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Knowledge Development Knowledge Development Presentation OnePresentation One


Knowledge Development 1 - Knowledge Development 1 - 22Main Menu Previous Next

WelcomeWelcomeWelcomeWelcome

IntroductionsIntroductions Course Goals and Your ResponsibilitiesCourse Goals and Your Responsibilities Course Overview, Logistics and Course Overview, Logistics and

AdministrationAdministration Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks Introduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix Diving

IntroductionsIntroductions Course Goals and Your ResponsibilitiesCourse Goals and Your Responsibilities Course Overview, Logistics and Course Overview, Logistics and

AdministrationAdministration Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks Introduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix Diving


IntroductionsIntroductionsIntroductionsIntroductions

Introduction of staffIntroduction of staff • Background Background

Diving interestsDiving interests Outside of diving interestsOutside of diving interests

Introduction of candidatesIntroduction of candidates• BackgroundBackground

Diving interestsDiving interests How interest developed forHow interest developed for

tec divingtec diving Outside of diving interestsOutside of diving interests

Collect Knowledge ReviewsCollect Knowledge Reviews

Introduction of staffIntroduction of staff • Background Background

Diving interestsDiving interests Outside of diving interestsOutside of diving interests

Introduction of candidatesIntroduction of candidates• BackgroundBackground

Diving interestsDiving interests How interest developed forHow interest developed for

tec divingtec diving Outside of diving interestsOutside of diving interests

Collect Knowledge ReviewsCollect Knowledge Reviews


Course GoalsCourse GoalsCourse GoalsCourse Goals

What are the course goals?What are the course goals?• To qualify you to use open circuit technical To qualify you to use open circuit technical

diving equipment and procedures to plan and diving equipment and procedures to plan and make dives using trimix, EANx, and oxygenmake dives using trimix, EANx, and oxygen

• To learn and use cognitive and motor skills To learn and use cognitive and motor skills required for technical trimix divingrequired for technical trimix diving

• To understand hazards and risksTo understand hazards and risksassociated with trimix divingassociated with trimix diving

• To prepare for and respondTo prepare for and respondto emergenciesto emergencies

• To develop skills for further trainingTo develop skills for further training

What are the course goals?What are the course goals?• To qualify you to use open circuit technical To qualify you to use open circuit technical

diving equipment and procedures to plan and diving equipment and procedures to plan and make dives using trimix, EANx, and oxygenmake dives using trimix, EANx, and oxygen

• To learn and use cognitive and motor skills To learn and use cognitive and motor skills required for technical trimix divingrequired for technical trimix diving

• To understand hazards and risksTo understand hazards and risksassociated with trimix divingassociated with trimix diving

• To prepare for and respondTo prepare for and respondto emergenciesto emergencies

• To develop skills for further trainingTo develop skills for further training


Your ResponsibilitiesYour ResponsibilitiesYour ResponsibilitiesYour Responsibilities

What are your obligations and What are your obligations and responsibilities?responsibilities?• Follow direction and dive plans strictlyFollow direction and dive plans strictly• Maintain physical and mental healthMaintain physical and mental health• Accept the risk and notify if risk is Accept the risk and notify if risk is

unacceptableunacceptable What are the consequences to failingWhat are the consequences to failing

to meet your obligations and to meet your obligations and responsibilities?responsibilities?• Serious injury, disabled or killedSerious injury, disabled or killed• Not qualify for certificationNot qualify for certification

What are your obligations and What are your obligations and responsibilities?responsibilities?• Follow direction and dive plans strictlyFollow direction and dive plans strictly• Maintain physical and mental healthMaintain physical and mental health• Accept the risk and notify if risk is Accept the risk and notify if risk is

unacceptableunacceptable What are the consequences to failingWhat are the consequences to failing

to meet your obligations and to meet your obligations and responsibilities?responsibilities?• Serious injury, disabled or killedSerious injury, disabled or killed• Not qualify for certificationNot qualify for certification


Course Overview and LogisticsCourse Overview and LogisticsCourse Overview and LogisticsCourse Overview and Logistics

ScheduleSchedule Tec Trimix Diver Statement of UnderstandingTec Trimix Diver Statement of Understanding

and Learning Agreementand Learning Agreement• Make-up policiesMake-up policies

CertificationCertification• Receive DSAT Tec Trimix Diver certification Receive DSAT Tec Trimix Diver certification • Qualified to make no-decompression dives using trimix Qualified to make no-decompression dives using trimix

as a bottom gas within limits of your trainingas a bottom gas within limits of your training• Purchase trimix and purchase/rent equipmentPurchase trimix and purchase/rent equipment

for trimix divingfor trimix diving Certification means you accept risksCertification means you accept risks

of trimix divingof trimix diving

ScheduleSchedule Tec Trimix Diver Statement of UnderstandingTec Trimix Diver Statement of Understanding

and Learning Agreementand Learning Agreement• Make-up policiesMake-up policies

CertificationCertification• Receive DSAT Tec Trimix Diver certification Receive DSAT Tec Trimix Diver certification • Qualified to make no-decompression dives using trimix Qualified to make no-decompression dives using trimix

as a bottom gas within limits of your trainingas a bottom gas within limits of your training• Purchase trimix and purchase/rent equipmentPurchase trimix and purchase/rent equipment

for trimix divingfor trimix diving Certification means you accept risksCertification means you accept risks

of trimix divingof trimix diving


Course Overview and LogisticsCourse Overview and LogisticsCourse Overview and LogisticsCourse Overview and Logistics

