03 BDL BDL 0.02 ND

4 BG-5 0.02 BDL 0.0003 BDL 0.003 1.7 0.04 BDL BDL 0.03 0.0002

5 BG-6 0.08 0.009 0.0006 BDL 0.01 2.6 0.03 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL

6 BG-7 0.03 0.009 0.0002 BDL 0.02 ND 0.07 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL

7 BG-8 0.1 ND ND BDL 0.009 ND 0.04 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL

75


8 BG-9 0.02 BDL BDL ND 0.002 0.03 0.01 BDL BDL 0.3 BDL

9 BG-10 0.4 ND ND BDL 0.005 4.5 0.01 BDL BDL 0.2 ND

10 BG-11 0.1 ND BDL 0.01 0.02 ND ND 0.008 BDL ND BDL

11 BG-12 0.02 ND ND BDL 0.04 ND 0.08 BDL BDL 0.2 0.0001

12 BG-13 0.02 0.007 BDL BDL 0.005 2.7 0.01 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL

13 BG-14 0.02 ND ND 0.02 0.01 ND 0.1 ND 0.009 ND BDL

14 BG-15 0.02 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.4 0.03 BDL BDL 0.8 ND

76

4.4 Surface water samples

The surface water samples have been collected in the study area and analysed for major cations, anions and trace elements in

December 2017 and April 2018), June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019 and October 2019 respectively. The results of

the parameters (Tables 4.16 , 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22) are as follows:

pH: pH was found to be within the BIS limits of drinking water i.e., 6.5 to 8.5 in all seasons.

TDS: The estimation of TDS reveals that values varied in the range 64 mg/L to 276 mg/L December, 2017 (Tables 4.16 ), 65 mg/L

to 300 mg/L during April, 2018 (Table 4.17), 80 mg/L to 286 mg/L in June, 2018 (Table 4.18), 385 mg/L to 590 mg/L in November,

2018 (Table 4.19), 67 mg/L to 362 mg/L in February, 2019 (Table 4.20), 55 mg/L to 328 mg/L in October, 2019 (Table 4.22).

Sulphate: The concentration of Sulphate were within the permissible limits of BIS standards in all seasons (Tables 4.16-4.22).

Nitrate: The concentration of nitrate were within the permissible limits of BIS standards in all seasons (Tables 4.16-4.22).

Fluoride: The concentration of nitrate were exceeds the permissible limits of BIS standards for samples and the remaining are in BIS

permissible limits (Tables 4.16-4.22).

Chloride: The concentration of chloride were within the permissible limits of BIS standards in all seasons (Tables 4.16-4.22).

77

Table 4.16 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-post monsoon (December, 2017) Sr

.no

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

C

a+2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS Limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHS-1 8.4 453 272 0.8 164 43 14 49 9 200 76 32 2 0.07 2.20

2 BHS-2 7.9 107 64 3.6 60 16 5 8 3 65 16 4 1 0.00 0.84

3 BHS-3 8.0 215 129 0.7 100 24 10 16 4 95 51 10 0 0.02 0.86

4 BHS-4 8.3 460 276 0.6 192 48 17 46 9 170 124 30 2 0.09 2.70

Table 4.17 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (April, 2018)

Sr.n

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

C

a+2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS Limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHS-1 8.4 499 299 0.9 152 38 13 37 13 110 75 52 8 0.3 2.1

2 BHS-2 7.9 109 65 1.3 56 18 3 6 1 55 3 10 0.6 0.3 0.2

3 BHS-3 7.8 109 65 1.2 64 19 4 5 1 50 5 8 0.7 0.2 0.2

4 BHS-4 8.0 500 300 0.8 188 48 16 35 9 150 92 40 3 0.2 2.5

78

Table 4.18 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (June, 2018) Sr

.no

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

C

a+2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS Limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHS-1 6.9 165 99 1900 72 19 6 12 5 68 41 10 3.2 0.21 0.3

2 BHS-2 6.9 133 80 7.3 60 14 6 17 3 60 16 10 0 0.0 0.2

3 BHS-3 6.9 139 83 7.5 56 16 4 9 3 52 18 14 0 0.01 0.2

4 BHS-4 7.3 477 286 80 192 50 16 36 4 132 65 20 0 0.01 0.9

Table 4.19 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-post monsoon (November, 2018)

Sr.n

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

C

a+2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS Limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHS-1 5.9 507 304 1.2 160 27 22 52 10 184 53 40 3 0.3 1.1

2 BHS-2 7.1 385 231 3.3 84 24 6 11 2 80 29 16 2 0.66 0.59

3 BHS-3 7.2 518 311 6.9 112 24 12 45 7 104 33 40 2 0.28 0.97

4 BHS-4 7.2 590 354 1.9 156 27 21 68 8 204 75 30 3 0.32 1.5

79

Table 4.20 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (February, 2019) Sr

.no

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ard

ness

as

CaC

O3

Cal

cium

as

C

a+2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS Limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BHS-1 7.5 604 362 0.8 200 51 17 32 15 164 93 60 19 0.09 1.5

2 BHS-2 7.8 111 67 0.95 59 12 7 11 2 64 13 10 3 0.05 0.25

3 BHS-3 7.8 170 102 0.75 80 13 12 10 3 80 21 10 3 0.13 0.28

4 BHS-4 7.7 528 317 0.5 232 64 17 26 11 200 103 42 12 0.33 1.8

Table 4.21 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-pre monsoon (June, 2019)

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s

as C

aCO

3

Cal

ciu

m

as C

a2+

Mag

nesi

um

Mg2+

Sodi

um

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

linit

y

as C

aCO

3

Ph

osph

ate

as P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F-

Nit

rate

N

O3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride

Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)

6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200

30/100 - - 200/600

- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400

250/ 1000

1

2

80

Table 4.22 Physico-chemical parameters of the surface water samples-post monsoon (October, 2019)

3

4

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dne

ss

as C

aCO

3

Cal

ciu

m

as C

a2+

Mag

nesi

um

Mg2+

Sodi

um

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

linit

y

as C

aCO

3

Ph

osph

ate

as P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F-

Nit

rate

N

O3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride


6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200 30/100 - - 200/600 - 1.0/1.5

45 200/400 250/ 1000

1 BHS-1 7.7 546 328 0.2 208 61 13 8.9 5 88 1.2 0.9 18 34 40

2 BHS-2 8 92 55 0.5 40 11 3 16 2 56 0.8 0.8 1 19 10

3 BHS-3 8 126 76 0.3 80 10 13 9 3 48 0.9 0.9 7 17 10

4 BHS-4 8 500 300 0.3 160 56 5 34 7 120 3 1 9 56 30

81

4.5 Heavy Metals in surface water samples:

It was found that the metals Fe, Mn, Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards

(Table 4.23). And it is observed from the table 4.23, that elements of concern like Al, As, Cd,

Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected or were below the detection limit during post-

monsoon season (December, 2017). During the pre-monsoon season (April, 2018), the elements

like Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards (Table 4.24). The

elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected or were below the detection

limit.

From Table 4.25, it is observed that the elements like Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible

limits of BIS standards. The elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected

or were below the detection limit during June, 2018. From Table 4.26, it is observed that most of

the elements were either not detected or were below the detection limit during November, 2018.

From 4.27, it is observed that the element Al is not in the BIS limits for all samples. The element

Fe shows the BIS limits for 2 samples. The elements like Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn are in the

acceptable limits of BIS. The elements like As, Hg were below the detection limit in February

2019.

It is observed from Table 4.29 the elements As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg were in below detection

limit. The elements Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn were in the acceptable limits of BIS (October, 2019).

Table 4.23 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, post-monsoon

(December, 2017)

*BDL-Below detection limit, all units in mg/L


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHS-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0008 0.007 BDL BDL 0.002 BDL 2 BHS-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.1 BDL BDL 0.003 BDL 3 BHS-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.7 0.06 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 4 BHS-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.04 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL

82

Table 4.24 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre-monsoon

(April, 2018)


Table 4.25 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre-monsoon

(June, 2018)


Table 4.26 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, post-monsoon

(November, 2018)


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHS-1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 0.02 BDL BDL 2.5 BDL 2 BHS-2 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.04 0.0003 BDL BDL 0.6 BDL 3 BHS-3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.04 0.001 ND BDL 0.8 BDL 4 BHS-4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.01 0.04 BDL BDL 2.2 BDL


(ppm) 0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHS-1 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.04 0.1 BDL BDL 0.1 ND

2 BHS-2 ND ND BDL ND 0.04 0.07 BDL BDL 1.7 ND

3 BHS-3 ND ND BDL ND 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 1.9 ND

4 BHS-4 ND ND BDL 0.009 0.007 0.2 BDL BDL 0.1 ND


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHS-1 0.056 BDL ND ND ND ND 0.0113 ND ND ND ND

2 BHS-2 ND BDL ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

3 BHS-3 ND BDL ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

4 BHS-4 4.95 BDL ND ND ND ND 0.019 ND ND ND ND

83


Table 4.27 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre monsoon

(February, 2019)


Table 4.28 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, pre - monsoon (June,

2019)


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001

ICP detection

Limit (ppm)

0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BHS-1 2.795 BDL 0.024 0.020 0.006 1.809 0.032 0.002 0.033 0.009 0.0003

2 BHS-2 2.047 BDL 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.441 0.004 BDL 0.004 0.007 BDL

3 BHS-3 3.610 BDL 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.715 0.034 0.001 0.002 0.017 BDL

4 BHS-4 7.743 BDL 0.001 0.004 0.002 1.550 0.122 0.001 0.006 0.087 0.0002

Sr.No

Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn

BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001

1

2

3

4

84

Table 4.29 Concentration of trace elements in surface water samples, post - monsoon

(October, 2019)

4.6 Sampling at different depths piezometers - Analysis

The water samples were collected for different piezometers at various depths for 7 wells

locations namely BPZ-1, BPZ-2, BPZ-3, BPZ-4, BPZ-5, BPZ-6 and BPZ-7 during December

2017 , April 2018, June 2018, November 2018, February 2019, June 2019 and October 2019

respectively. The results of the parameters (Table 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35 & 4.36) are

as follows:

pH: The pH of the samples were found in between 3.0 (BPZ-1-T) to 7.4 (BPZ-7-B) during

December 2017 (Table 4.30), 5.9 (BPZ-6-T) to 8.1 (BPZ-2-T) in April 2018 (Table 4.31), 5.3

(BPZ-6-B) to 7.1 (BPZ-4-B) in June 2018 (Table 4.32), 5.9 (BPZ-3) to 7.2 (BPZ-6 & 7) in

November 2018 (Table 4.33), 6.7 (BPZ-6) to 7.5 (BPZ-3) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 6.5

(BPZ-6-B) to 7.5 (BPZ-1-T) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 7.4 (BPZ-1-T & BPZ-1-B) to 7.5

(BPZ-2-T & BPZ-2-B) in October 2019 (Table 4.36),. Hence pH is found to be within

acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS standards (10500:2012).

Sr.No

Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni

BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009

1 BHS-1 0.07 0.008 0.0004 BDL 0.003 0.2 0.03 BDL

2 BHS-2 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.3 0.03 BDL

3 BHS-3 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.3 0.03 BDL

4 BHS-4 0.06 0.009 BDL BDL 0.002 0.2 0.03 BDL

85

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): The values of TDS varied in the range 166 mg/L (BPZ-7) to

1385 mg/L (BPZ-1) during December 2017 (Table 4.30) and in the range of 59 mg/L (BPZ-7-B)

to 765 mg/L (BPZ-4-B) during April 2018 (Table 4.31), 113 mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 743 mg/L

(BPZ-4-B) in June 2018 (Table 4.32), 66 mg/L (BPZ-2) to 418 mg/L (BPZ-7) in November

2018 (Table 4.33), 211 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 474 mg/L (BPZ-6) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 123

mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 523 mg/L (BPZ-6-B) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 123 mg/L (BPZ-7-T &B) to

482 mg/L (BPZ-6-B) in October 2019 (Table 4.36). It was observed that the TDS values (Table

4.30 to 4.36) of all the sources are within the permissible limit as per BIS standard (2012:10500).

Sulphate: Sulphate concentration varied in the range 8 mg/L (BPZ-7-30m) to 591 mg/L (BPZ-6)

in the period of, December 2017 (Table 4.30) and in the range of 2 mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 382 mg/L

(BPZ-6-T) during, April 2018 (Table 4.31), 9 mg/L (BPZ-7-T) to 613 mg/L (BPZ-4-B) in June

2018 (Table 4.32), 64 mg/L (BPZ-7) to 214 mg/L (BPZ-6) in November 2018 (Table 4.33), 120

mg/L (BPZ-2) to 220 mg/L (BPZ-6) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 4 mg/L (BPZ-7-T & B) to

420 mg/L (BPZ-6-B) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 21 mg/L (BPZ-3B) to 200 mg/L (BPZ-6B) in

October 2018 (Table 4.36). The Sulphate concentration exceeds for samples BPZ-4 (516mg/L),

BPZ-6 (591 mg/L) and 495mg/L (BPZ-6-30m) in December (Table 4.30) and the Sulphate

concentration in all the samples was within the permissible limit of BIS standard in the pre-

monsoon season (Table 4.31).

Nitrate: Nitrate concentration varied in the range 1 mg/L (BPZ-3 & BPZ-7-30m) to 499 mg/L

(BPZ-1) during December 2017 (Table 4.30), and in the range of 0.3 mg/L (BPZ-7-B) to 6mg/L

(BPZ-6-T & BPZ-6-B) in April 2018 (Table 4.31), 0 mg/L (BPZ-2 to 7) to 21 mg/L (BPZ-1-T)

during June 2018 (Table 4.32), 1 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 8 mg/L (BPZ-5) in November 2018 (Table

4.33), 3 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 6 mg/L (BPZ-6) in February 2019 (Table 4.34), 2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T) to

72 mg/L (BPZ-1-T) in June 2019 (Table 4.35), 1 mg/L (BPZ-2T & B) to 23 mg/L (BPZ-6-T) in

October 2019 (Table 4.36) Nitrate concentration was high for the sample BPZ-1(499 mg/L) in

December 2017 and the nitrate concentration was within the permissible limit of BIS standard in

the June 2018 (Table 4.31).

Fluoride: The Fluoride concentration varied in the range 0.78 mg/L (BPZ-1) to 1.7 mg/L (BPZ-

4-30 m) during December 2017 and in the range 0.2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T & BPZ-6-B) to 1.4 mg/L

86

(BPZ-4-T & BPZ-4-B) during April 2018 (Table 4.30 & 4.31), 0.01 mg/L (BPZ-6T & B) to 0.11

mg/L (BPZ-7B) during June 2018 (Table 4.32), 0.32 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 0.79 mg/L (BPZ-6)

during November 2018 (Table 4.33), 0.13 mg/L (BPZ-6) to 0.71 mg/L (BPZ-2) during Feb 2019

(Table 4.34), 0.2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T&B) to 0.9 mg/L (BPZ-2-T) during June 2019 (Table 4.35),

0.2 mg/L (BPZ-6-T) to 0.8 mg/L (BPZ-1-B, 3T, 6B) during October 2019 (Table 4.36). The

samples namely BPZ-4 & BPZ-4-30m during post-monsoon season showed higher values of

fluoride. The concentration of fluoride was within the permissible limit of BIS standard in the

pre-monsoon season (Table 4.31).

