TRIPLE BAND DIPOLE ANTENNA WITH HARMONIC

SUPPRESSION CAPABILITY

MUSTAF ALI ROBLE

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

i

TRIPLE BAND DIPOLE ANTENNA WITH HARMONIC SUPPRESSION

CAPABILITY

MUSTAF ALI ROBLE

This project report presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements

Of Master of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

January 2016

iii

For my beloved mother and father

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah the Beneficent the Merciful, all praises to Allah, the Almighty,

on whom ultimately we depend for sustenance and guidance.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deepest appreciation to my

supervisor Dr. Shipun Anuar Bin Hamzah for his excellent guidance, discussion and

useful suggestions he gave to complete this project.

My most sincere gratitude and heartiest thanks goes to my parents who have always

been there for me for their support financially and for their endless encouragement

and prayers.

Finally honorable thanks to all my friends, lecturers and everyone involved directly

or indirectly towards completion of this thesis especially Mr. Rostam and EM- center

and all UTHM stuff.

v

ABSTRACT

The wireless communication system has become very popular and has been

developed rapidly over last one and a half decade. Wireless devices that operate in

multiband frequencies, with smaller size, are now used by almost everyone. In this

work, multiband dipole antenna with harmonic suppression capability has been

designed. The Triple-band dipole antenna has been vigorous since it is simple, easy

to be designed and fabricated. However, higher order modes (HOM) in these

multiband antennas gives problems when designing such type of antennas. The

proposed antenna consists of two designs; the first design is triple band dipole

antenna with harmonic suppression capability which generate four frequency bands

0.8 GHz/2.4 GHz/ 4 GHz/ 5.8 GHz; The unwanted frequency of 4 GHz have been

suppressed by adding single stub. The second design is dual band dipole antenna

with two stubs to eliminate the unwanted frequency. Design two is repeated of three

different scenarios 0.8/ 2.4 GHz, 0.8/ 5.8 GHz, and 2.4/ 5.8 GHz. The proposed

concept has been investigated through simulation in CST Microwave studio and

actual experimental works. The simulation and experimental results confirm the

validity of the proposed antenna. There have been matching agreements between

both simulation and measurements results.

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ABSTRAK

Sistem komunikasi tanpa wayar menjadi semakin popular dan berkembang dengan

pesat sejak satu setengah dekad yang lalu. Peranti tanpa wayar yang beroperasi pada

pelbagai jalur frekuensi, bersaiz kecil, kini digunakan oleh hampir semua orang.

Dalam kerja ini, antena dwikutub pelbagai jalur dengan keupayaan menindas

harmonik telah direkabentuk. Antena dwikutub tiga jalur telah di pilih kerana ia

ringkas, mudah direkabentuk dan difabrikasi. Walaubagaimanapun, mod tertib tinggi

(HOM) menjadi masalah pada antena pelbagai jalur apabila antenna jenis ini direka

bentuk. Antena yang dicadangkan mempunyai dua rekabentuk; reka bentuk pertama

mempunyai tiga parasit elemen di mana ia menghasilkan 0.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 4 GHz

dan 5.8 GHz frekuensi; manakala rekabentuk kedua dihasilkan dengan menambah

dua puntung rekabentuk dengan frekuensi yang sama dengan rekabentuk pertama

dimana ia menghapuskan frekuensi yang lain. Frekuensi yang tidak diingini telah

ditindas dengan menambah puntung. Reka bentuk pertama berjaya menghapuskan

frekuensi pada 4 GHz manakala reka bentuk kedua menindas frekuensi pada 4 GHz

dan satu daripada tiga frekuensi. Penindasan menjurus kepada menghapuskan

kebarangkalian gangguan bunyi dengan mengeluarkan frekuensi yang tidak diingini.