Class requirementsClass requirements• Course costCourse cost• Teammates Teammates • Equipment & MaterialsEquipment & Materials• Course prerequisitesCourse prerequisites

Class requirementsClass requirements• Course costCourse cost• Teammates Teammates • Equipment & MaterialsEquipment & Materials• Course prerequisitesCourse prerequisites


AdministrationAdministrationAdministrationAdministration

Liability Release and Express Assumption Liability Release and Express Assumption of Risk for Technical Divingof Risk for Technical Diving

Physician's approval and signature on Physician's approval and signature on current Medical Statementcurrent Medical Statement

Diver InsuranceDiver Insurance

Liability Release and Express Assumption Liability Release and Express Assumption of Risk for Technical Divingof Risk for Technical Diving

Physician's approval and signature on Physician's approval and signature on current Medical Statementcurrent Medical Statement

Diver InsuranceDiver Insurance


Presentation One OverviewPresentation One OverviewPresentation One OverviewPresentation One Overview

Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks Introduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix Diving Equipment I Equipment I Techniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures I Emergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures I Decompression IDecompression I Gas Planning IGas Planning I Team Diving ITeam Diving I Thinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver I Practical Application OnePractical Application One

Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks Introduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix Diving Equipment I Equipment I Techniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures I Emergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures I Decompression IDecompression I Gas Planning IGas Planning I Team Diving ITeam Diving I Thinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver I Practical Application OnePractical Application One


Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks

What ten risks and hazards does technical diving with trimix present that either don’t exist or aren’t as severe in recreational diving and air/enriched air technical diving?• Helium differs from nitrogenHelium differs from nitrogen• More risk of the unknownMore risk of the unknown• Unlikely to decompress adequatelyUnlikely to decompress adequately• Gas blend inaccuracyGas blend inaccuracy• Vestibular DCS Vestibular DCS continued…continued…

What ten risks and hazards does technical diving with trimix present that either don’t exist or aren’t as severe in recreational diving and air/enriched air technical diving?• Helium differs from nitrogenHelium differs from nitrogen• More risk of the unknownMore risk of the unknown• Unlikely to decompress adequatelyUnlikely to decompress adequately• Gas blend inaccuracyGas blend inaccuracy• Vestibular DCS Vestibular DCS continued…continued…


Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks

More risks and hazards of technical diving with trimix • HypothermiaHypothermia• HypoxiaHypoxia• HyperoxiaHyperoxia• Isobaric counterdiffusionIsobaric counterdiffusion• Rescue difficult or impossibleRescue difficult or impossible

More risks and hazards of technical diving with trimix • HypothermiaHypothermia• HypoxiaHypoxia• HyperoxiaHyperoxia• Isobaric counterdiffusionIsobaric counterdiffusion• Rescue difficult or impossibleRescue difficult or impossible


Limits of Tec Trimix DiverLimits of Tec Trimix DiverLimits of Tec Trimix DiverLimits of Tec Trimix Diver

What are the limits of your training as a What are the limits of your training as a Tec Trimix Diver?Tec Trimix Diver?• A maximum of 75 metres/245 feet or A maximum of 75 metres/245 feet or

maximum training depthmaximum training depth• Use open circuit technical diving equipment Use open circuit technical diving equipment

with trimix as a bottom gas, and trimix, with trimix as a bottom gas, and trimix, enriched air and oxygen for decompressionenriched air and oxygen for decompression

• Stay within limits of your experienceStay within limits of your experience

What are the limits of your training as a What are the limits of your training as a Tec Trimix Diver?Tec Trimix Diver?• A maximum of 75 metres/245 feet or A maximum of 75 metres/245 feet or

maximum training depthmaximum training depth• Use open circuit technical diving equipment Use open circuit technical diving equipment

with trimix as a bottom gas, and trimix, with trimix as a bottom gas, and trimix, enriched air and oxygen for decompressionenriched air and oxygen for decompression

• Stay within limits of your experienceStay within limits of your experience



What risks do you face if you exceed these What risks do you face if you exceed these limits?limits?• Serious InjurySerious Injury• DeathDeath

What risks do you face if you exceed these What risks do you face if you exceed these limits?limits?• Serious InjurySerious Injury• DeathDeath



How do you How do you responsibly extend responsibly extend your limits with trimix your limits with trimix diving?diving?• Extend limits Extend limits

progressivelyprogressively• Dive with diversDive with divers

with morewith moreexperienceexperience

How do you How do you responsibly extend responsibly extend your limits with trimix your limits with trimix diving?diving?• Extend limits Extend limits

progressivelyprogressively• Dive with diversDive with divers

with morewith moreexperienceexperience


Introduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix Diving

TrimixTrimix BenefitsBenefits DrawbacksDrawbacks Ranges for TrimixRanges for Trimix Blending TrimixBlending Trimix Analyzing TrimixAnalyzing Trimix

TrimixTrimix BenefitsBenefits DrawbacksDrawbacks Ranges for TrimixRanges for Trimix Blending TrimixBlending Trimix Analyzing TrimixAnalyzing Trimix


Introduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix DivingIntroduction to Trimix Diving