Chloride: Chloride concentration varied in the range 0 mg/L (BPZ-1) to 46 mg/L (BPZ-2 &

BPZ-2-30m) in December 2017 and in the range of 10 mg/L (BPZ-7-B) to 52 mg/L (BPZ-2 &

BPZ-2-B) in April 2018 (Table 4.30 & 4.31), 10 mg/L (BPZ-4-B) to 52 mg/L (BPZ-2-B) during

June 2018 (Table 4.32), 20 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 42 mg/L (BPZ-2) during November 2018 (Table

4.33), 16 mg/L (BPZ-3) to 58 mg/L (BPZ-2) during Feb 2019 (Table 4.34), 20 mg/L (BPZ-3-B,

7T, 7B) to 160 mg/L (BPZ-1T) during October 2019 (Table 4.36). The chloride concentration in

all samples was within the permissible limits of BIS.

87

Table 4.30 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-post monsoon (December, 2017) Sr

.No

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BPZ-1-T 3.0 2309 1385 3.1 220 53 18 19 12 0 132 0 499 1.96 0.78 2 BPZ-1-B 7.2 496 298 2.1 248 112 17 62 24 280 152 8 32 0.7 0.92 3 BPZ-2-T 6.9 628 377 6.1 312 96 23 65 23 225 208 46 2 0.06 1.1 4 BPZ-2-B 7.0 679 407 3.2 340 72 21 100 38 270 193 46 2 0.11 1.2 5 BPZ-3-T 6.4 342 205 4.2 160 85 19 66 29 130 128 14 1 0.14 0.86 6 BPZ-3-B 6.5 361 217 9.5 168 83 9 76 11 140 137 12 5 0.11 0.93 7 BPZ-4-T 7.1 1143 686 0.4 672 109 68 97 11 205 516 18 2 0.19 1.8 8 BPZ-4-B 7.2 1150 690 0.9 664 94 70 35 11 235 517 16 2 0.14 1.7 9 BPZ-5-T 6.9 564 338 1.3 280 74 21 35 10 195 220 14 4 0.11 1.4 10 BPZ-5-B 6.8 507 304 1.5 268 54 28 79 31 185 212 14 4 0.14 1.5 11 BPZ-6-T 6.1 866 520 0.5 520 54 41 96 31 85 591 14 4 0.66 0.79 12 BPZ-6-B 6.4 929 557 0.4 500 80 27 97 31 155 495 12 6 0.82 0.79 13 BPZ-7-T 7.2 277 166 2.8 180 126 22 28 8 180 18 6 2 0.2 0.8 14 BPZ-7-B 7.4 313 188 4.5 172 86 13 24 12 180 8 8 1 0.2 0.88

88

Table 4.31 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (April, 2018) Sr

.No

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


BIS 10500-2012 Desirable/

Permissible limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BPZ-1-T 7.5 486 292 1.2 292 64 32 18 9 195 78 16 0.5 0.7 0.5

2 BPZ-1-B 8.0 469 281 2.7 304 58 38 15 9 170 88 18 0.5 0.6 0.5

3 BPZ-2-T 8.1 658 395 2.9 308 62 36 26 11 180 67 52 5 0.3 0.7

4 BPZ-2-B 7.4 696 418 3.6 320 74 33 22 10 195 64 52 2 0.2 0.7

5 BPZ-3-T 7.2 346 208 1.9 140 45 7 32 7 175 9 16 1 0.1 0.6

6 BPZ-3-B 7.3 357 214 1.2 168 40 16 31 7 150 14 22 2 0.3 0.6

7 BPZ-4-T 7.5 1268 761 0.6 628 144 64 45 3 175 491 20 4 0.1 1.4

8 BPZ-4-B 7.66 1275 765 1.9 632 138 64 30 3 178 336 22 4 0.2 1.4

9 BPZ-5-T 505 303 2.2 240 61 21 14 10 125 79 20 4 0.2 0.4

10 BPZ-5-B 6.5 483 290 5.1 224 53 22 13 10 135 81 20 5 0.2 0.4

11 BPZ-6-T 5.9 892 535 0.5 496 110 53 26 11 40 382 20 6 0.8 0.2

12 BPZ-6-B 6.6 895 537 1.9 448 110 41 26 11 45 365 20 6 0.9 0.2

13 BPZ-7-T 7.4 194 116 11 120 38 6 7 5 88 2 18 0.5 0.5 0.3

14 BPZ-7-B 7.3 98 59 15 128 38 5 4 5 90 3 10 0.3 0.4 0.3

89

Table 4.32 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (June, 2018) Sr

.No

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–



Permissible limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BPZ-1-T 6.7 483 290 5.4 240 48 29 17 8 152 85 18 21 0.05 0.3

2 BPZ-1-B 6.7 484 290 10 220 48 24 17 8 160 50 18 5 0.05 0.3

3 BPZ-2-T 6.4 725 435 100 320 48 48 20 9 204 143 50 0 0.06 0.4

4 BPZ-2-B 6.2 663 398 8.6 320 50 47 20 9 176 125 52 0 0.0 0.4

5 BPZ-3-T 6.4 422 253 27 172 45 14 24 8 184 35 20 0 0.03 0.4

6 BPZ-3-B 6.3 421 253 34 176 30 24 24 8 188 34 20 0 0.02 0.4

7 BPZ-4-T 7.0 1222 733 2.3 480 62 78 53 9 160 539 18 0 0.05 0.9

8 BPZ-4-B 7.1 1239 743 9.3 520 56 91 54 8 148 613 10 0 0.02 0.9

9 BPZ-5-T 6.1 468 281 15 220 35 32 16 9 112 85 22 0 0.05 0.2

10 BPZ-5-B 6.2 459 275 50 180 40 19 16 9 112 94 20 0 0.03 0.2

11 BPZ-6-T 5.5 839 503 8.8 365 90 34 21 9 48 359 20 0 0.01 0.01

12 BPZ-6-B 5.3 833 500 25 312 80 27 21 9 28 388 20 0 0.0 0.01

13 BPZ-7-T 6.1 188 113 45 100 22 11 7 7 92 9 12 0 0.02 0.09

14 BPZ-7-B 6.3 204 122 8.8 104 29 8 7 7 64 24 12 0 0.02 0.11

90

Table 4.33 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-post monsoon (November, 2018) Sr

.No

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–



Permissible limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BPZ-2 6.0 110 66 18 192 43 20 16 11 140 93 42 3 0.89 1.1

2 BPZ-3 5.9 273 164 5.1 120 29 12 12 2 32 93 20 1 0.40 0.32

3 BPZ-5 6.1 688 413 11 272 40 41 45 15 116 203 30 8 0.65 0.58

4 BPZ-6 7.2 516 310 3.4 168 67 10 27 6 72 214 32 4 0.76 0.79

5 BPZ-7 7.2 697 418 13 160 10 33 10 7 104 64 30 2 0.81 0.78

91

Table 4.34 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (February, 2019) Sr

.No

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al H

ardn

ess

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um K

+

Tot

al A

lkal

init

y as

CaC

O3

Sulp

hat

e S

O-2

4

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–



Permissible limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05 200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 BPZ-2 7.3 683 410 60 300 88 19 13 8 212 120 58 5 0.38 0.71

2 BPZ-3 7.5 351 211 2 160 40 14 11 1 40 123 16 3 0.23 0.15

3 BPZ-5 7.2 537 322 15 264 56 30 11 9 120 150 20 6 0.32 0.38

4 BPZ-6 6.7 790 474 12 332 72 36 12 8 40 220 20 5 0.23 0.13

Table 4.35 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-pre monsoon (June, 2019)

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dne

ss

as C

aCO

3

Cal

cium

as

Ca2+

Mag

nesi

um

Mg2+

Sodi

um

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

linit

y

as C

aCO

3

Ph

osph

ate

as P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F-

Nit

rate

N

O3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride

Units - - µS/cm mg/L NTU mg/L

BIS 10500:2012 (Acceptable/ Permissible limit)

6.5/8.5

- 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200

30/100 - - 200/600

- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400

250/ 1000

1 BPZ-1-T 7.5 343 206 0.4 248 51 29 8 5 80 2.9 0.5 72 80 160

92

Table 4.36 Physico-chemical parameters of depth samples of piezometers-post monsoon (October, 2019)

2 BPZ-2-T 6.9 690 414 0.6 144 43 9 13 6 100 0.4 0.9 8 148 60

3 BPZ-3-T 7.0 316 190 0.3 124 38 7 14 4 140 2.1 0.7 3 44 26

4 BPZ-3-B 6.9 316 190 0.3 334 79 33 14 4 144 4.7 0.6 5 37 20

5 BPZ-6-T 6.7 880 528 0.5 388 78 46 12 6 72 2.1 0.2 2 400 32

6 BPZ-6-B 6.5 872 523 0.4 408 78 51 12 6 60 1.9 0.2 30 420 24

7 BPZ-7-T 6.6 205 123 1.1 100 24 10 8 4 108 1.5 0.3 7 4 20

8 BPZ-7-B 6.6 206 124 2.9 92 24 8 8 4 100 0.1 0.3 7 4 20

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s

as C

aCO

3

Cal

ciu

m

as C

a2+

Mag

nesi

um

Mg2+

Sodi

um

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

linit

y

as C

aCO

3

Ph

osph

ate

as P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F-

Nit

rate

N

O3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride


6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200 30/100 - - 200/600 - 1.0/1.5

45 200/400 250/ 1000

1 BPZ-1T 7.4 693 416 0.6 320 96 19 7.5 5 140 0.8 0.2 12 67 56

2 BPZ-1B 7.4 692 415 0.4 312 83 25 7.4 4.5 156 0.7 0.8 2 33 56

3 BPZ-2T 7.5 374 224 0.6 180 48 14 18.1 6.7 140 4.5 0.5 1 89 20

4 BPZ-2B 7.5 405 243 0.3 200 45 21 18.6 6.6 160 3.8 0.7 1 100 20

93

5 BPZ-3-T

7.3 230 138 0.3 60 18 4 23 5.6 96 1.2 0.8 3 23

16

6 BPZ-3-B

7 229 137 0.5 80 18 9 24 5.8 88 0.9 0.3 15 21

20

7 BPZ-6-T

6.8 786 472 0.4 360 80 20 21 4.3 164 1.7 0.2 23 176

16

8 BPZ-6-B

6.8 803 482 1.1 400 112 29 20.9 4.6 120 1.8 0.8 19 200

20

9 BPZ-7-T

7.2 205 123 2.9 88 32 2 6.5 6.9 80 1.4 0.5 3 34

10

10 BPZ-7-B

7.2 205 123 0.4 80 29 2 6.1 7 78 1.3 0.7 7 23

10

94

4.7 Heavy Metal analysis in piezo meters:

It was found that the metals Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards

(Table 4.37). The elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Hg were either not detected or

were below the detection limit during the post-monsoon season (December, 2017). During the

pre-monsoon season (April, 2018), the elements Fe and Mn were within the permissible limits of

BIS standards (Tables 4.38) and the elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg were

either not detected or were below the detection limit.

From Table 4.39 (June 2018) the elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the below

detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters are in the BIS standard limits.

From Table 4.40 (November 2018) the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg shows the below detection

limit or not detected. The remaining parameters are in the BIS standard limits.

From Table 4.41 (Feb 2019) the elements As, Cd, Pb, Hg shows the below detection limit or not

detected. The parameters Al, Fe, Mn, Ni were not in the BIS limits. The remaining parameters

are in the BIS standard limits.

From Table 4.42 (June 2019) the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the below

detection limit or not detected. The parameter Al is not in the BIS limits. The remaining

parameters are in the BIS standard limits.

From Table 4.43 (October 2019) the elements As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg shows the below detection

limit or not detected. The parameter Al is not in the BIS limits for the sample BPZ-7-T. The

remaining parameters are in the BIS standard limits.

95

Table 4.37 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, post-monsoon (December, 2017)


Table 4.38 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (April, 2018)


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BPZ-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.8 0.1 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 2 BPZ-1-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.74 0.007 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 3 BPZ-2-T 0.008 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.67 0.004 BDL BDL 0.0015 BDL 4 BPZ-2-B 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.9 0.009 BDL ND 0.0002 BDL 5 BPZ-3-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.2 BDL ND 0.003 BDL 6 BPZ-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.0004 0.12 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL 7 BPZ-4-T 0.005 BDL 0.0003 BDL BDL 0.43 0.11 BDL BDL 0.003 BDL 8 BPZ-4-B BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL 0.21 0.05 ND ND 0.002 BDL 9 BPZ-5-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.4 0.07 BDL BDL 0.004 BDL 10 BPZ-5-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.0009 ND BDL 0.002 BDL 11 BPZ-6-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.07 0.001 ND BDL 0.003 BDL 12 BPZ-6-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.12 0.0008 BDL BDL 0.004 BDL 13 BPZ-7-T 0.007 BDL BDL BDL ND 0.0006 0.003 BDL BDL 0.0017 BDL 14 BPZ-7-B 0.006 BDL BDL BDL ND 0.05 0.02 BDL BDL 0.004 BDL


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

96


Table 4.39 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (June, 2018)

1 BPZ-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.07 0.007 BDL BDL ND BDL 2 BPZ-1-B BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.06 BDL BDL BDL 0.16 BDL 3 BPZ-2-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 4 BPZ-2-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 BDL ND BDL 0.04 BDL 5 BPZ-3-T 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.08 0.004 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 6 BPZ-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.007 ND BDL 0.5 BDL 7 BPZ-4-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.04 ND BDL ND BDL 8 BPZ-4-B BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.05 ND BDL ND BDL 9 BPZ-5-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.08 ND BDL ND BDL 10 BPZ-5-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.08 0.001 ND BDL ND BDL 11 BPZ-6-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05 0.1 ND BDL BDL BDL 12 BPZ-6-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.02 BDL BDL 0.23 BDL 13 BPZ-7-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0003 0.01 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 14 BPZ-7-B ND BDL BDL BDL ND 0.02 0.07 ND ND 0.01 ND


(ppm) 0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

97

*BDL- Below

detection limit,

ND-Not detected,

all units in mg/L

Table 4.40

Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, post-monsoon (November, 2018)