Reka bentuk kedua diulang tiga senario yang berbeza 0.8/ 2.4 GHz, 0.8/ 5.8 GHz,

and 2.4/ 5.8 GHz. Konsep yang dicadangkan telah dikaji melalui simulasi pada CST

Microwave studio dan kerja-kerja eksperimen yang sebenar. Hasil simulasi dan

eksperimen mengesahkan reka bentuk yang di dicadangkan. Terdapat kesepadanan

diantara hasil simulasi dan pengukuran.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITTLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF FIGURE xi

LIST OF TABLE xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 Background 1

1.1 Problem Statement 2

1.2 Project Objective 3

1.3 Scope of Project 3

viii

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Review of Harmonic Suppression Antenna 4

2.2 Review of Multiband Antenna 8

2.3 Current and previous research 14

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 18

3.1 Introduction 18

3.2 Theoretical design 20

3.3 Proposed design 21

3.4 Simulation set - up 30

3.5 Fabrication process 30

3.6 Antenna measurement 36

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38

4.1 Introduction 39

4.2 Simulations 39

4.2.1 Harmonic suppressed triple band dipole antenna 39

(a) Parametric Study 39

(b) Influence of changing locations of the

parasitic element 40

(c ) Influence of changing stub location 42

(d) Voltage standing wave ratio, Bandwidth 44

4.2.2 Harmonic suppressed dual band dipole antenna 46

ix

(a) S11 parameters 48

(b) VSWR 50

4.3 Experimental results 50

4.3.1 Harmonic suppressed triple band dipole antenna 50

(a) Retune loss (S11),

voltage standing wave ratio 50

(b) Radiation pattern and gain 54

4.3.2 Harmonic suppressed dual band dipole antenna 58

(a) Retune loss (S11) 58

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 61

5.1 CONCLUSION 61

5.2 RECOMMENDATION 62

REFERENCES 63

x

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 (a) An antenna resonating at (b) Same antenna

resonating at 9

2.2 A folded patch antenna with parasitic element

for a triple band application 10

2.3 fabricated dual band dipole antenna (a) without stub (b) with

stub 14

2.4 Simulated and measured results for antenna (a) without stub (b)

with stub 15

2.5 Printed-dipole antenna: (a) schematic; (b) front; (c) back 16

2.6 Measured return loss of the printed-dipole antenna with

and without harmonic trap 17

3.1 Project flow chart 19

3.2 Triple band dipole antenna without stub top view and back

view 29

3.3 Triple band dipole antenna without stub top view and back

view 29

3.3 Computer Simulation Technology Interface 30

xi

3.5 Flow chart of the fabrication process 31

3.6 Fabricated triple band dipole antenna top view and back view

without stub 32

3.7 Fabricated triple band dipole antenna top view and back view

with stub 33

3.8 Fabricated dual band dipole antenna top view and back view

with two stubs 34

3.9 Fabricated dual band dipole antenna top view and back view

with two stubs 35

3.10 Fabricated dual band dipole antenna top view and back view

with two stubs 36

3.11 Network analyzer 37

3.12 farfield measurement 37

4.1 Simulated return results loss of the antenna without stub 39

4.2 Simulated return loss for effect of parasitic element location

on frequency and return loss for TPE 41

4.3 Simulated return loss of the antenna with and without stub 41

4.4 Simulated return loss for stub located at five different stub

locations 43

4.5 Simulated VSWR results of the antenna with and without

stub 44

4.6 Simulated gain results of the antenna with and without

stub 45

4.7 0.8/5.82 GHz dual band dipole antenna with harmonic

suppression capability with two stub 46

xii

4.8 0.8/2.4 GHz dual band dipole antenna with harmonic

suppression capability with two stub 47

4.9 2.4/5.82 GHz dual band dipole antenna with harmonic

suppression capability with two stub 47

4.10 Simulated result with two stubs suppressed 2.4 GHz 48

4.11 Simulated result with two stubs suppressed 5.82 GHz 48

412 Simulated result with two stubs suppressed 49

4.13 Simulated VSWR results of the antenna with two stubs 50

4.14 Measured return loss of the antenna without stub 51

4.15 Measured return loss of the antenna with stub 51

4.16 Simulated and measured return loss of the antenna with

stub 52

4.16 Simulated and measured return loss of the antenna without

stub 52

4.17 Measured VSWR of the antenna with stub and without

stub 53

4.18 Comparison radiation pattern between simulation and

measurement E-plane at 0.82 GHz, 2.4 GHz,

and 5.82 GHz 55

4.19 Comparison radiation pattern between simulation and

measurement H-plane at 0.82 GHz, 2.4 GHz,

and 5.82 GHz 57

4.20 Measured gain of the antenna 58

4.21 Simulated and measured return loss of the antenna (2.4 GHz

suppressed) 59

xiii

4.22 Simulated and measured return loss of the antenna (5.8 GHz

suppressed) 59

4.23 Simulated and measured return loss of the antenna (2.4 GHz

suppressed) 60

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Various research work associated harmonic rejection. 06