What is trimix?What is trimix?• Trimix is a blend of oxygen, helium and Trimix is a blend of oxygen, helium and

nitrogen used for deep technical divingnitrogen used for deep technical diving

What is trimix?What is trimix?• Trimix is a blend of oxygen, helium and Trimix is a blend of oxygen, helium and

nitrogen used for deep technical divingnitrogen used for deep technical diving


TrimixTrimixTrimixTrimix

What is the nomenclature for identifyingWhat is the nomenclature for identifyinga trimix?a trimix?• Nomenclature – Trimix followed by the oxygen Nomenclature – Trimix followed by the oxygen

percentage, then the helium percentagepercentage, then the helium percentage• TMx 18/50 TMx 18/50

What is the nomenclature for identifyingWhat is the nomenclature for identifyinga trimix?a trimix?• Nomenclature – Trimix followed by the oxygen Nomenclature – Trimix followed by the oxygen

percentage, then the helium percentagepercentage, then the helium percentage• TMx 18/50 TMx 18/50

Oxygen Percentage

Helium Percentage

Trimix Abbreviation


TrimixTrimixTrimixTrimix

What is meant by “normoxic” trimix?What is meant by “normoxic” trimix?• Trimix with 21% oxygen is called “normoxic”Trimix with 21% oxygen is called “normoxic”• Helium percentage may varyHelium percentage may vary

What is meant by “normoxic” trimix?What is meant by “normoxic” trimix?• Trimix with 21% oxygen is called “normoxic”Trimix with 21% oxygen is called “normoxic”• Helium percentage may varyHelium percentage may vary


BenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefits

What are three benefits of diving with What are three benefits of diving with trimix?trimix?• Reduced narcosisReduced narcosis• Reduced oxygen toxicityReduced oxygen toxicity• Less dense for reduced breathingLess dense for reduced breathing

resistance at depthresistance at depth

What are three benefits of diving with What are three benefits of diving with trimix?trimix?• Reduced narcosisReduced narcosis• Reduced oxygen toxicityReduced oxygen toxicity• Less dense for reduced breathingLess dense for reduced breathing

resistance at depthresistance at depth


DrawbacksDrawbacksDrawbacksDrawbacks

What are three drawbacks of diving with What are three drawbacks of diving with trimix?trimix?• Expense Expense • Longer decompression timesLonger decompression times• More complex logistics and planningMore complex logistics and planning

What are three drawbacks of diving with What are three drawbacks of diving with trimix?trimix?• Expense Expense • Longer decompression timesLonger decompression times• More complex logistics and planningMore complex logistics and planning


Ranges for TrimixRanges for TrimixRanges for TrimixRanges for Trimix

What are the generally accepted ranges What are the generally accepted ranges for trimix?for trimix?• There are differing opinions as to how deep There are differing opinions as to how deep

you can go before trimix is considered you can go before trimix is considered required. Broadly accepted ranges include:required. Broadly accepted ranges include:

Air/enriched air to 50 metres/165 feetAir/enriched air to 50 metres/165 feet Below 40 metres/130 feet, trimix used for overhead Below 40 metres/130 feet, trimix used for overhead

environments or complex objectives environments or complex objectives Below 50 metres/165 feet,Below 50 metres/165 feet,

trimix for all diving trimix for all diving Maximum depth has yetMaximum depth has yet

to be establishedto be established

What are the generally accepted ranges What are the generally accepted ranges for trimix?for trimix?• There are differing opinions as to how deep There are differing opinions as to how deep

you can go before trimix is considered you can go before trimix is considered required. Broadly accepted ranges include:required. Broadly accepted ranges include:

Air/enriched air to 50 metres/165 feetAir/enriched air to 50 metres/165 feet Below 40 metres/130 feet, trimix used for overhead Below 40 metres/130 feet, trimix used for overhead

environments or complex objectives environments or complex objectives Below 50 metres/165 feet,Below 50 metres/165 feet,

trimix for all diving trimix for all diving Maximum depth has yetMaximum depth has yet

to be establishedto be established


Blending TrimixBlending TrimixBlending TrimixBlending Trimix

How is trimix made? How is trimix made? • BlendingBlending

Partial pressure blendingPartial pressure blending Partial pressure blending with enriched airPartial pressure blending with enriched air Membrane blending/continuous flow with partial Membrane blending/continuous flow with partial

pressurepressure Continuous flow with helium, oxygen and airContinuous flow with helium, oxygen and air

How is trimix made? How is trimix made? • BlendingBlending

Partial pressure blendingPartial pressure blending Partial pressure blending with enriched airPartial pressure blending with enriched air Membrane blending/continuous flow with partial Membrane blending/continuous flow with partial

pressurepressure Continuous flow with helium, oxygen and airContinuous flow with helium, oxygen and air


Analyzing TrimixAnalyzing TrimixAnalyzing TrimixAnalyzing Trimix

How do you analyze trimix?How do you analyze trimix?• AnalyzingAnalyzing

Oxygen analyzer as with enrichedOxygen analyzer as with enrichedair nitroxair nitrox

Oxygen is analyzed at each stageOxygen is analyzed at each stage Helium analyzersHelium analyzers

How do you analyze trimix?How do you analyze trimix?• AnalyzingAnalyzing

Oxygen analyzer as with enrichedOxygen analyzer as with enrichedair nitroxair nitrox