1 BPZ-1-T ND ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.02 BDL BDL BDL ND

2 BPZ-1-B ND ND BDL ND 0.006 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND

3 BPZ-2-T ND ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.1 BDL BDL BDL ND

4 BPZ-2-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.07 0.1 BDL BDL BDL ND

5 BPZ-3-T ND ND BDL 0.001 0.1 0.07 BDL BDL 0.1 ND

6 BPZ-3-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.2 BDL BDL 0.7 ND

7 BPZ-4-T ND ND BDL 0.001 0.04 BDL BDL BDL BDL ND

8 BPZ-4-B ND ND BDL 0.01 0.017 0.06 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL

9 BPZ-5-T ND ND BDL BDL 0.04 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

10 BPZ-5-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.01 ND BDL BDL 0.4 0.0001

11 BPZ-6-T ND ND BDL 0.01 0.01 0.06 BDL BDL 0.2 BDL

12 BPZ-6-B ND ND BDL 0.009 0.001 0.06 BDL BDL 0.3 BDL

13 BPZ-7-T ND ND BDL 0.004 0.004 0.03 BDL BDL BDL BDL

14 BPZ-7-B ND ND BDL BDL 0.06 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.00003


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BPZ-2 0.735 ND ND ND ND 4.184 0.385 0.027 0.0008 0.0099 BDL

2 BPZ-3 0.024 ND ND ND ND 0.053 0.2467 0.0304 0.0005 0.041 ND

3 BPZ-5 0.406 ND ND ND ND 6.882 0.478 0.0027 0.0009 0.0033 ND

4 BPZ-6 1.457 ND 0.0005 ND ND 0.315 3.602 0.041 0.0144 0.109 ND

5 BPZ-7 2.749 ND 0.00005 0.0002 0.0587 0.041 0.011 0.00396 0.0011 0.0062 ND

98

Table 4.41 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (February, 2019)


Table 4.42 Concentration of trace elements in depth samples of piezometers, pre-monsoon (June, 2019)


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 BPZ-2 0.597 ND

BDL 0.033 0.005 4.178 0.366 0.026 ND 0.025 ND

2 BPZ-3 ND ND

BDL BDL 0.001 0.074 0.420 0.469 BDL 0.031 ND

3 BPZ-5 2.647 ND

BDL BDL 0.001 0.131 0.476 0.004 ND 0.014 0.0002

4 BPZ-6 0.179 ND

BDL 0.031 0.002 1.020 3.396 0.043 0.007 0.218 BDL

Sr.No


BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001

ICP detection 0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

99

Tab

le

4.43

Con

cent

rati

on

of

trac

e

elements in depth samples of piezometers, post-monsoon (October, 2019)

Limit (ppm)

1 BPZ-1T 0.235 ND ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.023 ND 0.001 BDL ND

2 BPZ-2T 0.224 ND ND BDL BDL 0.123 0.177 0.0002 0.005 BDL BDL

3 BPZ-3-T 0.206 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.111 0.075 0.003 ND 0.130 ND

4 BPZ-3-B 0.135 ND ND BDL BDL 0.322 0.200 BDL BDL 0.743 ND

5 BPZ-6-T 0.219 ND ND BDL 0.01 0.501 0.064 BDL BDL 0.221 BDL

6 BPZ-6-B ND ND 0.0002 BDL 0.009 0.057 0.061 BDL BDL 0.312 BDL

7 BPZ-7-T 0.235 ND 0.0004 BDL 0.004 ND 0.035 ND BDL BDL BDL

8 BPZ-7-B 0.024 ND ND BDL BDL 0.016 BDL BDL ND BDL 0.0002

Sr.No


BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

15 BPZ-1T 0.1 ND ND ND 0.001 0.3 0.03 BDL BDL 1.1 BDL

16 BPZ-1B 0.5 0.009 0.0008 0.01 0.04 ND ND 0.01 BDL 0.4 ND

100

17 BPZ-2T 0.6 BDL 0.0004 0.01 0.1 2.2 0.1 0.01 BDL 0.2 BDL

18 BPZ-2B 0.04 BDL 0.0007 0.02 0.01 ND 0.08 0.005 BDL 0.2 ND

19 BPZ-3-T 0.05 0.007 0.0004 0.01 0.008 ND 0.1 BDL BDL 0.2 ND

20 BPZ-3-B 0.08 BDL 0.0003 BDL 0.008 0.6 0.1 BDL BDL 0.01 ND

21 BPZ-6-T 0.07 BDL 0.0006 BDL 0.008 ND 0.2 0.008 BDL 0.3 BDL

22 BPZ-6-B 0.01 0.007 0.0003 BDL 0.006 0.8 ND 0.01 BDL 0.3 BDL

23 BPZ-7-T 3.8 BDL 0.0009 BDL 0.007 0.4 0.02 BDL BDL 0.1 ND

24 BPZ-7-B 0.07 0.009 0.0004 BDL 0.005 0.3 0.009 BDL 0.009 0.1 BDL

101

4.8 Mine Pit water analysis

The mine pit water samples have been collected at various locations and at various depths of the

mine pit and analyzed in the laboratory for major physico-chemical parameters in the post and

pre-monsoon seasons (Tables 4.44 to 4.49). The major cations, anions and trace elements were

also analyzed and compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS 10500:2012).

pH: The pH of the samples were found in between 6.9 (JP-3) to 7.8 (JP-1 & JP-2 Depth) during

post-monsoon season (December, 2017) and 6.9 (JP-9-B) to 8.6 (JP-7-B) during the pre-

monsoon season (April, 2018). pH is found to be within acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS

standards for all the samples during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44). During pre-monsoon

season pH is found to be within acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS standards for all the

samples except for sample JP-7-B (8.6) (Table 4.45). The pH of all samples during June 2018,

Nov 2018, June 2019 and October 2019 are in acceptable range of 6.5 to 8.5 as per BIS standards

(Tables 4.46 to 4.49).

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): TDS results show that it varies in the range 587 mg/L (JP-1

Depth & JP-3) to 602 mg/L (JP-4 Depth) during post-monsoon (Table 4.44) and varies in the

range 635 mg/L (JP-8-B) to 648 mg/L (JP-3-T, JP-5-T and JP-7-T) during the pre-monsoon

season (Table 4.45). The TDS values ranges within the permissible limit as per BIS standard

(2012:10500) for all the samples in both the seasons. The TDS of all samples during June 2018,

Nov 2018, June 2019 and October 2019 are in acceptable range as per BIS standards (Tables

4.46 to 4.49).

Chloride: Chloride varies in the range of 14 mg/L (JP-1 Depth, JP-2, JP-2 Depth, JP- 3, JP-3

Depth, JP-4 and JP-4 Depth) to 16 mg/L (JP-1) during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44) and

varies in the range of 20 mg/L (JP-1-T, JP-1-B, JP-5-T, JP-5-B, JP-6-T, JP-6-B, JP-9-T and JP-9-

B) to 26 mg/L (JP-3-T, JP-3-B and JP-8-B) during pre-monsoon (Table 4.45). It was observed

that the chloride concentration in all the samples was within the permissible limit of BIS

standard (2012:10500). The chloride concentration of all samples during June 2018, Nov 2018,

June 2019 and October 2019 are in acceptable range as per BIS standards (Tables 4.46 to 4.49).

102

Sulphate: Sulphate concentration varies in the range 475 mg/L (JP-4) to 545 mg/L (JP-2 Depth)

during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44) and varies in the range 430 mg/L (JP-4-B) to 500

mg/L (JP-1-T) during pre-monsoon season (Table 4.45). The Sulphate concentration in all the

samples was above the permissible limit of BIS standard (2012:10500) in both seasons. The

sulphate concentration of all samples during June 2018, Nov 2018and October 2019 are in

acceptable range as per BIS standards except for the season June 2019 (Tables 4.46 to 4.49).

Nitrate: Nitrate concentration varies in the range 0 (JP-1, JP-2, JP-3 Depth, JP-4, JP-4 Depth)

mg/L to 2 mg/L (JP-2 Depth) during post-monsoon (Table 4.44) and varies in the range 0.4

mg/L (JP-4-T, JP-4-B, JP-5-B, JP-8-T and JP-8-B) to 1.3 mg/L (JP-2-B) during the pre-monsoon

(Table 4.45). The nitrate concentration was found to be within the permissible limits of BIS

standards for seasons June 2018, Nov 2018, June 2019 and October 2019 (Tables 4.46 to 4.49)

Fluoride: The Fluoride concentration varies in the range 6.80 mg/L (JP-1) to 7.60 mg/L (JP-3)

during post-monsoon season (Table 4.44) and varies in the range 6.4 mg/L (JP-6-B) to 7.1 mg/L

(JP-4-T & JP-5-B) in the pre-monsoon season (Table 4.45). The fluoride concentration in all the

samples exceeded the BIS limits in all seasons (Tables 4.46 to 4.49).

103

Table 4.44 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (December, 2017)

S.no

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dne

ss

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um

K+

Tot

al

Alk

alin

ity

Sulp

hat

e SO

-24

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–

Unit - µs/cm mg/l NTU

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 JP-1-T 7.8 1001 601 1.0 556 154 42 24 13 105 526 16 0 0.15 6.80

2 JP-1-B 7.6 978 587 0.8 536 155 36 20 14 95 537 14 1 0.02 6.90

3 JP-2-T 7.7 997 598 0.7 540 154 38 17 12 65 505 14 0 0.02 7.40

4 JP-2-B 7.8 1001 601 0.9 536 157 35 18 12 80 545 14 2 0.06 7.20

5 JP-3-T 6.9 978 587 0.7 536 157 35 18 13 95 494 14 1 0.14 7.60

6 JP-3-B 7.6 994 596 0.8 540 154 38 18 12 70 491 14 0 0.03 7.40

7 JP-4-T 7.3 981 589 0.8 540 150 40 19 13 65 475 14 0 0.03 7.30

8 JP-4-B 7.4 1004 602 0.9 540 150 40 19 12 65 536 14 0 0.03 7.40

Table 4.45 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (April, 2018)

S.n

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dne

ss

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um

K+

Tot

al

Alk

alin

ity

Sulp

hat

e SO

-24

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–

104


mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 JP-1-T 8.0 1075 645 0.8 536 155 36 9 14 40 500 20 0.7 0.1 6.7

2 JP-1-B 7.2 1074 644 1.0 540 155 36 10 14 50 453 20 1.2 0.3 6.6

3 JP-2-T 7.5 1074 644 1.0 548 139 48 10 14 50 460 24 0.6 0.1 6.9

4 JP-2-B 7.4 1079 647 1.3 536 155 36 10 14 55 443 22 1.3 0.2 6.8

5 JP-3-T 7.5 1080 648 1.0 532 160 32 9 14 45 451 26 0.9 0.2 6.7

6 JP-3-B 7.6 1063 638 1.5 564 160 39 9 14 25 456 26 0.5 0.2 7.2

7 JP-4-T 7.5 1079 647 1.1 552 158 37 9 14 50 452 24 0.4 0.1 7.1

8 JP-4-B 7.5 1076 646 1.2 552 165 34 9 14 100 430 24 0.4 0.1 6.7

9 JP-5-T 7.5 1080 648 0.8 528 157 33 9 14 75 431 20 0.5 0.1 7.0

10 JP-5-B 7.6 1078 647 1.4 564 162 38 9 14 75 475 20 0.4 0.1 7.1

11 JP-6-T 7.4 1079 647 1.1 540 157 36 9 14 50 469 20 0.7 0.1 6.9

12 JP-6-B 7.6 1074 644 1.0 528 157 48 9 14 44 452 20 0.7 0.1 6.4

13 JP-7-T 7.6 1080 648 0.9 576 170 36 9 14 50 478 24 0.7 0.02 6.8

14 JP-7-B 8.6 1079 647 1.2 560 176 29 9 15 75 469 24 0.6 0.1 6.6

15 JP-8-T 8.3 1061 637 0.8 580 147 51 9 14 30 480 24 0.4 0.1 6.7

16 JP-8-B 7.8 1059 635 1.0 612 154 55 9 14 35 450 26 0.4 0.2 6.8

17 JP-9-T 7.7 1078 647 0.9 580 155 46 9 14 35 453 20 0.5 0.2 6.8

18 JP-9-B 6.9 1079 647 1.0 576 152 47 10 14 50 493 20 0.8 0.1 6.8

105

Table 4.46 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (June, 2018)

S.n

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dne

ss

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um

K+

Tot

al

Alk

alin

ity

Sulp

hat

e SO

-24

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 JP-1 6.7 1004 602 5.4 500 163 22 12 14 68 317 42 0 0.02 4.3

2 JP-2 7.2 998 599 3.6 504 138 38 19 14 68 391 20 0 0.02 4.3

3 JP-3 7.1 1008 605 2.7 420 122 28 17 14 48 363 22 0 0.08 4.3

106

Table 4.47 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (November, 2018)

S.n

o

Sam

ple

Cod

e

pH

EC

TD

S

Tu

rbid

ity

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s

Cal

cium

as

Ca+

2

Mag

nes

ium

as

Mg+

2

Sod

ium

Na+

Pot

assi

um

K+

Tot

al

Alk

alin

ity

Sulp

hat

e SO

-24

Chl

orid

e C

l-

Nit

rate

NO

- 3

Pho

sph

ate

Flu

orid

e F

–


mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

BIS 10500-2012


limit

6.5-8.5

- 500-2000

01-05

200-600

75-200

30-100

- - 200-600

200-400

250-1000

45 - 0.5-1.5

1 JP-1 2 688 413 3.3 472 75 68 45 13 124 363 20 1 0.43 4.5

2 JP-2 5.8 108 65 1.1 404 102 36 15 12 136 211 16 1 0.28 4.6

3 JP-3 6.5 297 178 2.5 368 80 40 12 10 90 207 18 1 0.29 4.2

Table 4.48 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (June, 2019)

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s a

s C

aCO

3

Cal

ciu

m

as C

a2+

Mag

nesi

um

Mg2+

Sodi

um

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

linit

y a

s C

aCO

3 P

hos

pha

te a

s P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F-

Nit

rate

N

O3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride


6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200

30/100 - - 200/600

- 1.0/1.5 45 200/400

250/ 1000

107

Table 4.49 Concentration of physico-chemical parameters of mine pit water, post-monsoon (October, 2019)

1 JP-1 7.4 1019 611 0.3 570 130 59 13 10 96 3.5 4.4 5 605 24

2 JP-2 7.4 1014 608 0.3 542 120 58 14 10 58 0.0 4.3 2 570 56

3 JP-3 7.3 1031 619 0.3 476 118 43 13 10 52 1.0 4.8 3 602 32

4 JP-4 7.3 1022 613 0.3 524 128 49 13 10 72 4.3 4.6 2 520 36

5 JP-5 7.3 1016 610 0.3 520 122 52 13 9 100 1.9 4.7 1 482 52

6 JP-6 7.3 1008 605 0.3 526 87 74 13 9 76 2.9 4.7 2 560 34

7 JP-7 6.6 1017 610 1.8 480 112 48 13 9 60 4.3 4.4 3 515 30

Sr. No

Sample Code

pH

EC TDS (mg/l)

Tur

bidi

ty

Tot

al

Har

dnes

s

as C

aCO

3

Cal

ciu

m

as C

a2+

Mag

nesi

um

Mg2+

Sodi

um

Pot

assi

um

Tot

al

alka

linit

y

as C

aCO

3

Ph

osph

ate

as P

O4-2

Flu

orid

e as

F-

Nit

rate

N

O3-

sulp

hate

chlo

ride


6.5/8.5 - 500/ 2000

1/5 200/ 600

75/200 30/100 - - 200/600 - 1.0/1.5

45 200/400 250/ 1000

1 JP-1 7.8 819 491 0.3 392 110 28 12 10 88 1.1 1.9 16 234 20

2 JP-2 7.7 825 495 0.3 408 115 29 13 10 64 0.7 1.8 12 267 20

108

4.8 Heavy Metals

It was found that the metals Fe, Mn and Zn were within the permissible limits of BIS standards

in pre and post monsoon seasons (Table 4.50 & 4.51). The elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni,

Pb and Hg were either not detected or were below the detection limit during the post-monsoon

season (December, 2017) and pre-monsoon season (April, 2018).

