True statement: Science creates knowledge.

1. Making observations

2. Explaining the reasons for those observations

What is a hypothesis?

Definition: A reserved explanation for events that have been observed.

Prediction: A statement that claims an event will happen again.

Hypothesis: The plant will produce more oxygen when the temperature increased because the chemical reaction photosynthesis will increase in speed. This reaction

produces oxygen as a waste product, as the temperature increases therefore the amount of oxygen will also

increase. However, if the temperature increases beyond 45 degrees Celsius then less oxygen will be collected as the reaction begins to slow down. It slows down because the enzymes that drive the chemical reaction photosynthesis

have denatured.

Prediction: As the temperature increases more oxygen will be released up to a point. When the temperature gets too

high the oxygen levels will start to decrease.

Cells: route through the topicCell theory

Unicellular organismsSizes in perspective

MagnificationEmergent propertiesCell differentiation

Stem cellsProkaryotes;E.coli, structure and fission

Eukaryotes: Liver cellMicrographs of liver cells

Comparison of eukaryotes and prokaryotesComparison of plant and animal cells

Two roles of extrcellular components – cell wall, glycoproteinsMembranesTransportMitosis

The Cell…..a brief history

• 1663: First cell documented

• 1833 Brown

Schleiden and Schwann 1838

Discussed their observations of plants and animal cells

• 1858, Rudolf Virchow

concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells thus completing the modern theory.

"there is one universal principle of development for the

elementary parts, of organisms, however different, and this

principle is the formation of cells,"

Schwann: 1839

Cell Theory

1. All known living things are made up of cells.

2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.

   3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.

   4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.   

What is a theory?

Pieces of evidence from observation and facts which are synthesized into a coherent whole

What is a system

A group of parts that come together. Take the following materials….what could you make with this?

• a small metal cup, about the size of a walnut. • a glass bowl, in the shape of a small balloon. • a length of tungsten wire, pinched up into a

small coil.

What is an emergent property

Any function performed by a system that is not the result of just a single part of that system but the result of all the interacting parts is called and emergent property.

The light bulb is the result of the combination of all 3 parts.

The system is Irreducible.

Reading a book individual word at a time does not give the story.

Task

Explain why a human being is a system with emergent properties.

Emergent properties in Biology: The development of complex systems.

The functions of Life

All living things do Mrs Gren regardless of their size.

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Dentist Drill

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Porcupine Quill

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Staple

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Toilet Paper

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Velcro

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Black Widow Spider Claw

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Mascara Brush

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Hypodermic Needle

Transmission Electron Micrograph

Transmission Electron Micrograph

(a) 1 metre =________ millimetres

(b) 1 mm = ________ microns

(c) 1 µm = ________ nanometres

(d) 1 metre =________ nm

(e) 1 mm = ________ nm

(f) 1 metre = ________ µm

16

(a) 1 metre = 1,000 millimetres

(b) 1 mm = 1,000 microns

(c) 1 µm = 1,000 nanometres

(d) 1 metre = 1,000,000,000 nm

(e) 1 mm = 1,000,000 nm

(f) 1 metre = 1,000,000 µm

16

(a) 10-3 metres = ________

(b) 10-6 metres = ________

(c) 10-9 metres = ________

(d) 10-10 metres = ________

17

(a) 10-3 metres = 1 millimetre

(b) 10-6 metres = 1 micron

(c) 10-9 metres = 1 nanometre

(d) 10-10 metres = 1 Angstrom unit

17

(a) Electron microscope ‘measurement’ range: _____ to _____

(b) Light microscope ‘measurement’ range: _____ to _____

(c) Unaided human eye ‘range’:

_____ to _____Unaided??

18

(a) Electron microscope ‘measurement’ range: 1 nm - 100 µm

(b) Light microscope ‘measurement’ range: 1 µm - 1 mm

(c) Unaided human eye ‘range’:

1 mm upwardsUnaided??

18

E.coli

E.coli

Prokaryotes: up close and personal with E.coli

19

19 Light microscope

Unstained

20

20 Light microscope

Dark field

21 Light microscope

Differential interference

21

22

22 Light microscope

Phase contrast

23

Tick

23 Scanning electron microscope

Tick

24

24 Transmission electron microscope

25

25 Light microscope

26

26 Scanning electron microscope

27

Aphid

27 Scanning electron microscope

Aphid

28

28 Light microscope

29

29 Light microscope

30

30 Transmission electron microscope

31

31 Transmission electron microscope

32

32 Transmission electron microscope

33

33 Scanning electron microscope

34

34 Transmission electron microscope

35

35 Light microscope

36

36 Light microscope

37

37 Light microscope

Calculating magnification and cell size

O = OBSERVED LENGTH

M = MAGNIFICATION

A= Actual size

Calculating Actual size when the magnification is unknown.

Size of diagram (cm) x scale

length of scale bar (cm)