Oxygen is analyzed at each stageOxygen is analyzed at each stage Helium analyzersHelium analyzers


Equipment IEquipment IEquipment IEquipment I

Standardized Technical Standardized Technical RigRig

Stage/DecompressionStage/DecompressionCylindersCylinders

Trimix MarkingsTrimix Markings Argon Inflation Argon Inflation

SystemsSystems

Standardized Technical Standardized Technical RigRig

Stage/DecompressionStage/DecompressionCylindersCylinders

Trimix MarkingsTrimix Markings Argon Inflation Argon Inflation

SystemsSystems


Standardized Technical RigStandardized Technical RigStandardized Technical RigStandardized Technical Rig

The standardized The standardized technical rig—you’ll be technical rig—you’ll be diving the same diving the same equipment configuration equipment configuration as a Tec Deep Diveras a Tec Deep Diver• High capacity double High capacity double

cylinderscylinders• Redundant buoyancy Redundant buoyancy

controlcontrolis essentialis essential

The standardized The standardized technical rig—you’ll be technical rig—you’ll be diving the same diving the same equipment configuration equipment configuration as a Tec Deep Diveras a Tec Deep Diver• High capacity double High capacity double

cylinderscylinders• Redundant buoyancy Redundant buoyancy

controlcontrolis essentialis essential


Equipment RequirementsEquipment RequirementsEquipment RequirementsEquipment Requirements


Stage/DecompressionStage/Decompression CylindersCylindersStage/DecompressionStage/Decompression CylindersCylinders

Why might you carry more than two Why might you carry more than two stage/deco cylinders on a trimix dive?stage/deco cylinders on a trimix dive?• Tec Deep Divers use two stage/decoTec Deep Divers use two stage/deco

cylinderscylinders• Trimix Divers may use more than two Trimix Divers may use more than two

stage/deco cylinders stage/deco cylinders Trimix dives require larger decoTrimix dives require larger deco

gas volumesgas volumes Three or four different decoThree or four different deco

gases may be necessarygases may be necessary May need travel gasMay need travel gas

Why might you carry more than two Why might you carry more than two stage/deco cylinders on a trimix dive?stage/deco cylinders on a trimix dive?• Tec Deep Divers use two stage/decoTec Deep Divers use two stage/deco

cylinderscylinders• Trimix Divers may use more than two Trimix Divers may use more than two

stage/deco cylinders stage/deco cylinders Trimix dives require larger decoTrimix dives require larger deco

gas volumesgas volumes Three or four different decoThree or four different deco

gases may be necessarygases may be necessary May need travel gasMay need travel gas


Stage/Decompression CylindersStage/Decompression CylindersStage/Decompression CylindersStage/Decompression Cylinders

What are the two ways you can carry four What are the two ways you can carry four stage/deco cylinders?stage/deco cylinders?• Worn all left or right and leftWorn all left or right and left• Develop a personal standardDevelop a personal standard• Wear cylinders the same way every diveWear cylinders the same way every dive• All left – stack two, trail twoAll left – stack two, trail two• Right/left – stack two each side orRight/left – stack two each side or

wear one each side and trail twowear one each side and trail two• Simplify rig and logisticsSimplify rig and logistics

What are the two ways you can carry four What are the two ways you can carry four stage/deco cylinders?stage/deco cylinders?• Worn all left or right and leftWorn all left or right and left• Develop a personal standardDevelop a personal standard• Wear cylinders the same way every diveWear cylinders the same way every dive• All left – stack two, trail twoAll left – stack two, trail two• Right/left – stack two each side orRight/left – stack two each side or

wear one each side and trail twowear one each side and trail two• Simplify rig and logisticsSimplify rig and logistics


Stage/Decompression CylindersStage/Decompression CylindersStage/Decompression CylindersStage/Decompression Cylinders

Deco cylinder typesDeco cylinder types• Aluminum 80s – Aluminum 80s –

preferred if diving with preferred if diving with more than two cylindersmore than two cylinders

• Aluminum 80s for all left Aluminum 80s for all left configurationconfiguration

• Steel cylinders - use twoSteel cylinders - use two

Deco cylinder typesDeco cylinder types• Aluminum 80s – Aluminum 80s –

preferred if diving with preferred if diving with more than two cylindersmore than two cylinders

• Aluminum 80s for all left Aluminum 80s for all left configurationconfiguration

• Steel cylinders - use twoSteel cylinders - use two


Trimix MarkingsTrimix MarkingsTrimix MarkingsTrimix Markings

What are the proper markings on trimix What are the proper markings on trimix cylinders?cylinders?• Clearly mark with a label indicating “Trimix”Clearly mark with a label indicating “Trimix”

No standardized labelNo standardized label Keep isolatedKeep isolated

• Mark with analyzed content,Mark with analyzed content,maximum depth andmaximum depth anddiver’s namediver’s name

• Avoid accidents causedAvoid accidents causedby confusing gassesby confusing gasses

What are the proper markings on trimix What are the proper markings on trimix cylinders?cylinders?• Clearly mark with a label indicating “Trimix”Clearly mark with a label indicating “Trimix”

No standardized labelNo standardized label Keep isolatedKeep isolated

• Mark with analyzed content,Mark with analyzed content,maximum depth andmaximum depth anddiver’s namediver’s name