From Table 4.52 (June 2018) the elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the below

detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Al,Fe, Mn are in the BIS standard

limits.

From Table 4.53 (November 2018) the elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg shows

the below detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Al, Mn are in the BIS

standard limits.

From Table 4.54 (June 2019) the elements like Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg shows the

below detection limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Fe, Mn are in the BIS

standard limits.

From Table 4.55 (October 2019) the elements like As, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg shows the below detection

limit or not detected. The remaining parameters like Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn are in the BIS

standard limits.

Table 4.50 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, post-monsoon (December, 2017)


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 JP-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.0009 0.03 BDL BDL 0.05 BDL 2 JP-1-B BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL 0.1 0.2 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL 3 JP-2-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.1 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL 4 JP-2-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0005 0.91 0.08 BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 5 JP-3-T BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0006 0.92 0.07 BDL 0.01 0.03 BDL

109

*BDL-Below detection limit, all units in mg/L

Table 4.51 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, pre-monsoon

(April, 2018) *BDL-Below detection limit, ND-Not detected, all units in mg/L

Table 4.52 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (June, 2018)

6 JP-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.0005 0.0001 BDL BDL 0.03 BDL 7 JP-4-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0004 0.004 BDL BDL 0.002 BDL 8 JP-4-B BDL BDL 0.0004 BDL BDL 0.4 0.008 BDL BDL 0.005 BDL


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 JP-1-T BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.007 0.1 ND BDL 1.4 BDL 2 JP-1-B BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.21 0.04 0.12 BDL BDL 2.3 BDL 3 JP-2-T 0.002 BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.1 0.006 BDL BDL 3.2 BDL 4 JP-2-B 0.002 BDL BDL BDL ND 0.04 0.001 ND BDL 2.6 BDL 5 JP-3-T 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.005 BDL BDL 1.5 BDL 6 JP-3-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.004 ND BDL 0.5 BDL 7 JP-4-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.12 ND ND BDL 1.2 BDL 8 JP-4-B BDL BDL ND BDL BDL 0.07 ND BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 9 JP-5-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.13 0.002 BDL BDL ND BDL

10 JP-5-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 0.017 BDL BDL ND BDL 11 JP-6-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.005 BDL BDL BDL BDL 12 JP-6-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.017 0.004 BDL BDL BDL BDL 13 JP-7-T BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL 14 JP-7-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 15 JP-8-T BDL BDL BDL BDL ND 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 0.5 BDL 16 JP-8-B 0.005 BDL ND BDL BDL 0.001 0.05 BDL BDL 2.1 BDL 17 JP-9-T BDL BDL ND BDL 0.005 0.004 0.04 ND ND 1.2 BDL 18 JP-9-B BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.06 0.007 BDL BDL ND BDL

Sr.No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg

BIS Limit (ppm)

0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001

ICP 0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

110


Table 4.53 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, post-monsoon(November,2018)

detection Limit (ppm)

1 JP-1 0.389 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.04 0.04 BDL BDL 1.3 ND

2 JP-2 0.01 ND ND BDL BDL 0.1 0.04 BDL BDL 0.1 ND

3 JP-3 3.708 ND ND BDL BDL 0.04 0.01 BDL BDL BDL ND


(ppm) 0.03-0.20

0.01-0.05

0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0

0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 JP-1 0.389 ND ND ND ND ND 0.083 ND ND ND ND

2 JP-2 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND 0.0285 ND ND ND 0.0005

3 JP-3 3.708 ND ND ND 0.224 0.249 0.109 0.0006 ND 0.0156 BDL

111


Table 4.54 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, pre-monsoon (June,2019)

Table 4.55 Trace elements of the samples of mine pit water, post-monsoon (October,2019)

Sr.No


BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5

0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30

0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 JP-1 ND ND ND 0.001 0.001 0.046 0.022 ND BDL 1.423 ND

2 JP-2 ND 0.003 0.0002 0.0003 BDL 0.371 0.061 0.0002 BDL 0.1 0.0002

3 JP-3 0.031 BDL ND BDL BDL 0.062 0.010 BDL BDL BDL 0.0010

4 JP-4 ND 0.001 0.001 ND 0.001 0.081 0.061 BDL BDL 1.201 0.0012

5 JP-5 0.001 0.002 0.0001 BDL BDL 0.521 0.080 BDL BDL 0.101 BDL

6 JP-6 ND ND ND BDL BDL 0.034 0.014 BDL BDL BDL ND

7 JP-7 0.011 ND ND BDL 0.001 0.061 0.012 BDL BDL 1.304 ND

Sr. Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Hg

112

4.9 Heavy metals in soil:

Soil is the unconsolidated mineral matter that has been subjected to, and influenced by genetic and environmental factors – parent

material, climate, organisms and topography all acting over a period of time. Soil differs from the parent material in the

morphological, physical, chemical and biological properties (Soil Testing Manual, 2011). According to USDA (United States

Department of Agriculture), mining, manufacturing and the use of synthetic products (e.g. pesticides, paints, batteries, industrial

waste, and land application of industrial or domestic sludge) can result in heavy metal contamination of urban and agricultural soils

(Table 4.56). Heavy metals also occur naturally, but rarely at toxic levels. Furthermore, potentially contaminated soils may occur at

old landfill sites (particularly those that accepted industrial wastes), old orchards that used insecticides containing arsenic as an active

ingredient, fields that had past applications of waste water or municipal sludge, areas in or around mining waste piles and tailings,

industrial areas where chemicals may have been dumped on the ground, or in areas downwind from industrial sites (Technical Note,

2000).

No

BIS Limit (ppm) 0.03-0.2 0.01 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.001


0.00001 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.000075

1 JP-1 0.05 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.003 0.5 0.02 BDL BDL 0.08 BDL

2 JP-2 0.04 BDL 0.0006 BDL 0.003 0.1 0.01 BDL BDL 0.1 BDL

113

Table 4.56 Content of Various Elements in Soils (Lindsay, 1979)

Metal Selected Average for Soils mg/kg

Common range for Soils mg/kg

Al 71000 10,000-3,000,000 Fe 38000 7,000-550,000 Mn 600 20-3,000 Cu 30 2-100 Cr 100 1-1,000 Cd 0.06 0.01-0.70 Zn 50 10-300 Ni 40 5-500 Pb 10 2-200

Source: Ground Water Issue, EPA/540/S-92/018 Oct 1992

The concentration of metals in soil is primarily related to the geology of the parent material from

which the soil was formed. Depending on the local geology, the concentration of metals in a soil

may exceed the ranges listed in Table 4.18. Soil samples from the study area were analyzed by

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for Al, As, Cr, Fe, Pb,

and Hg (Table 4.57). Analysis data shows that all elements were within average and common

range given under Table 4.57. It was observed that Al ranged between 1001.84 mg/kg 1093.54

mg/kg. However, Arsenic (As) was found below detection limit in all samples. Chromium

ranged between 48.31 mg/kg 98.26 mg/kg. It was observed that Fe ranged between 18758 mg/kg

to 26048 mg/kg. The Pb ranged between 0.04 mg/kg to 0.19 mg/kg, whereas Hg was found in

the range of 0.001 mg/kg to 0.003 mg/kg.

Table 4.57 Trace elements in soil samples, post-monsoon (December, 2017) Sr.No Site Depth

(cm) Heavy Metal (mg/kg)

As Al Cr Fe Pb Hg 1

BSL-I

0-20 BDL 1022.84 77.06 24078 0.11 0.001 2 20-40 BDL 1030.84 88.76 24778 0.15 0.001 3 40-60 BDL 1051.84 77.33 24598 0.16 0.002 4 60-80 BDL 1048.84 86.94 24418 0.17 0.002 5 80-100 BDL 1056.84 78.43 25368 0.07 0.001 6

BSL-II

0-20 BDL 1052.84 75.00 25998 0.19 0.003 7 20-40 BDL 1084.84 98.26 26048 0.14 0.002 8 40-60 BDL 1080.84 87.56 25938 0.18 0.003 9 60-80 BDL 1093.84 89.06 26028 0.16 BDL

114

10 80-100 BDL 1082.84 85.06 25038 0.10 0.003 11

BSL-III

0-20 BDL 1029.84 48.31 19688 0.12 0.003 12 20-40 BDL 1048.84 49.59 19618 0.09 BDL 13 40-60 BDL 1001.84 50.22 19128 0.05 0.001 14 60-80 BDL 1012.84 49.48 18758 0.06 0.001 15 80-100 BDL 1438.84 46.57 18908 0.04 0.001

4.10 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

The TCLP test was conducted as per US EPA SW-846, method-1311. The trace element

concentration (Table 4.58) indicates that the leaching is within the Regulatory level of

USAEPA-RCRA-D list. Based upon this leaching studies, none of the ash samples would fail the

TCLP for high As, B, Cd, Cr, and Pb, as they were all well below the regulatory level of 5 mg/L

for As, Cr, Pb, 100 mg/L for B and 1 mg/L for Cd respectively. These leaching studies reveal

that collected fly ash and bottom ash samples were non-hazardous in nature as per RCRA

guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986).

Table 4.58 TCLP Trace metal concentrations – June 2018

Sample code

Al As

Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb B

RL* - 5.0

ppm

1.0

ppm

- 5.0

ppm

- - - - 5.0

ppm

-

BEL-June

0.44 0.008 0.0004 0.0086 0.025 0.400 9.200 1.05 0.041 0.0014 1.45

BFPP1-June

4.14 0.011 0.0004 0.0023 0.030 0.691 1.430 0.33 0.034 0.0003 2.25

BFPP2-June

2.56 0.006 0.0004 0.0142 0.040 0.875 1.960 1.03 0.052 0.0012 0.86

RL: Regulatory level by USEPA-RCRA-D List (mg/L)

BFPP1, BFPP2 are the ash generation units of BSL and BEL is the ash generation units of Tata Steel BSL Energy Limited.

115

Table 4.59 TCLP Trace metal concentrations – June 2018

Sr.No Sample

code Hg

RL* 0.2 ppm

1 BEL-June 0.00005

2 BFPP1-June 0.00118

3 BFPP2-June 0.00007

116

4.11 Chemical characterization of the ash samples

The ash characterization results indicate that the ash samples collected in June 2018 comes under the class F with the percentage of

SiO2 (54.79% - 62.99%) followed by Al2O3 (23.78% - 27.02%), Fe2O3 (3.21% - 5.98%), TiO2 (1.43% - 1.76%) respectively (Table

4.60). As per the results, the major constituents in the pond ash are Si, Al, Fe and Ti as prominent elements in the form of oxides,

silicates and alumino-silicates.

The ash characterization results indicate that the ash samples collected in June 2019 also comes under the class F with the percentage

of SiO2 (51.86% - 60.92%) followed by Al2O3 (22.96 – 24.79%), Fe2O3 (3.87% - 7.77%), TiO2 (1.62% - 1.88%) respectively (Table

4.61). As per the results, the major constituents in the pond ash are Si, Al, Fe and Ti as prominent elements in the form of oxides,

silicates and alumino-silicates.

Table 4.60: Chemical composition (%) of ash samples (June 2018)

Sample Name SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O TiO2 CaO MgO Na2O P2O5 SO3 Cr2O3 MnO2 CuO Rb2O SrO Y2O3 ZrO2 Nb2O5 BaO Cl NiO BEL-1-June 54.80 23.88 5.84 1.10 1.43 3.82 2.53 0.15 0.55 1.45 0.02 0.15 0.009 0.008 0.04 0.006 0.04 0.004 0.03 0.15 0.008BEL-2-June 54.79 23.78 5.98 1.12 1.51 3.76 2.49 0.16 0.54 1.43 0.02 0.15 0.009 0.007 0.04 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.03 0.14 0.01 BFPP1-1-June 59.21 23.89 3.40 1.37 1.49 1.34 0.83 0.15 0.67 0.61 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.009 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.02 0.04 0.009BFPP1-2-June 58.99 23.79 3.21 1.35 1.50 1.35 0.82 0.16 0.69 0.65 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.008 0.02 0.003 0.03 0.004 0.02 0.04 0.009BFPP2-1-June 62.12 25.11 3.54 1.32 1.55 1.48 0.99 0.15 0.65 0.30 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.008 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.01 BFPP2-2-June 62.37 24.78 3.63 1.33 1.54 1.43 0.97 0.17 0.60 0.35 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.009 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.004 0.03 0.02 0.009NTPC-1-June 62.99 27.02 3.57 0.95 1.76 0.92 0.38 0.10 0.54 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.006 0.01 0.006 0.04 0.005 0.02 0.01 0.01

Table 4.61: Chemical composition (%) of ash samples (June 2019)

Sample Name SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O TiO2 CaO MgO Na2O P2O5 SO3 Cr2O3 MnO2 CuO Rb2O SrO Y2O3 ZrO2 Nb2O5 BaO Cl NiO Neeri/J-19/BEL-1 52.05 23.42 7.70 1.07 1.64 5.69 2.63 0.33 0.55 1.79 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BEL-2 51.86 23.38 7.77 1.06 1.62 5.75 2.71 0.34 0.56 1.81 0.03 0.16 0.01 - - 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BFPP-1-1 54.78 23.02 4.54 1.13 1.79 2.20 1.03 0.17 0.51 0.81 0.02 0.06 0.02 - 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BFPP-1-2 55.10 22.96 4.39 1.10 1.73 2.21 1.02 0.16 0.48 0.77 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.01 Neeri/J-19/BFPP-2-1 60.92 24.79 3.87 1.30 1.88 1.63 0.89 0.09 0.54 0.29 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.02 - Neeri/J-19/BFPP-2-2 60.52 24.74 3.96 1.27 1.85 1.64 0.90 0.09 0.53 0.31 0.04 0.05 0.01 - 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01

117

4.12Trace elements in plants and fishes

4.12.1 Trace elements in plants samples for December 2017

Trace element analysis of 43 plants samples as evaluated by ICP-OES are in terms of following values represented well below in (Fig.

4.7, Fig. 4.8 and Table 4.62). Results for all locations can be well clearly understood by referring it to the Fig. 3.11, Table 3.3 and

Table 3.4.