3.1 Design specification 20

3.2 The parameters of the proposed design 21

3.3 Parameters of dipole antenna 28

4.1 Effect of the parasitic elements location on frequency and return

loss 40

4.2 Effect of the stub locations on frequency and return loss 42

4.3 Measured VSWR of the antenna with and without stub 44

4.4 Bandwidth of dipole antenna with and without stub 45

4.5 Simulated and measured return loss of the antenna

with and without stub 53

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PMA - Printed monopole antenna

WLAN - Wireless local area network

MHZ - Mega hertz

GHZ - Giga hertz

2-D - Two dimension

3-D - Three dimension

BW - Bandwidth

VNA - Vector network analyzer

GSM - Global system for mobile communication

mm - Millimeter

ISM - Industrial, scientific and medical

HOM - Higher order mode

HSA - Harmonic suppressed antenna

EBG - Electromagnetic bandgap

DGS - Defeated ground Structure

PBG - Photonic bandgap

E-Plane - Electric plane

xvi

H-Place - Magnetic plane

HPBW - Half-power beam width

VSWR - Voltage standing wave ratio

SPE - Single parasitic element

TPE - Three parasitic elements

RL - Return loss

CST - Computer simulation technology

%BW - Percentage bandwidt

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background

The increased growth of Wi-Fi communication, the urgency to design

cheaper amount, portable, lower profile planar settings and wideband multiple-

frequency planar antennas turn out to be highly interesting. The popularity in the

cellphone technologies have been significantly degreased the size and weight.

Antenna with higher acquire efficiency are definitely the needed a few of the apps in

conversation. Contemporary portable Wi-Fi methods are already needed to run at

multiple frequency rings allowing a variety of communication services. Furthermore,

as increasing numbers of communication alternatives are integrated into just one

product, multiband antennas turn out to be a little bit more appealing for the decline

in actual manufacturing and estate expenses. Different posts have mentioned various

designs and techniques for multiband antennas [1-14].

2

Generally speaking, the key of multiband antennas are discovered by

developing resonators of a number of unique resonant lengths and multiple

resonances included in the antenna design. On the other hand, numerous resonating

patches are set up in portable configurations. Dipole antennas always have difficulty

in complying with such requirement because the bandwidths of the printed dipole

antennas are generally narrow and are often insufficient for many applications

hoverer. There are many papers dealing with the best way to develop known simple

antenna structures to multi-band features for instance like, inverted F or inverted L

antennas [15], embedded folded dipoles [16] or PIFA’s with folded feeding

structures [17]. Harmonic suppression which attributes additional placement decrease,

the standard thought implementation of antenna with harmonic suppression is to steer

clear of spurious radiation that very easily generated at higher purchase resonant

frequencies of antenna from your circuits. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

provides the data networking needs of public wireless service subscribers. High gain

antenna is critical to WLAN system.

This project will introduce a triple band dipole antenna and investigate the

characterization of antenna design with harmonic suppression for wireless

communication.

2.1 Problem Statement

Wireless devices that operate at multiband frequencies with smaller physical

sizes have now been used in many applications. The triple-band dipole antennas have

been used vigorously, since they are simple, easy to be designed and fabricated. The

higher order mode (HOM) frequencies in these multiband antennas is one of the

problems which has many undesired frequencies and noises that exist when

designing such type of triple band dipole antennas.

To overcome the undesired higher order modes, a triple band dipole antenna

with harmonic suppression capability is proposed, to eliminate the undesired

frequencies.