• Avoid accidents causedAvoid accidents causedby confusing gassesby confusing gasses


Argon Inflation SystemsArgon Inflation SystemsArgon Inflation SystemsArgon Inflation Systems

Why can’t you inflate your dry suit from Why can’t you inflate your dry suit from your back gas when trimix diving?your back gas when trimix diving?• Can’t use helium in a dry suitCan’t use helium in a dry suit

Conducts heatConducts heat DCS risk due to isobaric counterdiffusionDCS risk due to isobaric counterdiffusion

• Small separateSmall separateinflation cylinderinflation cylinder

Typically mounted on theTypically mounted on theleft doubles cylinderleft doubles cylinder

Valve down for accessValve down for access

Why can’t you inflate your dry suit from Why can’t you inflate your dry suit from your back gas when trimix diving?your back gas when trimix diving?• Can’t use helium in a dry suitCan’t use helium in a dry suit

Conducts heatConducts heat DCS risk due to isobaric counterdiffusionDCS risk due to isobaric counterdiffusion

• Small separateSmall separateinflation cylinderinflation cylinder

Typically mounted on theTypically mounted on theleft doubles cylinderleft doubles cylinder

Valve down for accessValve down for access



Why would you put a low pressure inflator Why would you put a low pressure inflator hose on a decompression cylinder filled hose on a decompression cylinder filled with air or enriched air?with air or enriched air?• Some trimix divers have low pressure hose on Some trimix divers have low pressure hose on

the regulator attached to deco cylinder as back the regulator attached to deco cylinder as back up in case they exhaust or have a problem with up in case they exhaust or have a problem with the argon inflation systemthe argon inflation system

Why would you put a low pressure inflator Why would you put a low pressure inflator hose on a decompression cylinder filled hose on a decompression cylinder filled with air or enriched air?with air or enriched air?• Some trimix divers have low pressure hose on Some trimix divers have low pressure hose on

the regulator attached to deco cylinder as back the regulator attached to deco cylinder as back up in case they exhaust or have a problem with up in case they exhaust or have a problem with the argon inflation systemthe argon inflation system



How do you set up an independent How do you set up an independent inflation system, and where do you inflation system, and where do you typically put it? typically put it? • Argon is preferred inflation gasArgon is preferred inflation gas

No second stage only LP hoseNo second stage only LP hose ““Mini” SPG & overpressure relief valve Mini” SPG & overpressure relief valve

recommended on first stagerecommended on first stage

How do you set up an independent How do you set up an independent inflation system, and where do you inflation system, and where do you typically put it? typically put it? • Argon is preferred inflation gasArgon is preferred inflation gas

No second stage only LP hoseNo second stage only LP hose ““Mini” SPG & overpressure relief valve Mini” SPG & overpressure relief valve

recommended on first stagerecommended on first stage



What is the advantage of usingWhat is the advantage of usingargon as a dry suit inflation gas?argon as a dry suit inflation gas?• Argon insulates betterArgon insulates better• Little risk of isobaric counterdiffusionLittle risk of isobaric counterdiffusion

What is the advantage of usingWhat is the advantage of usingargon as a dry suit inflation gas?argon as a dry suit inflation gas?• Argon insulates betterArgon insulates better• Little risk of isobaric counterdiffusionLittle risk of isobaric counterdiffusion


Techniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures I

General RecommendationsGeneral Recommendations Gas SwitchesGas Switches Cylinders Worn on Both SidesCylinders Worn on Both Sides Cylinders Worn all LeftCylinders Worn all Left D-ringD-ring Decompression StopsDecompression Stops

General RecommendationsGeneral Recommendations Gas SwitchesGas Switches Cylinders Worn on Both SidesCylinders Worn on Both Sides Cylinders Worn all LeftCylinders Worn all Left D-ringD-ring Decompression StopsDecompression Stops


General RecommendationsGeneral RecommendationsGeneral RecommendationsGeneral Recommendations

What is the general recommendation What is the general recommendation regarding how deep you take a cylinder, regarding how deep you take a cylinder, and what is the issue in trimix diving with and what is the issue in trimix diving with regard to this recommendation?regard to this recommendation?• Never take a cylinder deeper thanNever take a cylinder deeper than

you can safely breathe from ityou can safely breathe from it Relocate cylinders to adequately decompressRelocate cylinders to adequately decompress Minimizes switching to wrong gasMinimizes switching to wrong gas You’re You’re highly unlikelyhighly unlikely to to

decompress without yourdecompress without yourdeco cylinder, the prioritydeco cylinder, the priorityis to not risk losing themis to not risk losing them

What is the general recommendation What is the general recommendation regarding how deep you take a cylinder, regarding how deep you take a cylinder, and what is the issue in trimix diving with and what is the issue in trimix diving with regard to this recommendation?regard to this recommendation?• Never take a cylinder deeper thanNever take a cylinder deeper than

you can safely breathe from ityou can safely breathe from it Relocate cylinders to adequately decompressRelocate cylinders to adequately decompress Minimizes switching to wrong gasMinimizes switching to wrong gas You’re You’re highly unlikelyhighly unlikely to to

decompress without yourdecompress without yourdeco cylinder, the prioritydeco cylinder, the priorityis to not risk losing themis to not risk losing them