Table 4.62 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in plant samples in ICP OES for December, 2017

Sr.No. Sample code As Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn


0.007 0.0001 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.001

Permissible limits (ppm)

2 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 50

1 JPP-3-2 BDL 0.002 0.01 0.07 0.046 5.57 1.56 0.04 0.02 2.42 0.43

2 JPP-6-2 BDL 0.001 0.004 0.06 2.33 4.46 0.45 0.01 0.04 0.48 0.18

3 JPP-2-2 BDL 0.0001 0.009 0.09 0.01 3.64 4.18 0.02 0.02 7.74 0.19

4 JPP-1-3 BDL 0.0001 0.002 0.05 0.47 2.71 0.21 0.009 0.01 BDL 0.23

5 JPP-1-5 BDL BDL 0.006 0.07 0.49 5.01 0.43 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.15

6 JPP-1-6 BDL 0.001 0.009 0.07 0.33 12.64 0.96 0.02 0.23 BDL 0.35

7 JPP-1-7 BDL BDL 0.003 0.07 0.55 3.61 0.16 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.15

8 JPP-1-8 BDL 0.0001 0.008 0.08 1.87 10.64 0.85 0.02 0.05 BDL 0.29

9 JPP-1-9 BDL BDL 0.03 0.06 0.05 5.67 0.46 0.14 0.01 BDL 0.59

10 JPP-2-1 BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.02 0.57 0.40 0.01 0.005 BDL 0.14

11 JPP-4-2 BDL BDL 0.005 0.08 0.03 5.08 0.76 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.21

12 JPP-4-3 BDL 0.0001 0.02 0.16 0.11 30.48 0.69 0.06 0.04 BDL 0.39

13 JPP-17-2 BDL 0.00082 0.006 0.14 0.066 5.46 0.39 0.02 0.03 BDL 0.26

118

14 JPP-1-6 BDL BDL 0.002 0.07 0.03 2.46 0.06 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.14

15 JPP-4-1 BDL BDL 0.006 0.07 0.02 8.19 0.24 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.19

16 JPP-9-1 BDL BDL 0.002 0.06 0.03 2.76 0.16 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.18

17 JPP-18-2 BDL 0.0004 0.019 0.11 0.11 13.51 2.12 0.04 0.03 0.7 0.49

18 JPP-1-3 BDL 0.0005 0.004 0.09 0.03 4.61 8.11 0.04 0.03 15.44 0.53

19 JPP-19-2 BDL 0.001 0.03 0.09 0.51 19.08 1.8 0.04 0.04 5.91 0.51

20 JPP-11 BDL 0.0001 0.008 0.11 0.36 8.91 0.66 0.03 0.04 1.62 0.36

21 JPP-1 BDL BDL 0.0001 0.17 0.01 0.056 0.99 0.004 0.01 BDL 0.05

22 JPP-3-9 BDL 0.0001 0.004 0.08 0.73 2.72 5 0.02 0.02 12.5 0.26

23 JPP-6-1 BDL BDL 0.005 0.13 0.26 5.65 0.54 0.07 0.02 1.55 0.21 24 JPP-1-4 BDL 0.0001 0.002 0.09 0.02 1.41 0.07 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.12

25 JPP-12-2 BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.03 0.91 0.09 0.006 0.01 BDL 0.12 26 JPP-5-1 BDL 0.001 0.006 0.05 0.39 6.73 1.23 0.02 0.05 0.99 0.41 27 JPP-8-2 BDL BDL BDL 0.15 0.01 1.34 0.1 0.01 0.01 BDL 0.08 28 JPP-12-1 BDL BDL 0.0009 0.09 0.02 1.33 0.24 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.13 29 JPP-1-9 BDL BDL 0.0043 0.11 0.04 4.69 0.31 0.012 0.01 BDL 0.11

30 JPP-8-1 BDL 0.0003 0.03 0.05 0.04 4.95 2.52 0.02 0.01 0.45 0.16

31 JPP-1-5 BDL BDL 0.007 0.05 0.01 3.91 0.40 0.01 0.01 0.39 0.11

32 JPP-1-2 BDL BDL 0.014 0.15 0.11 8.51 1.22 0.02 0.01 0.75 0.37

33 JPP-14 BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.002 1.97 0.11 0.01 0.001 0.85 0.21

34 JPP-15-2 BDL BDL 0.007 0.04 0.01 1.58 0.9 0.01 0.01 1.19 0.19

35 CROP3 BDL BDL 0.03 BDL 0.05 9.24 0.54 BDL BDL 1.08 0.2

36 CROP4 BDL BDL 0.018 BDL 0.02 3.43 0.22 BDL BDL 1.44 0.25

37 JPP-3-3 BDL BDL 0.018 0.1 0.06 7.04 0.43 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.2

38 JPP-5-2 BDL BDL 0.024 0.14 0.01 0.75 0.08 0.01 0.001 1.76 0.14

39 JPP-7-1 BDL BDL 0.02 0.07 0.02 1.71 0.22 0.01 0.002 1.76 0.19

40 JPP-9-2 BDL BDL 0.024 0.09 0.12 10.67 1.06 0.22 0.02 BDL 0.51

41 JPP-7-2 BDL BDL 0.006 0.06 0.04 2.58 0.41 0.02 0.01 0.19 0.17

42 CROP1 BDL BDL 0.03 BDL 0.02 2.30 0.42 BDL BDL BDL 0.21

43 CROP2 BDL BDL 0.028 BDL 0.04 3.72 0.21 BDL BDL BDL 0.21

119

Arsenic: As is a non-essential element and is toxic to plants. Trace element analysis of As

contamination were below detection levels (BDL).

Cadmium: is a non-essential element that interferes with the normal growth and development of

plants. Cd levels observed in the plant samples were between 0.00001 ppm (JPP-1-4) to

0.002ppm (JPP-3-2). Cd was present in some plant samples analyzed (JPP-3-2, JPP-6-2, JPP-2-2,

JPP-1-3, JPP-1-8, JPP-4-3, JPP-17-2, JPP-18-2, JPP-1-3, JPP-19-2, JPP-11, JPP-3-9, JPP-1-4, JPP-5-1,

JPP-8-1).

Cobalt: Co is a transition element that is an essential component of enzymes and co-enzymes is

responsible for growth and metabolism in plants. Co values observed in the plant sample and

ranged from values as low as 0.0001ppm (JPP-1) to values as high as 0.03 ppm (JPP-19-2).

Chromium: Chromium is a non-essential element in plants known for its genotoxic effects. The

values observed for Cr in plants ranges from 0.04 ppm (JPP-1-9) to 0.09238 (JPP-2-2).

Concentration for Cr for all the samples were all below the permissible limit

Copper: Copper is one of the eight essential micronutrient element that is required by plant in

many enzymatic reactions and chlorophyll production. The copper values observed for the plant

samples vary from 0.01 ppm (JPP-8-2) to 2.33ppm (JPP-6-2). The copper values for most of the

plant samples were relatively low except two samples (JPP-4-3, JPP 1-9).

Iron: Iron is an essential micronutrient involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and maintenance

of chloroplast. The observed value for the Fe in the plant samples ranges from 0.056 ppm (JPP-

1) to 30ppm (JPP-4-3). Fe values were below the permissible limit, even though it is an iron

mining belt. Fe values were close to the permissible limit for some plant samples (JPP-1-6, JPP-18-2

and JPP-19-2 ), because it is an iron mining belt, Only exception was samples JPP 4-3 which was over

the permissible limits.

Manganese: The values for Mn range from 0.07 ppm (JPP-1-4) to 8.11ppm (JPP-1-3). The

manganese values in the majority of the plant samples were low even though it is a manganese

mining belt. Only some of the plant samples Mn values were relatively low (JPP-1-4, JPP-12-2

JPP-14, CROP4 JPP-5-2, JPP-7-1, JPP-1-6, JPP-4-1, JPP-9-1 JPP-1-3, JPP-1-7).

Nickel: Nickel is an essential micronutrient that is concerned with the activation of urease

enzyme. The values for the element Ni ranges from 0.004 (JPP-1) to 0.07 (JPP-6-1). For some of

the plant samples the values were much greater than the others in comparison (JPP-3-2, JPP-2-2,

120

JPP-1-5, JPP-1-6, JPP-1-8, JPP-1-9, JPP-4-3, JPP-17-2, JPP-18-2 JPP-1-3, JPP-19-2, JPP-11,

JPP-6-1, JPP-5-1, JPP-8-1, JPP-1-2, JPP-9-2).

Lead: Lead is a persistent toxic metal that holds no essential role for the plants. It is phyto-

available in low quantities. The values for the Pb values range from 0.002ppm (JPP-7-1) to 0.05

ppm (JPP-1-8). For most of the plant samples the Pb values seemed relatively low compared to

the permissible limit

Selenium: Selenium values for all the plant sample varies from 0.192ppm (JPP-7-1) to 15.44

ppm (JPP-1-3). Most of the values were below detection limit. Most of the values were below

detection limit (JPP-1-3, JPP-1-5, JPP-1-6, JPP-1-7, JPP-1-8, JPP-1-9, JPP-2-1, JPP-4-2, JPP-4-

3, JPP-17-2, JPP-1-6, JPP-4-1, JPP-9-1, JPP-1, JPP-1-4, JPP-12-2, JPP-8-2, JPP-12-1, JPP-1-9,

JPP-3-3, CROP1 and CROP2)

Zinc: Zinc values for the plant sample ranges from 0.11ppm (JPP-12-2) to 0.59 (JPP-1-9). All

the plant sample Zn values seemed relatively low compared to the permissible limit

121

Figure 4.7 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in plants samples collected during December 2017

Figure 4.1.1 clearly reflects variation in uptake of non-toxic trace elements at various sampling

locations. As shown, Fe shows highest concentration amongst all the non-toxic trace

elements but it is still within the permissible limit. The abundant presence of Fe is due to the

fact that the study area has iron-manganese rich soil. Locations like JPP-1-9, JPP 18-2 and JPP

19-2 shows significantly high concentration on Fe. While, Mn is also abundant is all the

locations and significantly present in JPP 18-2, JPP 1-3 and JPP 3-9. Se is also present in certain

locations at decently high concentration such as JPP-2, JPP 1-3 and JPP 3-9.

122

Figure 4.8 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in plants samples collected during December 2017

Figure 4.1.2 reflects variation in uptake of toxic trace elements at various sampling locations of

the study area. It is evident from the graph that Ni and Pb has significant presence in most of the

samples. The peaks of Ni were observed in the sampling locations JPP 1-9 and JPP 9-2. While,

highest concentration for Pb is observed in location JPP 1-6. All other elements seem to be

negligible in concentrations.

4.12.2 Trace elements in plants samples for April, 2018

Trace element analysis of 39 plants samples was carried out are presented in the Figure 4.15,

4.16, 4.17 and the values of the trace element concentration are represented in Table 4.63.

Results for all locations can be well clearly understood by referring it to the Fig. 3.12, Table 3.3

and Table 3.4.

123

Table 4.63 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in plant samples for April 2018

Sr.No Sample

code

Plant Species

Al As B Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Se Zn

Permissible limits (ppm) 20 2 - 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 - 50

ICP detection

Limit (ppm)

0.0001

0.007 0.001 0.0001 0.0001 0.001 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.0009 0.005 0.001

1. BSP 1-1

Ageretum conzyzoides

0.06 4.023 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.01 0.26 0.049 0.001 0.0006 1.33 0.06

2. BSP1-3 Digiteria sp. 5.79 BDL 0.21 0.001 BDL 0.05 0.16 3.74 0.61 0.13 0.05 BDL 0.42

3. BSP1-4 Cyperus sp. 8.38 BDL 0.09 0.0033 BDL 0.06 0.11 4.94 0.53 0.14 0.05 BDL 0.73

4. BSP1-5

Calotropis sp. 2.55 0.21 0.01 BDL 0.00011

0.007 0.008 0.57 0.04 BDL 0.001 0.054 0.07

5. BSP1´-2

Nelumbo sp. 3.49 1.62 BDL BDL 0.00011

0.004 0.005 0.34 0.11 0.01 0.001 2.261 0.04

6. BSP1´-3

Typha angustifolia

4.14 BDL BDL BDL 0.00022

0.009 0.005 0.33 0.07 0.003 0.003 1.091 0.13

7. BSP 2-1

Amarnathus sp. 5.84 BDL 0.008 BDL 0.001 0.018 0.005 14.13 0.21 0.006 0.003 BDL 0.38

8. BSP2-2

Solanum melongena

1.75 0.54 0.02 BDL 0.003 0.035 0.004 0.44 1.49 0.06 0.001 1.125 0.14

9. BSP2-3 Unidentified 1 1.32 0.78 0.02 BDL BDL 0.005 0.004 0.27 0.04 0.001 0.002 0.59 0.04

10. BSP2-4 Cynadon sp. 1.79 2.59 0.001 BDL BDL 0.006 0.007 0.19 0.04 0.002 0.0003 3.13 0.03

11. BSP2-5 Lantana camara 2.21 2.48 0.001 BDL 0.0003 0.001 0.004 0.33 0.07 0.001 0.0003 2.78 0.06

12. BSP2´-1 Typha sp. 2.68 2.86 0.02 BDL 0.0007 0.017 0.008 0.44 0.05 0.003 0.003 1.62 0.05

13. BSP2´-2 Nymphea sp. 2.09 2.15 0.01 BDL BDL 0.006 0.009 0.39 0.01 0.002 0.003 BDL 0.05

14. BSP2´-3

Hydrilla sp. 5.98 2.66 0.01 0.00028

0.00088

0.01 0.009 0.65 0.17 0.006 0.006 1.68 0.14

15. BSP 3-1

Unidentified 2 3.62 1.61 0.001 BDL 0.00099

0.01 0.012 1.73 0.19 0.004 0.003 BDL 0.08

124

16. BSP3-2

Mikania micrantha

0.66 1.94 0.005 BDL 0.00024

0.001 0.004 0.24 0.13 0.002 0.0001 8.10 0.04

17. BSP4-2 Unidentifed 3 4.21 3.31 0.02 BDL 0.015 0.05 0.02 16.75 0.87 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.12

18. BSP4-3

Cynadon sp. 5.15 0.09 0.01 BDL 0.00019

0.007 0.01 1.24 0.04 BDL 0.002 2.73 0.05

19. BSP 5-1 Unidentifed 4 1.36 BDL 0.02 BDL BDL 0.005 0.005 0.26 0.04 0.001 0.03 0.61 0.05

20. BSP5-2

Cyperus sp. 1.52 0.62 0.01 BDL 0.00048

0.01 0.005 1.75 0.09 0.003 0.002 BDL 0.58

21. BSP5-3

Cynodon sp. 1.21 1.67 0.06 0.0001 0.00038

0.007 0.01 0.51 0.03 0.002 0.002 0.46 0.11

22. BSP6-2

Unidentified 5 3.71 1.66 0.01 0.0003 0.00014

0.016 0.01 0.64 0.04 0.003 0.006 0.66 0.06

23. BSP6-3 Unidentified 6 5.36 BDL 0.0004 BDL 0.004 0.03 0.01 5.28 0.17 0.01 0.007 BDL 0.19

24. BSP 7-1

Unidentified 7 5.06 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.0078 0.02 0.02 11.27 0.19 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.07

25. BSP 7-2 Cyperus sp. 7.74 0.55 0.003 0.0001 0.0014 0.04 0.01 2.29 0.12 0.001 0.005 1.43 0.32

26. BSP 7-3 Unidentified 8 5.08 0.67 0.01 BDL 0.00095 0.02 0.01 1.31 0.17 0.004 0.003 BDL 0.21

27.