3

1.2 Project Objectives

This project provides an investigation on the performance optimization of triple band

dipole antenna with harmonic suppression. The objectives of this project are:

To design a triple-band dipole antenna

To design and develop a triple band dipole antenna with harmonic

suppression capability

To simulate and fabricate and test the triple-band dipole antenna with

harmonic suppression

2.1 Scope of the Project

The scopes of this project are:

Triple band dipole antenna operates at the following frequency

Operating frequency System application

800 MHz GSM 900 MHz

2.4 GHz ISM Band/ WLAN

5.8 GHz ISM Band/ WLAN

Employing stub to suppress higher order mode (HOM).

The Triple band dipole antenna will be analyzed through simulation using

CST and then experimented by using network analyzer, and farfield

measurement.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Harmonic Suppression Antenna

Harmonic suppression antennas (HSAs) suppress power radiation at

harmonic wavelengths from active integrated antennas (AIA). An antenna that

presents impedance match fundamental design frequency (fo) and maximized

reflection at harmonic wavelengths is stated harmonic suppression antenna. AIAs

popular, suffer undesired harmonics which must be removed or hidden. The

undesirable harmonics are critical degrade the antenna performance. Within the

conventional AIAs, harmonic suppression filters were employed which create

additional insertion loss while antenna size. Additionally, the input impedance HSA

design minimized resistance in the harmonic wavelengths largely reactive. The

wireless power transfer system must operate efficiently and also the deficits of one’s

during receiving and conversion of signal processes minimized by suppressing the

5

undesirable signal, however, the interface antenna nonlinear circuit component diode

[19-26].

In addition, the productive included antenna continues to be eye-catching

section of investigation more recently, because of their small dimension, affordable,

and multiple capabilities. The AIA may be regarded as a dynamic microwave circuit

where the input or output 5arbor is free of charge place. The main uses of lively

built-in antenna are wi-fi communication methods in military and civilian purposes.

The design and fabrication of such elements could require a number of steps and

ways, dependant upon the region of software and modern technology and materials

characterization. In every case, the antenna is totally or carefully incorporated with

the productive system produce a subsystem on a single board and might offer distinct

circuit functions such as resonating, duplexing filtering as well as radiating that

explain its unique part.

A number of techniques are actually suggested to handle harmonics for

example photonic band-gap (PBG), electromagnetic band gap structures (EBG),

meta- materials, defected ground structure (DGS) and stubs. As a result, in radio-

frequency engineering and microwave, a stub is actually a transmission line which

links one end to another. In addition to, stubs are generally employed in frequency

selective filters, antenna impedance matching circuits, and resonant circuits for UHF

electronic oscillators and RF amplifiers [29]. In this particular thesis, stubs used to

get rid of the undesirable frequencies which improves the antenna radiation

functionality.

In microwave and radio-frequency engineering, a stub or resonant stub is a

length of transmission line or waveguide that is connected at one end only. The other

end of the stub is both left open-circuit or as short-circuited. Ignoring transmission

line losses, the input impedance of a stub is strictly reactive; capacitive or inductive,

dependent upon the electric powered entire stub, and on whether it be open or short

circuit. Stub may possibly therefore function as capacitors, inductors and resonant

circuits at radio frequencies [37].

Several research works conducted recently as recorded featuring important of

antenna design at 2.45GHz(ISM Band) application[31], which not only act as

6

radiator but also able to suppress the unwanted harmonic at high order frequency

several studies have been conducted on antenna harmonic rejection technique in

order to proposed new design with improvement in order to proposed new design

with important in overall system performance in terms of its good return loss, voltage

standing wave ratio, radiation pattern, directivity and gain.

The best technique will be applied on the basic structure of radiating element

to control the distribution of current flow on the patch antenna like slit, stub,

defective ground structure or else. In turn, the performance of the overall system will

be improved since the technique used will maximized power at the fundamental

frequency and suppressed the radiated power at harmonic frequencies to achieve

harmonic rejection characteristic. However, antenna harmonic suppression will have

maximum power transfer at its design frequency if input impedance of antenna is 50

ohm and perfectly matched with the characteristic impedance of transmission line in

order to obtain maximum energy transfer between transmission feed line and an

antenna.

Table 2.1: Various research work associated harmonic rejection

Ref Suppression

Technique

Antenna structure and results

[35]

Stubs are used

to eliminate

2.7GHz.