Gas SwitchesGas SwitchesGas SwitchesGas Switches

Gas switch recommendation: Gas switch recommendation: • Switching to wrong gas is a common cause of Switching to wrong gas is a common cause of

tec diver deathstec diver deaths• Use NO TOX mnemonicUse NO TOX mnemonic• Confirm switchConfirm switch

Gas switch recommendation: Gas switch recommendation: • Switching to wrong gas is a common cause of Switching to wrong gas is a common cause of

tec diver deathstec diver deaths• Use NO TOX mnemonicUse NO TOX mnemonic• Confirm switchConfirm switch


Cylinders Worn on Both SidesCylinders Worn on Both SidesCylinders Worn on Both SidesCylinders Worn on Both Sides

What are the procedures for gas switches What are the procedures for gas switches with up to four deco cylinders?with up to four deco cylinders?• Common to wear oxygen and next highest Common to wear oxygen and next highest

oxygen deco on right, lowest oxygen/travel gas oxygen deco on right, lowest oxygen/travel gas leftleft

• Several handling optionsSeveral handling options Stack all four, two per side: breathe top left,Stack all four, two per side: breathe top left,

bottom left, top right, bottom rightbottom left, top right, bottom right Wear two and trail two: breathe worn left,Wear two and trail two: breathe worn left,

switch with trailed left and breathe wornswitch with trailed left and breathe wornright, switch with and breathe trailed rightright, switch with and breathe trailed right

IMPORTANT:IMPORTANT: Be consistent Be consistent

What are the procedures for gas switches What are the procedures for gas switches with up to four deco cylinders?with up to four deco cylinders?• Common to wear oxygen and next highest Common to wear oxygen and next highest

oxygen deco on right, lowest oxygen/travel gas oxygen deco on right, lowest oxygen/travel gas leftleft

• Several handling optionsSeveral handling options Stack all four, two per side: breathe top left,Stack all four, two per side: breathe top left,

bottom left, top right, bottom rightbottom left, top right, bottom right Wear two and trail two: breathe worn left,Wear two and trail two: breathe worn left,

switch with trailed left and breathe wornswitch with trailed left and breathe wornright, switch with and breathe trailed rightright, switch with and breathe trailed right

IMPORTANT:IMPORTANT: Be consistent Be consistent


Cylinders Worn all LeftCylinders Worn all LeftCylinders Worn all LeftCylinders Worn all Left

Procedures for gas switches handling three Procedures for gas switches handling three or four cylinders all on left:or four cylinders all on left:• Common to wear two and trail twoCommon to wear two and trail two• Cylinder you’re breathing is on topCylinder you’re breathing is on top• Move cylinders as you switchMove cylinders as you switch• Preplanning reduces movesPreplanning reduces moves

Several handling optionsSeveral handling options Be consistent and follow NO TOX procedureBe consistent and follow NO TOX procedure

• Two cylinders simplifies handlingTwo cylinders simplifies handling

Procedures for gas switches handling three Procedures for gas switches handling three or four cylinders all on left:or four cylinders all on left:• Common to wear two and trail twoCommon to wear two and trail two• Cylinder you’re breathing is on topCylinder you’re breathing is on top• Move cylinders as you switchMove cylinders as you switch• Preplanning reduces movesPreplanning reduces moves

Several handling optionsSeveral handling options Be consistent and follow NO TOX procedureBe consistent and follow NO TOX procedure

• Two cylinders simplifies handlingTwo cylinders simplifies handling


D-ringD-ringD-ringD-ring

In both left and left/right configurations:In both left and left/right configurations:• Top hooking to chest D-ring allows you to wear Top hooking to chest D-ring allows you to wear

two and breathe from a third (top hooked) if two and breathe from a third (top hooked) if you’ll not be using it long you’ll not be using it long

• Commonly used with travel gasCommonly used with travel gas

In both left and left/right configurations:In both left and left/right configurations:• Top hooking to chest D-ring allows you to wear Top hooking to chest D-ring allows you to wear

two and breathe from a third (top hooked) if two and breathe from a third (top hooked) if you’ll not be using it long you’ll not be using it long

• Commonly used with travel gasCommonly used with travel gas


Decompression StopsDecompression StopsDecompression StopsDecompression Stops

How precise should a decompressionHow precise should a decompressionstop be?stop be?• Precision is essentialPrecision is essential• Helium less tolerantHelium less tolerant• Decompression stops vary no more thanDecompression stops vary no more than

.6 metres/2 feet from stop depth.6 metres/2 feet from stop depth• Think of the surface asThink of the surface as

a decompression stopa decompression stop

How precise should a decompressionHow precise should a decompressionstop be?stop be?• Precision is essentialPrecision is essential• Helium less tolerantHelium less tolerant• Decompression stops vary no more thanDecompression stops vary no more than

.6 metres/2 feet from stop depth.6 metres/2 feet from stop depth• Think of the surface asThink of the surface as

a decompression stopa decompression stop


Emergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures I

Where can you find descriptions of skills Where can you find descriptions of skills for review?for review?• During the course you’ll practice skills you During the course you’ll practice skills you

mastered in the Tec Deep course and apply mastered in the Tec Deep course and apply them to the higher complexity of trimix divingthem to the higher complexity of trimix diving

Long hose drillsLong hose drills Valve shut down drillValve shut down drill Unconscious diver Unconscious diver Lift bag deploymentLift bag deployment