BSP 8-1

Solanum lycopersicum (Crops)

2.91 1.84 0.01 BDL 0.02 0.01 0.01 2.59 1.36 0.03 0.003 17.32 0.16

28. BSP 8-2

Amarnathus sp.(Crops)

2.81 1.16 0.01 BDL 0.00013 0.01 0.01 0.77 0.04 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.03

29. BSP 8-3

Capsicum annuum(Crops)

7.42 0.89 0.02 0.0001 0.0016 0.01 0.01 1.61 0.06 BDL 0.005 4.93 0.18

30. BSP 8-4

Solanum melongena

0.73 0.58 0.01 BDL BDL 0.01 0.003 0.17 0.77 0.003 0.006 3.97 0.07

31. BSP 9-1


4.04 2.68 BDL BDL 0.0012 0.03 0.01 0.55 0.11 0.01 0.001 1.96 0.05

32.

BSP 9-2

Solanum melongena (Crops)

14.83 BDL 0.16 0.002 BDL 0.129 0.14 28.56 0.74 0.167 0.08 0.71 0.58

33. BSP 9-3

Oryza sativa (Crops)

3.97 0.61 BDL BDL 0.0012 0.01 0.02 1.49 0.27 0.005 0.003 3.42 0.11

34. BSP 9-4 Solanum 0.62 4.03 0.002 BDL BDL 0.002 0.003 0.12 0.64 0.001 0.006 18.25 0.02

125

Aluminum: The value of Aluminium was fairly low in all the plant samples ranging from 0.68ppm (BSP 1-1) to 14.83ppm (BSP 9-2).

All the samples exhibited relatively low Al concentration.

Arsenic: Trace element analysis of As contamination ranged from 0.212ppm (BSP1-5) to 4.038ppm (BSP 9-4). Some of the samples

had As concentration below detection level (BSP1-3, BSP1-4, BSP1´-3, BSP 2-1, BSP 5-1, BSP 7-1, BSP 9-2, BSP 10-1, BSP 10-3,

BSP11-1andBSP11-2).

lycopersicum (Crops)

35. BSP 10-1

Capsicum annuum (Crops)

6.56 BDL 0.01 0.00018 0.00051 0.01 0.01 1.31 0.11 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.17

36.

BSP 10-2


1.69 3.27 0.002 BDL 0.00082 0.002 0.01 0.27 0.16 0.004 0.001 4.42 0.07

37. BSP 10-3


4.81 BDL 0.02 BDL 0.00536 0.01 0.01 0.72 0.35 0.016 0.004 0.85 0.09

38. BSP 11-1

Amarnathus sp. (Crops)

3.21 BDL 0.24 0.24 0.0018 BDL 0.05 0.07 3.71 0.544 0.114 0.04 0.45

39.

BSP 11-2


14.77 BDL 0.23 0.003 BDL 0.14 0.14 1.32 2.36 0.167 0.1 BDL 0.46

126

While some of the samples such as BSP 1-1, BSP 4-2, BSP 2-1, BSP 9-4 and BSP 10-2 had

Arsenic concentration above permissible limit

Boron: In all the samples the level of boron was extremely low and ranged from 0.24 ppm (BSP

11-1) to 0.0004ppm (BSP 6-3).

Cadmium: Cd levels observed in the plant samples were extremely low and between

0.00014ppm (BSP 7-2) to 0.242ppm (BSP 11-1). In most of the samples Cd concentration was

low except for VP 4-1. Some of the plant samples Cd levels were BDL.

Cobalt: Co values observed in the plant sample were extremely low and ranged from values as

low 0.0001ppm (BSP 1-5) to 0.14ppm (BSP 11-2).

Chromium: The values observed for Cr in plants ranges 0.00138ppm (BSP -2-5) from 0.14 ppm

(BSP 11-2). All samples were below the permissible limit.

Copper: The copper values observed for the plant samples vary from 0.003ppm (BSP 8-4) to

0.16ppm (BSP 1-3). The copper values for most of the plant samples were below the permissible

limit.

Iron: The observed values for the Fe in the plant samples ranges from 0.07 ppm (BSP 11-1) to

16.75ppm (BSP 4-2). For most of the plant samples Fe values within permissible limit except for

sample (BSP 9-2). The soil of the study being rich in Fe contributes to larger uptake from the soil

and bio accumulating in plant tissues in that sample.

Manganese: The values for Mn ranges from 0.0141ppm (BSP2’2) to 3.706ppm (BSP 4-1). For

all the plant samples collected for analysis the Mn values were relative lower than the

permissible limit

Nickel: The values for the element Ni were extremely low and ranged from 0.0006 ppm (BSP 7-

2) to 0.543ppm (BSP 11-1). For all of the plant samples the values within the permissible levels.

Lead: The values for the Pb values range from 0.0002 ppm (BSP 3-2) to 0.114ppm (BSP 11-1).

For most of the plant samples the Pb values were within the permissible limit.

Selenium: Selenium values for all the plant sample varied from 0.0371ppm (BSP 9-4) to

18.248ppm (BSP 11-1).

127

Zinc: Zinc values for the plant sample varied from a lower of 0.0258 ppm (BSP 2-4) to highest

observation at 0.584 ppm (BSP 5-4). In all the plant samples Zn values were lower than the

permissible limit.

Fig 4.9 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in plants samples collected during April, 2018

Figure 4.1.3 reflects variation in uptake of non-toxic trace elements by various plant species

collected from different sampling locations. In the graph it is evident that Fe has the highest

concentration observed at BSP 2-1, BSP 4-2 and BSP 9-2. Mn is the 2nd high concentration trace

metal observed in samples with highest concentration for samples observed in locations BSP 2-2,

BSP 8-1, BSP 11-1 and BSP 11-2. Other trace metals were in very low to negligible

concentration except for Se which peaked in concentration for three samples (BSP 3-2, BSP 8-1

and BSP 9-4)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

BSP

1-1

BSP1

-3BS

P1-4

BSP1

-5BS

P1´-2

BSP1

´-3BS

P 2-

1BS

P2-2

BSP2

-3BS

P2-4

BSP2

-5BS

P2´-1

BSP2

´-2BS

P2´-3

BSP

3-1

BSP3

-2BS

P4-2

BSP4

-3BS

P 5-

1BS

P5-2

BSP5

-3BS

P6-2

BSP6

-3BS

P 7-

1BS

P 7-

2BS

P 7-

3BS

P 8-

1BS

P 8-

2BS

P 8-

3BS

P 8-

4BS

P 9-

1BS

P 9-

2BS

P 9-

3BS

P 9-

4BS

P 10

-1BS

P 10

-2BS

P 10

-3BS

P 11

-1BS

P 11

-2

conc

in p

pm

Sample code

Non-toxic trace-element in plant samples

B Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Se Zn

128

Fig 4.10 Results showing concentrations of semi-toxic elements in plants samples collected during April, 2018

Figure 4.10 reflects variation in presence of semi-toxic element in plant parts as collected for our

analysis. Aluminum was observed to be present in high concentration in all the samples and has

exceptionally high concentration especially in plant samples collected from BSP 1-4, BSP 9-2

and BSP 11-2.

Fig 4.11 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in plants samples collected during April, 2018

Figure 4.11 reflects variation in uptake of toxic trace elements from various plant species at

different sampling locations. Only Arsenic was observed to be with high concentration results in

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16BS

P 1-

1BS

P1-3

BSP1

-4BS

P1-5

BSP1

´-2BS

P1´-3

BSP

2-1

BSP2

-2BS

P2-3

BSP2

-4BS

P2-5

BSP2

´-1BS

P2´-2

BSP2

´-3BS

P 3-

1BS

P3-2

BSP4

-2BS

P4-3

BSP

5-1

BSP5

-2BS

P5-3

BSP6

-2BS

P6-3

BSP

7-1

BSP

7-2

BSP

7-3

BSP

8-1

BSP

8-2

BSP

8-3

BSP

8-4

BSP

9-1

BSP

9-2

BSP

9-3

BSP

9-4

BSP

10-1

BSP

10-2

BSP

10-3

BSP

11-1

BSP

11-2

Conc

. in

ppm

Sample Code

Semi-toxic trace-element in plant samples

A…

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

BSP

1-1

BSP1

-3BS

P1-4

BSP1

-5BS

P1´-2

BSP1

´-3BS

P 2-

1BS

P2-2

BSP2

-3BS

P2-4

BSP2

-5BS

P2´-1

BSP2

´-2BS

P2´-3

BSP

3-1

BSP3

-2BS

P4-2

BSP4

-3BS

P 5-

1BS

P5-2

BSP5

-3BS

P6-2

BSP6

-3BS

P 7-

1BS

P 7-

2BS

P 7-

3BS

P 8-

1BS

P 8-

2BS

P 8-

3BS

P 8-

4BS

P 9-

1BS

P 9-

2BS

P 9-

3BS

P 9-

4BS

P 10

-1BS

P 10

-2BS

P 10

-3BS

P 11

-1BS

P 11

-2

Conc

.in p

pm

Sample code

Toxic trace-element in plant samples

As Cd Ni Pb

129

samples BSP 1-1, BSP 4-2, BSP 2-1, BSP 9-4 and BSP 10-2 but other toxic trace elements were

within the permissible limit. All the other toxic elements observed in the plant samples were of

very less and almost negligible in concentration.

4.12.3 Trace elements in plants samples for July 2018

Trace element analysis of 56 plants samples were analyzed and are represented well in Table

4.64, Figure 4.18, 4.19 and 4.20. Results for all locations can be well clearly understood by

referring it to the Fig. 3.13, Table 3.3 and Table 3.4. Analysis of each trace element and its

concentration in given plant samples is as follows:

Aluminum: The value of Aluminum was fairly highly in all the plant samples ranging from

0.664ppm (BSP 5-2) to 14.83ppm (BSP 3-3).

Arsenic: Arsenic is not present in any of the samples at a detectable range. Its highest peak value

was observed for BSP 1-6 which is also below the permissible limit.

Boron: The trace metal concentration for Boron varied from 0.388 ppm (BSP 4-5) to 0.0004

(BSP 6-3)

Cadmium: Cd levels observed were below the detection limit for most of the plant samples and

in samples it was detected it was in permissible limit only. BSP 11-4 (0.242 ppm) was somewhat

close to the permissible limit.

Cobalt: Co values observed in the plant sample varied from values as low 0.0001ppm (BSP 4-4)

to 0.014ppm (BSP 5-3).

Chromium: The values observed for Cr in plant samples varied from 0.002ppm to 0.14 ppm. All

the samples were below the permissible limit.

Copper: The copper concentration values for most plant samples (BSP 1-4, BSP 1-5, BSP 2-3, BSP 2-5,

BSP 3-2, BSP 3-4, BSP 4-1, BSP 4-4, BSP 4-6, BSP 5-2, BSP 6-1, BSP 6-2, BSP 6-3, BSP 8-5, BSP 9-3,

BSP 10-2, BSP 10-3, BSP 10-4 and BSP 11-2) comparatively were lower than the permissible limit.

Comparatively were lower than the permissible limit.

Iron: The observed values for Fe in plant samples were in high concentration for plant samples

collected from BSP 9-2 and BSP 9-4. Manganese: The values for Mn concentration were all in

very low concentrations in comparison to permissible limit provided.

130

Nickel: For plant samples (BSP 1-4 BSP 1-5 BSP 2-3 BSP 2-5 BSP 3-2 BSP 3-4 BSP 4-1 BSP 6-1 BSP

6-2 BSP 6-5 BSP 7-3 BSP 7-4 BSP 8-5 BSP 10-1 BSP 10-2 BSP 10-3 BSP 10-4 BSP 11-2 BSP 11-3) the

value of Ni concentration in plants were extremely lower than the permissible limit provided.

Lead: For plant samples (BSP 1-4 BSP 1-5 BSP 1-6 BSP 2- BSP 3-4 BSP 3-5 BSP 4-1 BSP 4-4 BSP 4-

6 BSP 5-2 BSP 5-4 BSP 6-1 BSP 6-2 BSP 6-3 BSP 6-5 BSP 7-3 BSP 7-4 BSP 8-2 BSP 8-3 BSP 8-4 BSP

8-5 BSP 9-1 BSP 9-3 BSP 10-1 BSP 10-2 BSP 10-3 BSP 10-4 BSP 11-2 BSP 11-3) the Pb concentration

values were much lower in comparison to the permissible limit.

Selenium: Selenium values for all the plant sample were near negligible or below detection

limit.

Zinc: In all the plant samples Zn values were comparatively lower than the permissible limit.