7

[45]

Stubs are used

to eliminate 4

GHz

[49]

DGS is used to

suppress 3.6

GHz

[43]

Eliminated 7

GHz by DGS

= 2.45 GHz

8

2.2 Review of Multiband Antenna

Antenna made to operate on many different band. These antennas usually

applied designs exactly where one section of the antenna is active for one band, and

another part is active for any distinct band. A multiband antenna might have less than

average gain or can be actually bigger in compensation.

One of the standard ways of obtaining multiband operations would be to

utilize from higher order resonances. This theory is revealed in Figure 2.1. That the

monopole antenna is usually used with a length of Figure 2.1(a). For this

particular scenario, the antenna resonates at with electric field minimum at the

supply. A similar condition of the minimum electric field at the feed also exists when

same antenna’s length corresponds to , Figure 2.1(b). As a result, the monopole

antenna may also resonate at . Other higher resonances also really exist at

increased frequencies for example . Higher order resonances are employed in

various types of antennas including patches, helices, dipoles and slots. The antenna

provides the resonances at frequencies and that higher order resonances

theory virtually holds for this particular situation [38].

9

Figure 2.1: (a) An antenna resonating at fo (b) Same antenna resonating at 3fo (E is

the electric field magnitude) [38]

Multiple resonant structures is considered the most preferred technique for

obtaining multiband antenna method is the utilization of multiple resonant structures.

A couple of resonant structures, which are closely situated in space or even co-

situated by using a single feed. The multiple resonant structure method is also

commonly used in cellular communication systems to attain multiband mobile

antennas.

Parasitic resonators is yet another technique to get multiband features is

definitely the implementation of parasitic resonators to the antenna system. This

element is not directly fed, although in this technique, an extra parasitic element is

added to the fed antenna for the operation at a different frequency. It really is

parasitically combined from in close proximity to field of the antenna and resonates

at an additional volume. In Figure 2.2 the antenna at first functions at GSM 900 and

1800 frequency bands without having a parasitic component. With the addition of the

parasitic element, a triple band antenna for GSM 1900, 900 and 1800 frequency

bands is optained [38].

10

Figure 2.2: A folded patch antenna with parasitic element for a triple band

application [39]

Several research works conducted recently as recorded. A multiple-music

band microstrip dipole antenna [2]. Established a crossbreed multiband antenna that

incorporates a loop antenna in on the supply framework with the planar dipole. The

planar dipole is up to date to handle 802 and GSM.one lb WLAN Alerts as being the

elementary and increased buy methods through the loop antenna can be utilized as

802.one la WLAN communication. Kind of a concise inner antenna for multiple-

band individual interaction handsets presentation [3]. A singular PIFA dependent

antenna is usually recommended currently being an inside antenna for cellular

handsets. The antenna is produced to function at GSM (890-960 MHz), DCS (1710-

1880 MHz), Desktops (1880-1990 MHz), UMTS (1900-2200 MHz), WiBro (2300 -

2390 MHz), (ISM (two.4-2.40 8 GHz), WLAN and Bluetooth (5.17-5.5 GHz)

consistency groups. The antenna comes with a basic PIFA radiator, L- area located

beneath the PIFA ingredient and right hooked up on the give pin and an extra

resonating strip for procedure in WLAN music group all-around five.two GHz. A

prototype antenna is constructed making use of a toned copper sheet of .two

millimeters thickness and characterised for return reduction and radiation efficiency.

New structure aiming a multiband microstrip antenna discussed in [40]. That

may be specified that has a SMA coaxial probe. This is the tri-group antenna

incorporates a circular patch coupled with a loop microstrip line, which. The rounded

repair is specified by a few probes connected on the loop microstrip range. The

antenna might be to deal with a few rings of just one particular.254-1.404 GHz,

11

one.653-1.746 GHz along with a set of.142-10.752 GHz with satisfactory

effectiveness in relation to achieve, and impedance matching. Radiation types at

distinctive wavelengths, as well as the attain in excess of the running data transfer

rate are examined.