• Consult the DSAT Consult the DSAT Tec Deep DiverTec Deep DiverManualManual and and Key Skills VideoKey Skills Video

Where can you find descriptions of skills Where can you find descriptions of skills for review?for review?• During the course you’ll practice skills you During the course you’ll practice skills you

mastered in the Tec Deep course and apply mastered in the Tec Deep course and apply them to the higher complexity of trimix divingthem to the higher complexity of trimix diving

Long hose drillsLong hose drills Valve shut down drillValve shut down drill Unconscious diver Unconscious diver Lift bag deploymentLift bag deployment

• Consult the DSAT Consult the DSAT Tec Deep DiverTec Deep DiverManualManual and and Key Skills VideoKey Skills Video


Decompression IDecompression IDecompression IDecompression I

Desktop Decompression Desktop Decompression SoftwareSoftware

Standard PracticeStandard Practice Differences Between Differences Between

Air/Enriched Air/Oxygen Air/Enriched Air/Oxygen for Trimix Divingfor Trimix Diving

DecompressionDecompressionModelsModels

Desktop Decompression Desktop Decompression SoftwareSoftware

Standard PracticeStandard Practice Differences Between Differences Between

Air/Enriched Air/Oxygen Air/Enriched Air/Oxygen for Trimix Divingfor Trimix Diving

DecompressionDecompressionModelsModels


Desktop Decompression SoftwareDesktop Decompression SoftwareDesktop Decompression SoftwareDesktop Decompression Software

What are the five reasons that the use of What are the five reasons that the use of desktop software is a standard practice in desktop software is a standard practice in trimix diving?trimix diving?• Maximizes adaptabilityMaximizes adaptability• Allows plans based on known real profiles Allows plans based on known real profiles

rather than square profilesrather than square profiles• Can increase conservatism forCan increase conservatism for

individual risk toleranceindividual risk tolerance• More accurately reflects what aMore accurately reflects what a

multigas computer will allowmultigas computer will allow• Can produce contingency tablesCan produce contingency tables

What are the five reasons that the use of What are the five reasons that the use of desktop software is a standard practice in desktop software is a standard practice in trimix diving?trimix diving?• Maximizes adaptabilityMaximizes adaptability• Allows plans based on known real profiles Allows plans based on known real profiles

rather than square profilesrather than square profiles• Can increase conservatism forCan increase conservatism for

individual risk toleranceindividual risk tolerance• More accurately reflects what aMore accurately reflects what a

multigas computer will allowmultigas computer will allow• Can produce contingency tablesCan produce contingency tables


Desktop Decompression SoftwareDesktop Decompression SoftwareDesktop Decompression SoftwareDesktop Decompression Software

• Virtually all trimix divers use desktop Virtually all trimix divers use desktop decompression software because:decompression software because:

The software can write a table for the trimix blend The software can write a table for the trimix blend you’re usingyou’re using

You can quickly compare different possible profiles, You can quickly compare different possible profiles, different gasses and gas switch depthsdifferent gasses and gas switch depths

Allows the addition of deep stops or use trimixes for Allows the addition of deep stops or use trimixes for decompressiondecompression

Generates contingency tables forGenerates contingency tables forthe divethe dive

Software may have a more readilySoftware may have a more readilyapplicable deco schedule thanapplicable deco schedule thana computera computer

• Virtually all trimix divers use desktop Virtually all trimix divers use desktop decompression software because:decompression software because:

The software can write a table for the trimix blend The software can write a table for the trimix blend you’re usingyou’re using

You can quickly compare different possible profiles, You can quickly compare different possible profiles, different gasses and gas switch depthsdifferent gasses and gas switch depths

Allows the addition of deep stops or use trimixes for Allows the addition of deep stops or use trimixes for decompressiondecompression

Generates contingency tables forGenerates contingency tables forthe divethe dive

Software may have a more readilySoftware may have a more readilyapplicable deco schedule thanapplicable deco schedule thana computera computer


Standard PracticeStandard PracticeStandard PracticeStandard Practice

Standard Practice for using Desktop Standard Practice for using Desktop software:software:• Use software even if using multigas computersUse software even if using multigas computers• Do not use for military or commercial divingDo not use for military or commercial diving

Standard Practice for using Desktop Standard Practice for using Desktop software:software:• Use software even if using multigas computersUse software even if using multigas computers• Do not use for military or commercial divingDo not use for military or commercial diving


DifferencesDifferencesDifferencesDifferences

What are two main differences between What are two main differences between desktop deco software for air/enriched air desktop deco software for air/enriched air and for trimix?and for trimix?• The ability to select trimix in the gas choicesThe ability to select trimix in the gas choices• Deeper maximum depth calculationsDeeper maximum depth calculations

are allowedare allowed

What are two main differences between What are two main differences between desktop deco software for air/enriched air desktop deco software for air/enriched air and for trimix?and for trimix?• The ability to select trimix in the gas choicesThe ability to select trimix in the gas choices• Deeper maximum depth calculationsDeeper maximum depth calculations

are allowedare allowed


Neo-Haldanean ModelsNeo-Haldanean ModelsNeo-Haldanean ModelsNeo-Haldanean Models

What are the basic attributes of each of What are the basic attributes of each of the two categories of decompression the two categories of decompression models?models?• First category - Haldanean model:First category - Haldanean model:

