Trolley Case Study Overview: Trolley Case Study Overview: March, 2003March, 2003

COCO22 Emissions Reduction Potential for Emissions Reduction Potential for

Santiago, ChileSantiago, Chile

Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP)

Cambio Climatico y Desarrollo (CC&D)

International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)

Funded by: Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

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Why Consider Electric Why Consider Electric Trolleys? Trolleys?

Recommended by Steering Committee as a potential project in need of further analysis

Benefits vs. diesel buses– No ground-level emissions– Reduced maintenance costs & noise– Potential to reduce CO2 emissions

Santiago has access to clean source of electricity

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Range of Key VariablesRange of Key VariablesKey Variables Low-floor

ArticulatedElectric Trolley

Low-entrance ArticulatedDiesel Bus

Vehicle Price $500,000 - $550,000 (Skoda)

$180,000(CGTS)

Infrastructure (per km)

$130,000 - $260,000(incremental) N/A

Energy Efficiency 2.6 - 3.8 kWh / km 2.0 - 2.4 km / L

Energy Price $0.10/kWh $0.45/liter

Vehicle Life 20 years 14 years

Interest Rate (%) 12% 12%

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Key Operational VariablesKey Operational Variables

Key Variables Low-floor Articulated

Electric Trolley

Low-entrance Articulated Diesel Bus

Length of Route 12 km

Station Spacing 500 m

Passengers/hour 15,000

Vehicle Capacity 125

Mean Vehicle Speed 24 km/hr 22 km/hr

Maintenance Reserve 5% 7.5%

Number of Vehicles 200 215

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1. Cost Comparisons1. Cost Comparisons

Step 1: Utilized a spreadsheet tool to compare costs of articulated diesel buses to articulated trolleys– Included capital and operating costs– Annualized all costs

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Annual Capital & Operating CostsAnnual Capital & Operating Costs

Annual Cost in $USD

Low-floor Articulated

Electric Trolley

Low-entrance ArticulatedDiesel Bus

FIXED

Vehicle $16.8M - $18.5M $7.4M

Infrastructure $0.2M - $0.5M N/A

VARIABLE

Energy $3.1M - $4.5M $2.3M - $2.8M

Maintenance $8.6M $11.1M

Labor $7.2M $7.6M

Total Cost $36.9M - 40.2M $29.2M - $29.7M

Incremental Cost $7.2M - $11.0M

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2. Energy Use2. Energy Use

Step 2: Calculated energy use – Diesel: based on measurements in Santiago

• Assumed articulated buses use 20% more energy

– Trolley: based on manufacturer data (SKODA)

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3. CO3. CO22 Emissions Emissions

Step 3: Calculated CO2 emissions

– Electric Trolleys = estimates for Santiago’s electric emissions (SIC grid)• Assumed a range of generation mixes• Calculated emissions based on generation

estimates

– Diesel Buses = Used standard factor

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2010 Estimated Electricity 2010 Estimated Electricity Emissions for SantiagoEmissions for Santiago

Energy Source

(tCO2/GWh)

2010

Clean

2010

Medium

2010

Dirty

Hydro (0) 61% 50% 50%

New Thermal (392) 17% 20% 0%

Thermal (758) 22% 30% 50%

Weighted Average 233 306 379

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4. Cost per ton CO4. Cost per ton CO22

Step 4: Estimated the Cost per tCO2

– Based upon a range of cost variables for trolleys & diesel buses

– Framed a range of potential CO2 reductions from the use of electric trolleys

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Range of CORange of CO22 Benefits From Benefits From

Electric TrolleyElectric Trolley

Trolley vs. Diesel

‘Clean’ Trolley vs. ‘Dirty’ Diesel

‘Dirty’ Trolley vs. ‘Clean’ Diesel

Trolley (kg CO2 /km) 0.6 1.4

Diesel (kg CO2 /km) 1.3 1.1

Annual Incremental Cost of Trolley

$7.2 M $11.0 M

tCO2 Savings (per yr) 8,600 - 4,000

COST per tCO2 /yr $830 n/a

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Range of CORange of CO22 Benefits From Benefits From

Electric Trolley – Electric Trolley – 100% Hydro100% Hydro

Trolley vs. Diesel

‘Green’ Trolley vs. ‘Dirty’ Diesel

‘Green’ Trolley vs. ‘Clean’ Diesel

Trolley (kg CO2 /km) 0.0

Diesel (kg CO2 /km) 1.3 1.1

Annual Incremental Cost of Trolley

$7.2 M $11.0 M

tCO2 Savings (per yr) 16,000 13,300

COST per tCO2 /yr $450 $830

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Conclusions: Electric TrolleysConclusions: Electric Trolleys

Low CO2 benefits, high costs

– 100% hydro-power increases CO2 benefits, but still expensive

Air quality, health and noise benefits not quantified

Trolley technology may be more attractive to passengers than buses

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FinFin??

Source: http://www.tbus.org.uk/gallery.htm