131

Table 4.63 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in plant samples for July, 2018

Sr.

no

Plants and

sample code

Trace

Element


Permissible

limits (ppm) 20 2 - 0.3 - 1.5 10 20 200 1.5 10 - 50

ICP

detection

Limit (ppm)

0.000

1

0.007 0.000

1

0.0001 0.0001 0.01 0.000

4

0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.0001 0.005 0.001

Sample code

1. Azadirachta indica

BSP 1-1 6.35 BDL 0.49 0.001 0.01 0.07 0.08 3.31 0.29 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.24

2. Typha Angustofolia

BSP 1-2 2.54 BDL 0.11 0.0005 0.004 0.04 0.03 3.23 0.44 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.16

3. Cyanodon sp. BSP 1-3 4.05 BDL 0.19 0.001 0.002 0.06 0.08 3.36 14.64 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.17

4. Nymphea sp. BSP 1-4 2.49 BDL BDL BDL 0.0001 0.004 0.005 0.45 0.11 0.006 0.003 BDL 0.03

5. Hydrilla sp. BSP 1-5 4.15 BDL BDL BDL 0.0003 0.01 0.004 0.32 0.07 0.003 0.002 BDL 0.12

6. Typha latifolia BSP 1-6 2.55 0.21 0.01 BDL 0.0001 0.007 0.007 0.57 0.04 BDL 0.001 0.05 0.07


BSP 2-1 2.26 BDL 0.13 0.001 0.0052 0.04 0.22 1.86 0.18 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.22


9. Evolvulus sp BSP 2-3 1.32 BDL 0.02 BDL BDL 0.005 0.004 0.27 0.04 0.002 0.003 0.59 0.04

10. Lantana Camara

BSP 2-4 7.05 0.003 0.27 0.001 0.003 0.13 0.51 4.33 0.19 0.02 0.03 BDL 0.28

11. Sacchrum munja

BSP 2-5 2.21 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.00003 0.001 0.004 0.33 0.07 0.0008 0.0003 BDL 0.06


BSP 3-1 4.21 BDL 0.0175 BDL 0.01 0.05 0.02 16.75 0.87 0.02 0.016 BDL 0.12

132

13. Lantana Camara

BSP 3-2 3.71 BDL 0.016 0.0003 0.0001 0.02 0.007 0.64 0.04 0.004 0.006 BDL 0.06

14. Nelumbo sp. BSP 3-3 20.84 BDL 0.177 0.0005 0.01 0.09 0.09 10.09 0.42 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.35

15. Cyanodon sp BSP 3-4 0.66 BDL 0.0052 BDL 0.0002 0.001 0.004 5.24 0.13 0.001 0.0001 BDL 0.04

16. Cyperus sp BSP 3-5 5.79 BDL 0.217 0.001 BDL 0.05 0.16 3.74 0.62 0.13 0.04 BDL 0.42

17. Evolvulus sp. BSP 3-6 18.41 0.001

3

0.097 0.0009 0.008 0.11 0.13 8.24 0.94 0.03 0.02 BDL 0.34

18. Celtis occidentalis

BSP 4-1 1.79 BDL 0.0013 BDL BDL 0.007 0.007 0.19 0.04 0.002 0.0003 0.13 0.03

19. Ficus sp BSP 4-2 2.48 BDL 0.1561 0.007 0.002 0.07 0.25 1.96 0.07 0.03 0.12 BDL 0.21


BSP 4-3 5.76 BDL 0.1374 0.0007 0.003 0.1 0.15 3.02 0.16 0.04 0.02 BDL 0.29

21. Evolvulus sp. BSP 4-4 2.81 BDL 0.0142 BDL 0.0001 0.009 0.009 0.77 0.04 BDL 0.0016 BDL 0.04

22. Lantana Camara

BSP 4-5 12.14 0.081

8

0.388 0.0027 0.02 0.09 0.06 14.89 0.73 0.07 0.031 BDL 0.39

23. Cyanodon sp. BSP 4-6 6.56 BDL 0.0068 0.0002 0.0005 0.01 0.009 1.31 0.11 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.17

24. Calotropis gigantea

BSP 5-1 8.43 BDL 0.327 0.002 0.004 0.08 0.07 5.03 0.48 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.56

25. Quisqualis indica

BSP 5-2 0.66 BDL 0.0052 BDL 0.0002 0.001 0.004 0.24 0.13 0.002 0.0002 BDL 0.04

26. Ficus benjamina

BSP 5-3 4.31 BDL 0.016 BDL 0.014 0.05 0.03 15.91 0.91 0.02 0.02 BDL 0.13

27. Lantana Camara

BSP 5-4 5.15 BDL 0.012 BDL 0.0002 0.008 0.01 1.25 0.045 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.05


29. Lespedeza floribunda

BSP 6-1 1.21 BDL 0.0603 0.0001 0.0004 0.008 0.006 0.51 0.036 0.002 0.002 BDL 0.11

30. Robinia pseudoacacia

BSP 6-2 3.71 BDL 0.0155 0.0003 0.0001 0.02 0.007 0.64 0.041 0.003 0.007 BDL 0.06

31. Azadirachta BSP 6-3 5.36 BDL 0.0004 BDL 0.005 0.02 0.008 5.29 0.17 0.01 0.008 BDL 0.19

133

indica

32. Lantana Camara

BSP 6-4 4.22 0.014 0.111 0.002 0.002 0.05 0.13 2.36 0.26 0.03 0.037 BDL 0.43

33. Saeghustrum nutans

BSP 6-5 1.32 BDL 0.022 BDL BDL 0.005 0.01 0.27 0.04 0.001 0.003 0.591 0.05

34. Nymphaea sp. BSP 7-1 29.09 0.07 0.346 0.002 0.2 0.15 0.09 43.36 11.68 0.265 0.052 BDL 0.69

35. Typha sp. BSP 7-2 5.05 BDL 0.0032 BDL 0.008 0.02 0.01 11.28 0.19 0.01 0.014 BDL 0.07

36. Nelumbo sp. BSP 7-3 7.74 BDL 0.0038 0.0001 0.002 0.04 0.01 2.29 0.11 0.0005 0.005 BDL 0.32

37. Cyanodon sp. BSP 7-4 5.08 BDL 0.011 0 0.001 0.02 0.01 1.31 0.17 0.004 0.004 BDL 0.21

38. Curcuma longa BSP 8-1 5.23 BDL 0.091 0.0007 0.003 0.06 0.051 2.93 0.18 0.21 0.023 BDL 0.37

39. Musa balbisiana

BSP 8-2 2.90 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.02 0.008 0.01 2.53 1.36 0.025 0.004 BDL 0.17

40. Carica papaya BSP 8-3 2.81 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.0001 0.009 0.01 0.77 0.04 BDL 0.002 BDL 0.04

41 Magnifera indica

BSP 8-4 7.42 BDL 0.0082 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.01 1.61 0.06 BDL 0.005 BDL 0.19

42. Abelmoschus esculentus

BSP 8-5 0.73 BDL 0.01 BDL BDL 0.008 0.003 0.17 0.77 0.003 0.007 BDL 0.07

43. Moringa olifera BSP 9-1 4.04 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.007 0.54 0.11 0.01 0.001 BDL 0.05

44. Magnifera indica

BSP 9-2 14.83 BDL 0.161 0.003 BDL 0.13 0.14 28.57 0.74 0.16 0.08 BDL 0.58

45. Momordica charantia

BSP 9-3 5.04 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.04 0.006 0.65 0.11 0.01 0.002 BDL 0.07

46. Carica papaya BSP 9-4 11.83 BDL 0.18 0.004 BDL 0.12 0.21 27.55 0.75 0.17 0.09 BDL 0.66

47. Psidium guajava

BSP 10-1 3.97 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.009 0.02 1.49 0.26 0.004 0.004 BDL 0.11

48. Musa balbisiana

BSP 10-2 0.62 BDL 0.0018 BDL BDL 0.002 0.003 0.12 0.63 0.001 0.0006 BDL 0.02

49. Momordica charantia

BSP 10-3 6.56 BDL 0.0068 0.0001 0.0005 0.01 0.009 1.31 0.11 BDL 0.003 BDL 0.17


BSP 10-4 2.91 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.017 0.008 0.007 2.59 1.36 0.02 0.004 0.032 0.17

134

Fig. 4.12 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in plants samples collected during July, 2018

Figure 4.12 reflects variation in uptake of non-toxic trace elements from various plant species at different sampling locations. Fe was

05

101520253035404550

Conc

. in

ppm

sample code

Nontoxic trace-element in plant samples



BSP 11-1 6.42 BDL 0.43 0.0018 0.004 0.04 0.03 2.81 0.96 0.05 0.02 BDL 0.69

52. Punica granatum

BSP 11-2 1.69 BDL 0.0025 BDL 0.0008 0.002 0.006 0.27 0.17 0.003 0.001 BDL 0.06

53. Solanum melongena

BSP 11-3 4.81 BDL 0.02 BDL 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.72 0.35 0.02 0.004 BDL 0.09

54. Ipomoea batatas

BSP 11-4 3.21 BDL 0.24 0.242 0.002 BDL 0.05 0.07 3.71 0.54 0.12 0.037 0.45

55. Psidium guajava

BSP 11-5 14.78 BDL 0.23 0.003 BDL 0.14 0.14 1.32 2.36 0.17 0.11 BDL 0.46

135

the most abundantly present with peaks at BSP 7-1, BSP 9-2 and BSP 9-4. The only other trace

element at high concentration was Mn BSP 1-3, BSP 7-1 and BSP 11-4.

Fig. 4.13 Results showing concentrations of semi-toxic elements in plants samples collected during July, 2018

Figure 4.13 represents the variation in uptake of the only semi-toxic trace element in the analysis

(Al) from various plant species at different sampling locations. It is evident from the graph that

Aluminum is abundantly present in almost all the samples. This is due to the fact that study is

done in a lateritic soil zone which is usually rich in Aluminum. The peak of concentration was

mainly seen in 4 samples (BSP 3-3, BSP 3-6, BSP 7-1, BSP 9-2 and BSP 11-5)

05

101520253035

BSP

1-1

BSP

1-3

BSP

1-5

BSP

2-1

BSP

2-3

BSP

2-5

BSP

3-2

BSP

3-4

BSP

3-6

BSP

4-2

BSP

4-4

BSP

4-6

BSP

5-2

BSP

5-4

BSP

6-1

BSP

6-3

BSP

6-5

BSP

7-2

BSP

7-4

BSP

8-2

BSP

8-4

BSP

9-1

BSP

9-3

BSP

10-1

BSP

10-3

BSP

11-1

BSP

11-3

BSP

11-5

Conc

. in

ppm

sample code

Semi-toxic trace-element in plant samples

A…

136

Fig. 4.14 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in plants samples collected during July, 2018

Figure 4.14 represents variation in uptake of toxic trace elements from various plant species at

different sampling locations. Almost all the toxic elements were in negligibly low concentration.

The only exception was sample BSP 2-2, where the Ni concentration was slightly higher than the

rest but still it was very low in concentration to be of any affect.

4.12.4 Trace elements in fish samples for July 2018

Fishes are present in the mine void and trace elements were analyzed for the fish samples collected from the mine void and are presented in Table 4.25 and Figure 4.21, 4.22, and 4.23

Table 4.64 Analysis of multiple trace element concentration in fish samples for July, 2018

Sample

code

Trace

Element


ICP

detection

Limit

(ppm)

0.0001

0.007

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

0.01

0.0004

0.0003

0.0001

0.005

0.009

0.005

0.001

BSF 1 0.42 BDL 0.01 0.0001

0.0004

0.02

0.01 0.58 0.04 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.30

BSF 2 0.71 BDL 0.01 0.0002

0.0005

0.04

0.02 1.51 0.04 0.02 0.01 BDL 0.33

BSF 3 0.96 0.01 0.02 0.0005

0.0006

0.08

0.01 2.41 0.03 BDL 0.01 BDL 0.67

BSF 4 0.43 BDL 0.01 0.0001

0.0007

0.04

0.01 0.88 0.04 BDL 0.02 BDL 0.28

00.5

11.5

22.5

BSP

1-1

BSP

1-3

BSP

1-5

BSP

2-1

BSP

2-3

BSP

2-5

BSP

3-2

BSP

3-4

BSP

3-6

BSP

4-2

BSP

4-4

BSP

4-6

BSP

5-2

BSP

5-4

BSP

6-1

BSP

6-3

BSP

6-5

BSP

7-2

BSP

7-4

BSP

8-2

BSP

8-4

BSP

9-1

BSP

9-3

BSP

10-1

BSP

10-3

BSP

11-1

BSP

11-3

BSP

11-5

conc

. in

ppm

Sample code

Toxic trace element in plant samples

As Cd Ni Pb

137

Sample

code

Trace

Element


BSF 5 0.91 0.004

0.02 0.0008

0.0003

0.05

0.01 1.78 0.07 BDL 0.02 BDL

0.46

Fig 4.15 Results showing concentrations of non-toxic elements in fish samples collected during July, 2018

Figure 4.15 shows concentration of non-toxic elements in fish samples collected from the mine

void. Fe was observed to be present in all the 5 samples which is normal as the study are is in an

iron mining zone and fishes have a decently high hemoglobin count to give a high Fe

concentration reading. The other abundantly present non-toxic element is Zn which is natural for

any fish as fishes are known to have high Zn concentration in their bones.

00.5

11.5

22.5

3

BSF 1 BSF 2 BSF 3 BSF 4 BSF 5

Conc

.in p

pm

Sample code

Non-toxic trace-element in fish samples


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2


conc

. in

ppm

Sample Code

Semi-toxic trace-element in fish samples

Al

138

Fig 4.16 Results showing concentrations of semi-toxic elements in fish samples collected during July, 2018

Figure 4.16 reflects concentration of only semi-toxic element is the analysis (Al) in fishes

collected from the mine void. The concentration of aluminum is fairly abundant as the zone is

lateric soil area and the bed of the mine void would have the presence of Aluminum as due to the

association with laterite soil. Thus, being a fairly harmless element in low concentration is

basically deposits in the tissues of the fishes.

Fig 4.17 Results showing concentrations of toxic elements in fish samples collected during July, 2018

Figure 4.17 reflects the concentration of toxic elements in fish samples collected from the mine

void. The only element that was present in significant concentration was Pb which was present in

almost all the samples. This may be due to presence of mines nearly or due to leeching from

bedrock. Although, the concentrations were all below 0.02ppm thus making it easily negligible.

Only BSF 2 showed a significant trace of Ni but still within 0.02 ppm range which can also be

considered as negligible.

Analysis of Trace element analysis in fish samples for July 2018 –

Aluminum: The range of the value of Aluminum concentration is from 0.96 ppm (BSF 3) to 0.42ppm (BSF 1). The presence of Aluminum in all the samples may be due to the fact that it is some lateritic soil belt rich in aluminum.

Arsenic: The range of the value of this toxic metalloid were mostly all below the detection limit or very low in concentration.

Boron: All the detected values were in the range of 0.01 ppm to 0.02 ppm.

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025


conc

. in

ppm

Sample Code

Toxic trace-element in fish samples

As Cd Ni Pb

139

Cadmium: In samples it was detected in low range of 0.0001 ppm (BSF 1 and BSF 4) to 0.0008 ppm (BSF 5)

Cobalt: The concentration levels of Co ranged from 0.0003 ppm (BSF 5) to 0.0007 ppm (BSF 4)

Chromium: The concentration level of chromium in these samples ranged from 0.02 ppm (BSF 1) to 0.08ppm (BSF 3)

Copper: Another essential micronutrient in the body that tends to affect the neural system if it is in high concentration in the body. In all the samples the level of Cu ranged from 0.01ppm to 0.02 ppm which is a very less concentration.

Iron: A highly essential nutrient in the body, which may cause circulatory and vascular disorder if it gets accumulated in the body. In all the cases the level of iron in the sample were low considering the study area is a located in the iron mining belt. The range of Fe concentration ranged from 0.58ppm (BSF 1) to 2.41ppm (BSF 3). Manganese: A non-essential mineral to the animal body. They were all within relatively low range despite the area being a manganese mining belt. The range of Mn concentration ranged from 0.03 ppm (BSF 3) to 0.07 ppm (BSF 5). Nickle: The concentrations mostly below detection level except for sample BSF 2.

Lead: All the samples had a Pb concentration in the range of 0.01ppm to 0.02ppm

Selenium: All the samples had this element below detection limit.