Microstrip multiband fractal dipole antennas although working with mix of

Sierpinski, Hilbert and Giuseppe Peano fractals are discussed in [41]. Three fractal

geometries have been prompt, particularly Sierpinski, Hilbert and Giuseppe Peano

fractals to build a tri-level music band antenna for this UWB program (about three.1-

10.half a dozen GHz). Each individual fractal geometry is applied to the new region

in the dipole antenna framework to accumulate exceptional attributes. Among the the

problems of UWB units often is the removing of interference coupled with other slim

group interaction units, one example is WLAN (5.15-5.825 GHz), WIMAX (3.3-

3.seven GHz) and ITU (8.025-8.4GHz). A multi-band microstrip dipole antenna [2].

Designed a hybrid multiband antenna that combines a loop antenna into the feed

structure of any planar dipole. The planar dipole is tuned to deal with 802 and

GSM.1 lb WLAN Signals as the fundamental and higher order modes of your loop

antenna can be used for 802.1 la WLAN telecommunications. A design of a small

internal antenna for multi-band private communication handsets are presented [3]. It

is PIFA structured antenna being an internal antenna for mobile handsets. The

antenna was designed to function at GSM (890-960 MHz), DCS (1710-1880 MHz),

Personal computers (1880-1990 MHz), UMTS (1900-2200 MHz), WiBro (2300 -

2390 MHz), (ISM (2.4-2.48 GHz), Bluetooth and WLAN (5.17-5.5 GHz) frequency

bands. The antenna is made up of fundamental PIFA radiator, L- patch found under

the PIFA factor and immediately linked to the give pin along with an more

resonating strip for functioning in WLAN music group about 5.2 GHz. A prototype

antenna is constructed employing a smooth copper page of .2 millimeters size and

recognized for give back radiation and loss efficiency.

The tri-band antenna consists of a circular patch and a loop microstrip line,

which is fed by a SMA coaxial probe [40]. The circular patch is fed by three probes

connected to the loop microstrip line. The antenna is to cover three bands of 1.254-

1.404 GHz, 1.653-1.746 GHz and 2.142-10.752 GHz with acceptable performance in

terms of gain, and impedance matching. Radiation patterns at different frequencies,

12

and the gain across the operating bandwidth are studied. Microstrip multiband fractal

dipole antennas using the combination of Sierpinski, Hilbert and Giuseppe Peano

fractals [41]. Three fractal geometries were proposed, namely Sierpinski, Hilbert and

Giuseppe Peano fractals to design a tri-notch band antenna for the UWB system (3.1-

10.6 GHz). Each fractal geometry is applied to a different part of the dipole antenna

structure to obtain unique characteristics. One of the challenges of UWB systems is

the elimination of interference with other narrow band communication systems, such

as WLAN (5.15-5.825 GHz), WIMAX (3.3-3.7 GHz) and ITU (8.025-8.4GHz). In

[42] a multiband antennas comprising multiple frame-printed dipoles are discussed.

Communication presents the multiband antenna that consists of multiple nested

frame dipoles printed on a double-sided substrate. One dual-band printed dipole

antenna and one triband printed dipole antenna are simulated and designed in this

communication. The dual-band antenna is designed by two nested frame dipoles,

which operate at 2.4/3.5-GHz band. While triband antenna is realized by three nested

frames operated at 1.8/2.4/3.5-GHz band. These antennas show distinguished

engineering application value on indoor distribution network for excellent signal

coverage of WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g and WiMax dual-mode system and DCS-1800,

WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g, and WiMax trimode system. Multiband Antenna also

possible for WiFi and WiGig.

A multiband antenna that is covering microwave WiFi and millimeter-wave

WiGig bands discussed in [43]. The design of WiFi band antenna based on a

wideband printed monopole shows an impedance bandwidth from 2 to 10 GHz,

which fully covers current WiFi bands as well as other bands such as WiMAX

(2.5/3.5 GHz). At 60 GHz band, the antenna acts as a shorted higher-order mode

patch.

A planar dipole for multiband antenna systems with self-balanced impedance

are presented in [44]. In this work the antenna proposed a multi frame L-slot planar

dipole loaded with a single microstrip line for multiband antenna systems. The

multiband is achieved by creating a multi frame L-slot on a host dipole and also by

loading the host dipole antenna with a single microstripline to generate a couple of

shunts and series of capacitive gaps with an inductive strip, eventually forming -like

resonators. The antenna supports several wireless communication bands including:

13

LTE bands at and GHz; WLAN bands at, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz; WiBro/WiMAX bands

at GHz. In addition, to validate the multiband behaviors, this work also proposed a

simple equivalent circuit for the designed antenna in which biconical transmission

lines were adopted to model the host dipole sections.

A multiband WLAN Antennas based on the Principle of Duality to printed-

bent-strip multiband antennas were applied in [45]. As the electromagnetic dual of a

conducting strip is a slot in a conducting sheet, to explore the possibility of achieving

multi-band operation with multiple coupled bent slots in a ground plane. The

combination of a multiband printed strip antenna and a multiband printed slot

antenna would exhibit polarization orthogonality. Such a pair can efficiently provide

both space diversity and polarization diversity to combat multi-path fading effects in

WLAN systems.

A design of both planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and monopole antenna are

introduced in [47]. In which it can cover PCS1900, LTE and mobile worldwide

interoperability for microwave access (m-WiMAX) when the switch is turned ON.

When the switch is turned OFF, the antenna covers GSM900, m-WiMAX and

WLAN 802.11a. As a result, the antenna presented in this particular work has two

multiband designs and each design established three bands. In hard-wire case, the

antenna resonates at 900, 1900 and 4800 MHz for state 1 while the second design

resonates at 800, 1700 and 4800 MHz for state 2. It can possibly support several

services simultaneously.

A Dipole-fed multi-band spiral antenna introduced in [48]. The multi-

polarization antenna introduced in this particular work simply by making a gap on

the spiral element, cross-shaped spiral Antenna (CSA) has developed into a multi-

polarization antenna to enhance the polarization characteristics, and then employed a

dipole antenna as being a feed element of the multi-polarization CSA. Therefore the

new CSA has been improved} its performance

14

2.3 Current and previous research

Dual band dipole antenna with harmonic suppression capability presented in

[43]. Therefore this paper proposed a dipole antenna with single parasitic element as

shown in figure 2.3 which produces 0.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 4 GHz. The third

frequency being the harmonic, to suppress the undesired frequency the antenna were

added stub.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2.3: Fabricated design for dipole antenna with SPE and stub: (a) top view, (b)

back view [43]

Figure 2.3 shows the fabricated design of dipole antenna with single parasitic

element. In Figure 2.3 (a), the top and back views consist of transmission line and

tapered balun. The two arms from top and back view with single parasitic element

15

located at the middle on the arms. Figure 2.3 (b) shows the same design of dipole

antenna as in Figure 2.3 (a) with added stub that produces dual-band frequencies.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2.4: Simulated and measured results for antenna (a) without stub (b) with

stub

Figure 2.4 illustrates the measured and simulated results of return loss of the

dipole antenna with single parasitic element. In Figure 2.4 (a), the antenna works at

main three frequencies 0.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 4 GHz, respectively, while Figure 2.4

(b) presents the antenna with stub of return loss, in this case the antenna works at 0.8

GHz, and 2.4 GHz, respectively, while the 4 GHz has been suppressed due to added

stub.

16

Reconfigurable printed-dipole antenna with harmonic trap for wideband

applications are discussed in [35]. This work provides the method of using a

harmonic trap to design a wideband reconfigurable antenna. The reconfigurable

antennas are often used to select one of operating frequency bands. One of the

higher-frequency bands can be a harmonic of a lower band if these bands cover a

very wide frequency range. Whenever the antenna operates at the lower band, it can

have a decent match at the higher frequency. This work proposes an approach for

designing a wideband reconfigurable printed dipole antenna to be able to pick only

one of the operating frequency bands .9 GHz, and 2.7 GHz simply by using a

harmonic trap. [35].

Figure 2.4: Printed-dipole antenna: (a) schematic; (b) front; (c) back [35]

17

Figure 2.4 shows the fabricated design of dipole antenna, the top and back

views consist of transmission line and tapered balun. The two arms from top and

back view and single stub.

Figure 2.5: Measured return loss of the printed-dipole antenna with and without

harmonic trap [35].