Zinc: All the observed concentration on zinc is in the range of 0.28 ppm (BSF 4) to 0.67 ppm (BSF 3)

140

Chapter V

Findings

141

5.1 Findings

Based on the water level measurements, groundwater quality analysis for major cations /anions,

trace elements and the Biotic studies, the following findings emerge from the study:

i. The samples namely BHG-7, BHG-14 and BHG-15 show higher values of fluoride in

post-monsoon season (December, 2017) and samples namely BHG-5 & BHG-15 show

higher values of fluoride in pre-monsoon season (April, 2018). The presence of high

fluoride concentration gives the reasons whether it is due to geogenic nature or

anthropogenic stresses.

ii. The concentration of TDS in all the samples is within the BIS limits.

iii. The other physico-chemical parameters were within the permissible limits of BIS

standards

iv. It is noted that As, Cr and Hg were noted in below detection limit for all the groundwater

samples in all the seasons.

v. As is below Detection limit or Not detected in the Piezo metres samples in all the

seasons.

vi. As is with in the limits in the plant samples analysed in the study area.

142

References

1. APHA (2012), Standard methods for analysis of the water and waste water analysis, 22nd edition.

2. Anastasio, A., Caggiano, R., Macchiato, M., Paolo, C., Ragosta, M., Paino, S., & Cortesi, M. (2006). Heavy Metal Concentrations in Dairy Products fromSheep Milk Collected in Two Regions of Southern Italy. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 47(1), 69. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-47-69

3. Patil, Y., Pawar, S., Jadhav, S., & Kadu, J. (2013). Biochemistry of metal absorption in Human Body: Reference to check Impact of Nano Particles on Human Being. International Journal of Scientific And Research Publications, 3(4).

4. Rice, E., Baird, R., & Eaton, A. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd Ed.). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Publications: Water Environment Federation Publications.

5. The European parliament and the council of the European Union (2002), Directive 2002/32/EC of the European parliament and the council of the European Union of 7 May 2002 on on undesirable substances in animal feed, OJ L 140, 30.5.2002, p. 10.

6. Urban Technical Note No. 3, September, 2000 : ‘Heavy Metal Soil Contamination’, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Quality Institute 411 S. Donahue Dr. Auburn, AL 36832 334-844-4741 X-177.

7. World Health Organization (1998), Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

8. World Health Organization (2005), Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.

143

ANNEXURE I

Sampling points for plant samples (December 2017)

Sr. No.

Sample Code

Latitude Longitude Description Location

1 JPP-1 and JPP-1-2 N 20⁰56'48.3'' E 085⁰09'04.0''

Near pump house and mine void water body. Near the mine pit

2

JPP-1-3 and JPP-1-4 N 20⁰56'48.8'' E 085⁰09'04.3''

Near pump house, lots of dust on leaves. Near the mine pit

3

JPP-1-5 and JPP-1-6 N 20⁰56'49.6'' E 085⁰09'08.1''

Near pump house, presence of cow dung, and dust on leaves, near road. Near the mine pit

4

JPP-2-1 and JPP-2-2 N 20⁰56'45.2'' E 085⁰09'11.6''

Near stream and entrance of pump house, Burning of coal, human fecal presence. Near the mine pit

5 JPP-3-1, 2 and 3 N 20⁰56'49.5'' E 085⁰08'30.3''

Near water body, colliery landward side, Different type of grasses are present. Near the mine pit

6 JPP-4-1 N 20⁰56'46.6'' E 085⁰08'31.0''

Lots of dust on leaves, Transportation through trucks. Near the mine pit

7 JPP-4-2 and 3 N 20⁰56'45.0'' E 085⁰08'32.7''

Near road, dust presence. Near the mine pit

8 JPP-5-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'43.3'' E 085⁰09'16.7''

500 meter from pit, shadow region canopy, dead wood presence. Near the mine pit

9 JPP-6-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'42.2'' E 085⁰09'17.7''

Thin partially sunlight canopy, 500 meter from pit. Near the mine pit

10 JPP-7-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'35.5'' E 085⁰09'13.9'' - Near the mine pit

11 JPP-8-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'52.8'' E 085⁰09'00.0'' - Near the mine pit

144

12 JPP-9-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'56.0'' E 085⁰08'51.5'' Open space Near the mine pit

13 JPP-10 N 20⁰56'57.8'' E 085⁰08'39.9'' Low sunlight Near the mine pit

14 JPP-11 N 20⁰56'57.2'' E 085⁰08'35.2'' Partial sunlight, grazing goats. Near the mine pit

15 JPP-12-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'57.7'' E 085⁰08'29.3'' Partial sunlight Near the mine pit

16 JPP-13 N 20⁰57'0.02'' E 085⁰08'21.3'' Grass litter Near the mine pit

17 JPP-14 N 20⁰56'55.9'' E 085⁰08'19.0'' Species presence in water. Near the mine pit

18 JPP-15-1 and 15-2 N 20⁰56'49.8'' E 085⁰08'24.4'' Near road Near the mine pit

19 JPP-16 N 20⁰56'48.4'' E 085⁰08'28.9''

Near water body, road presence near site, Transportation, Machines presence. Near the mine pit

20 JPP-17-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'43.3'' E 085⁰08'36.5''

Low sunlight, between road and water stream. Near the mine pit

21 JPP-18-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'43.1'' E 085⁰08'40.1'' Near road side. Near the mine pit

22 JPP-19-1 and 2 N 20⁰56'40.8'' E 085⁰08'46.7''

Near road, soil is covered with coal dust. Near the mine pit

23 Crop 1,2,3 and 4 N 20⁰54'55.3'' E 085⁰08'47.6''

Cattle livestock, Cow dung presence, Tomato, Brinjal, Gobi and Muli species, Winter-vegetables, Summer-grams and Monsoon-Rice. Gobra Village

145

ANNEXURE II

Sampling locations and scientific names of plant specimens (April 2018)

146

Sr. No. Sample code

Latitude Longitude Name of the plant sample

Category Location

1. BSP 1-1 N 20°56'48.6''

E 85°09'04.1'' Ageretum conzyzoides

Leaves Near the mine pit

2. BSP1-3 N 20°56''48.9''

E 85°09'04.3'' Digiteria sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

3. BSP1-4 N 20°56'48.7''

E 85°09'04.2'' Cyperus sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

4. BSP1-5 N 20°56'48.7'

E 85°09'03.5'' Calotropis sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

5. BSP1’-2 N 20°56'48.0''

E 85°09’04.2'' Nelumbo sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

6. BSP1’-3 N 20°56'48.0''

E 85°09’04.2'' Typha angustifolia Leaves Near the mine pit

7. BSP 2-1 N 20°56'49.4''

E 85°08'30.4' Amarnathus sp.

Leaves Near the mine pit

8. BSP2-2 N 20°56'48.6''

E 85°09'0.5'' Solanum melongena

Crop Near the mine pit

9. BSP2-3 N 20°56'49.0''

E 85°09'30.5'' Unidentified 1 Leaves Near the mine pit

10. BSP2-4 N 20°56'49.2''

E 85°08'30.6'' Cynadon sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

11. BSP2-5 N 20°56'48.6''

E 85°08'30.5'' Lantana camara Leaves Near the mine pit

12. BSP2’-1 N 20°56'48.0''

E 85°09' 30.5'' Typha sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

13. BSP2’-2 N 20°56' 48.0''

E 85°09' 30.5'' Nymphea sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

14. BSP2’-3 N 20°56'48.0''

E 85°09'30.5'' Hydrilla sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

15. BSP 3-1 N 20°56 '47.3''


16. BSP3-2 N 20°56'47.7''

E 85°09'27.3'' Mikania micrantha Leaves Near the mine pit

17. BSP4-2 N 20°56'40.9’‘


18. BSP4-3 N 20°56'39.4''

E 85°09'52.4'' Cynadon sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

19. BSP 5-1 N 20°56'38.2''


20. BSP5-2 N 20°56'38.1''

E 85°08'32.3'' Cyperus sp. Leaves Near the mine pit

21. BSP5-3 N 20°56'37.5'' E 85°08'32.6'' Cynodon sp. Leaves Near the mine

147

ANNEXURE III

pit 22. BSP6-2 N 20°56'22.7''

E 85°08'44.3'' Unidentified 5 Leaves Near the mine

pit 23. BSP6-3 N 20°56'22.1''


pit 24. BSP 7-1 N 20°56'54.8''


pit 25. BSP 7-2 N 20°56’55.2’‘

E 85°09’10.5’‘ Cyperus sp. Leaves Near the mine

pit 26. BSP 7-3 N 20°56'55.2''


pit 27. BSP 8 -2 N 20°56'32.6''

E 85°09'37.1'' Solanum

lycopersicum Crop Panhating

Village

28. BSP 8-2 N 20°56'32.3''

E 85°09'36.9'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Panhating Village

29. BSP 8-3 N 20°56'32.0''

E 85°09'37.1'' Capsicum annuum Crop Panhating Village

30. BSP 8-4 N 20°56'32.0''


Crop Panhating Village

31. BSP 8-1 N 20°54''40.5''

E 85°08'35.5'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Gobra Village

32. BSP 9-2 N 20°54'40.5''


Crop Gobra Village

33. BSP 9-3 N 20°54'40.1''

E 85°08'39.5'' Oryza sativa Crop Gobra Village

34. BSP 9-4 N 20°54'40.3''

E 85°08'38.8'' Solanum lycopersicum

Fruit Gobra Village

35. BSP 10-1 N 20°55'37.2''

E 85°10'20.2'' Capsicum annuum Crop Bagmora Village

36. BSP 10 -2 N 20°55'37.1''


Crop Bagmora Village

37. BSP 10 -3 N 20°55'37.2''

E 85°10'19.9'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Bagmora Village

38. BSP 11-1 N 20°56'55.5''

E 85°10'16.1'' Amarnathus sp. Fruit Dera Village

39. BSP 11 -2 N 20°56'58.1''

E 85°10’05.0'' Solanum melongena

Crop Dera Village

148

Sampling locations and scientific names of plant specimens (July 2018)

Sr.No Sample code Latitude Longitude Plant Name Category Location

1. BSP 1-1 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'04.2''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the

mine pit

2. BSP 1-2 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'04.1''E Typha Angustofolia Leaves Near the

mine pit

3. BSP 1-3 20o 56’48.5''N 85o09’04.5''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

4. BSP 1-4 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'03.8''E Nymphea sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

5. BSP 1-5 20o 56'48.5'N 85o09'04.3''E Hydrilla sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

6. BSP 1-6 20o 56'48.5''N 85o09'04.5''E Typha latifolia Leaves Near the

mine pit

7. BSP 2-1 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'27.2''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the

mine pit

8. BSP 2-2 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'27.5''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

9. BSP 2-3 20°56'47.3'' N 85°09'26.9''E Evolvulus sp Leaves Near the

mine pit

10. BSP 2-4 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'27.1''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the

mine pit

11. BSP 2-5 20°56'47.3''N 85°09'26.9''E Sacchrum munja Leaves Near the

mine pit

12. BSP 3-1 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.7''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the

mine pit

13. BSP 3-2 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.6''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the

mine pit

14. BSP 3-3 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.7''E Nelumbo sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

15. BSP 3-4 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.5''E Cyanodon sp Leaves Near the

mine pit

149

16. BSP 3-5 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.8''E Cyperus sp Leaves Near the

mine pit

17. BSP 3-6 20o 56'26.5''N 85o08'28.7''E Evolvulus sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

18. BSP 4-1 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.8''E Celtis occidentalis Leaves Near the

mine pit

19. BSP 4-2 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.9''E Ficus sp Leaves Near the

mine pit

20. BSP 4-3 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.7''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the

mine pit

21. BSP 4-4 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.6''E Evolvulus sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

22. BSP 4-5 20o56'51.09’’N 85o09’06.8''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the

mine pit

23. BSP 4-6 20o56'51.09''N 85o09'06.7''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

24. BSP 5-1 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.6''E Calotropis gigantea Leaves Near the

mine pit

25. BSP 5-2 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.5''E Quisqualis indica Leaves Near the

mine pit

26. BSP 5-3 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.7''E Ficus benjamina Leaves Near the

mine pit

27. BSP 5-4 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.8''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the

mine pit

28. BSP 5-5 20o56'52.10''N 85o08'28.6''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

29. BSP 6-1 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.4''E Lespedeza floribunda Leaves Near the

mine pit

30. BSP 6-2 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.6''E Robinia pseudoacacia Leaves Near the

mine pit

31. BSP 6-3 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.3''E Azadirachta indica Leaves Near the

mine pit

32. BSP 6-4 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09’ 4.6''E Lantana Camara Leaves Near the

150

mine pit

33. BSP 6-5 20o 56'51.5''N 85o 09'4.7''E Saeghustrum nutans Leaves Near the

mine pit

34. BSP 7-1 20o 56'49.67''N 85o 09'30.5''E Nymphaea sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

35. BSP 7-2 20o 56'49.67''N 85o

09'30.6''E

Typha sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

36. BSP 7-3 20o 56'49.67''N 85o

09'30.7''E

Nelumbo sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

37. BSP 7-4 20o 56'49.67''N 85o 09'30.4''E Cyanodon sp. Leaves Near the

mine pit

38. BSP 8-1 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.8''E Curcuma longa Crop Gobra

Village

39. BSP 8-2 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.7''E Musa balbisiana Fruit Gobra

Village

40. BSP 8-3 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.6''E Carica papaya Fruit Gobra

Village

41. BSP 8-4 20o 54'26.5''N 85o

08'28.75''E

Magnifera indica Fruit Gobra

Village

42. BSP 8-5 20o 54'26.5''N 85o 08'28.8'E Abelmoschus esculentus Crop Gobra

Village

43. BSP 9-1 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.

0''E

Moringa olifera Crop Pan

hating

Village

44. BSP 9-2 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.

2''E

Magnifera indica Fruit Panhating

Village

45. BSP 9-3 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.

1''E

Momordica charantia Crop Panhating

Village

46. BSP 9-4 20°56'32.6''N 85°09'37.

3''E

Carica papaya Fruit Panhating

Village

47. BSP 10-1 20o 55'36.2''N 85o 10'20.5''E Psidium guajava Fruit Bagmora

Vllage

48. BSP 10-2 20o 55'36.2'' N 85o 10'20.5''E Musa balbisiana Fruit Bagmora

151

ANNEXURE IV

Vllage

49. BSP 10-3 20o 55'36.2'' N 85o 10'20.5''E Momordica charantia Crop Bagmora

Vllage

50. BSP 10-4 20o 55'36.2''N 85o 10'20.5''E Abelmoschus esculentus Crop Bagmora

Vllage

51. BSP 11-1 20°56'58.4ʺN 85°10'05.1''E Abelmoschus esculentus Crop Dera

Village

52. BSP 11-2 20°56'58.4ʺN 85°10´05.1''E Punica granatum Crop Dera

Village

53. BSP 11-3 20°56'58.4''N 85°10´05.1''

E

Solanum melongena Crop Dera

Village

54. BSP 11-4 20°56'58.4''N 85°10'05.1''E Ipomoea batatas Crop Dera

Village

55. BSP 11-5 20°56'58.4''N 85°10´05.1''E Psidium guajava Fruit Dera

Village

TSBSL/MoEF&CC/BS-26/2020-01/45 - Tata Steel BSL

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