In figure 2.5 demonstrates the measured return loss of the reconfigurable

dipole antenna with harmonic trap. It can be seen that the third harmonic of the lower

bands, for example the very first and second band, are suppressed through the use of

harmonic trap, so in this case the antenna picks only one of the frequency bands each

and every time.

18

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will focus on the methodology used in the project so that the

objectives of the project can be achieved. The project consists two parts, software

and hardware. The software part contains designing and simulating the antenna while

the hardware part comprises fabrication and measuring the antenna. Therefore at the

beginning of the project a work flow has been established so that the work is well

organized and to ensure the work can be finished on time.

The work flow process is shown on the figure 3.1 comprising several tasks

that are assigning in completing the project. Initially, the work implemented more to

the understanding of the basic principle of dipole antenna design with. The design

and simulation is done by using CST Microwave Studio, the simulation result is

optimized to get the best performance of antenna, and then antenna has been

19

fabricated on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant (εr) 4.4 and substrate height

1.6 mm.

Figure 3.1: Project Flow Chart

Start the project

Specification &

Design

Requirement

Basic Configuration 0.8

GHz micro strip of Dipole

with Harmonic

Design Dual band

Dipole with

Harmonic

Suppression

If result ok

Parametric Study and

Optimize the parameter

(Simulation)

Design Triple band

Dipole with

Harmonic

Suppression

Parametric Study and

Optimize the parameter

(Simulation)

Finish

Yes

If result OK

Yes

No

Simulation

No

Fabrication

No

Fabrication

If result ok

Yes

20

3.2 Theoretical Design

The formula use in this triple-band dipole antenna can be designed for the

lowest resonant frequency using transmission line model. The formula to calculate

the value of λ, length and width can be found through formulation as shown below.

Table 3.1: Design specification

Design properties

Specification

Range of frequencies 0 GHz – 6 GHz

Operating frequencies

Band1 = 0.82 GHz

Band2 = 2.45 GHz

Band3 = 5.8 GHz

Gain(dBi) 1( dBi ) – 6.5( dBi)

Retun loss(S11) Lower than RL ≤ -10 (dB)

Radiation patterns Omni-directional

Voltage standing wave ratio

(VSWR)

(VSWR) ≤ 2

Dielectric substrate

Dielectric constant, 6.4

Thickness substrate = 1.6

21

3.3 Proposed design

The geometry of the dipole antenna with three parasitic elements with stub. It

consists of the transmission line, tapered balun, two stubs, and parasitic elements

located on both arms. These parasitic elements are located on the arms by doing

parametric study.

(a) Design Consideration

The three essential parameters for the design of a triple-band dipole antenna

are:

Frequency of operation ( ): The resonant frequencies are selected as 0.8

GHz and 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz respectively.

The dielectric constant of substrate ( ): The dielectric material selected

for my design is FR-4 with a dielectric constant of 4.6.

Height of dielectric substrate ( ): The height of the dielectric substrate

selected is 1.6 mm.

Table 3.2: The parameters of the proposed design

Item Value

Central frequency, 0.8 GHz and 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz

Substrate thickness, 4.6 mm

22

(b) Formula

The propagation of electromagnetic field is usually considered in a free space,

where it travels at the speed of light c ( 8^10*3 m/s). is the wavelength, expressed

in meters.

Formula to determine the width and the length of a dipole antenna arms

(a) Width, W

Ratio for w/h where w is the width and (h =1.6mm), is the thickness:

2

8

2-

A

A

W

he

e

(3.1)

Where A:

1 -1 0.11(0.23 )

60 2 1r r

r r

oA z

(3.2)

(b) Length, L

0.47v

Lf

(3.3)

23

Where v is

cv

eff (3.4)

1 -1 1[ ]

2 21 12( )

r reffhw

(3.5)

The formula to determine transmission line

(a) Width, W

2

81 1( ) 2

-2

A

A

w wh h

ee

(3.6)

Where A:

1 -1 0.11(0.23 )60 2 1

r r

rr

oA z

(3.7)

4.6, 1.6,

50 r

o

h

z

24

(b) Length, L

4gh

(3.8)

Where g

g

c

f eff

(3.9)

= wavelength

c = velocity of light

f = frequency

1 -1 1[ ]

2 21 12( )

r reffhw

(3.10)

4gL

(3.11)

63

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