Assumes no bubble formation (questionable)Assumes no bubble formation (questionable) Decompression strategy is to get diver to shallowest Decompression strategy is to get diver to shallowest

allowable depth for shortest decompressionallowable depth for shortest decompression

• Of these Buhlmann model most commonOf these Buhlmann model most common Widely used in dive computersWidely used in dive computers Conservative and versatileConservative and versatile Large base of field testing Large base of field testing continued…continued…

What are the basic attributes of each of What are the basic attributes of each of the two categories of decompression the two categories of decompression models?models?• First category - Haldanean model:First category - Haldanean model:

Assumes no bubble formation (questionable)Assumes no bubble formation (questionable) Decompression strategy is to get diver to shallowest Decompression strategy is to get diver to shallowest

allowable depth for shortest decompressionallowable depth for shortest decompression

• Of these Buhlmann model most commonOf these Buhlmann model most common Widely used in dive computersWidely used in dive computers Conservative and versatileConservative and versatile Large base of field testing Large base of field testing continued…continued…


Bubble Dynamics ModelBubble Dynamics ModelBubble Dynamics ModelBubble Dynamics Model

Basic attributesBasic attributes• Second category of decompression models - Second category of decompression models -

Bubble dynamics models:Bubble dynamics models: RGBM - reduced gradient bubble modelRGBM - reduced gradient bubble model VPM - varying permeability modelVPM - varying permeability model

• Assumes some subclinical bubbles form Assumes some subclinical bubbles form • Emphasizes deeper and more frequent stops Emphasizes deeper and more frequent stops • Characterized by predicting shorter decoCharacterized by predicting shorter deco

times and shorter no stop timestimes and shorter no stop times• Lacks same level of field testingLacks same level of field testing• Basis for deep stop proceduresBasis for deep stop procedures

Basic attributesBasic attributes• Second category of decompression models - Second category of decompression models -

Bubble dynamics models:Bubble dynamics models: RGBM - reduced gradient bubble modelRGBM - reduced gradient bubble model VPM - varying permeability modelVPM - varying permeability model

• Assumes some subclinical bubbles form Assumes some subclinical bubbles form • Emphasizes deeper and more frequent stops Emphasizes deeper and more frequent stops • Characterized by predicting shorter decoCharacterized by predicting shorter deco

times and shorter no stop timestimes and shorter no stop times• Lacks same level of field testingLacks same level of field testing• Basis for deep stop proceduresBasis for deep stop procedures


Decompression ModelsDecompression ModelsDecompression ModelsDecompression Models

Two categories of decompression models Two categories of decompression models found in desktop softwarefound in desktop software• Desktop software and multi gas trimix Desktop software and multi gas trimix

computers offer users the choice of Buhlmann computers offer users the choice of Buhlmann models or bubble models (Reduced Gradient models or bubble models (Reduced Gradient Bubble Model [RGBM], Varying Permeability Bubble Model [RGBM], Varying Permeability Model [VPM], etc.); some versions offer a Model [VPM], etc.); some versions offer a choice within the same software or dive choice within the same software or dive computercomputer

Two categories of decompression models Two categories of decompression models found in desktop softwarefound in desktop software• Desktop software and multi gas trimix Desktop software and multi gas trimix

computers offer users the choice of Buhlmann computers offer users the choice of Buhlmann models or bubble models (Reduced Gradient models or bubble models (Reduced Gradient Bubble Model [RGBM], Varying Permeability Bubble Model [RGBM], Varying Permeability Model [VPM], etc.); some versions offer a Model [VPM], etc.); some versions offer a choice within the same software or dive choice within the same software or dive computercomputer


Gas Planning IGas Planning IGas Planning IGas Planning I

Gas Volume, Oxygen Exposure Planning Gas Volume, Oxygen Exposure Planning Volumes, SAC, Oxygen Exposure, Reserves Volumes, SAC, Oxygen Exposure, Reserves

and Maximum Depths (based on oxygen)and Maximum Depths (based on oxygen) Example Example Discussion Question Discussion Question

Gas Volume, Oxygen Exposure Planning Gas Volume, Oxygen Exposure Planning Volumes, SAC, Oxygen Exposure, Reserves Volumes, SAC, Oxygen Exposure, Reserves

and Maximum Depths (based on oxygen)and Maximum Depths (based on oxygen) Example Example Discussion Question Discussion Question


Gas Volume,Gas Volume,Oxygen Exposure PlanningOxygen Exposure Planning

Gas Volume,Gas Volume,Oxygen Exposure PlanningOxygen Exposure Planning

What are the two ways you’ll determine What are the two ways you’ll determine the gas volumes you require, including the gas volumes you require, including reserves, for a trimix dive?reserves, for a trimix dive?• TablesTables

Use Trimix Oxygen Management Tables for Use Trimix Oxygen Management Tables for determining POdetermining PO2s, 2s, CNS percent, and OTUsCNS percent, and OTUs

Use Equivalent Air Depth and Oxygen TablesUse Equivalent Air Depth and Oxygen Tables

for determining POfor determining PO22, CNS percent, OTUs , CNS percent, OTUs and EADs for EANx and oxygenand EADs for EANx and oxygen

continued…continued…

What are the two ways you’ll determine What are the two ways you’ll determine the gas volumes you require, including the gas volumes you require, including reserves, for a trimix dive?reserves, for a trimix dive?• TablesTables

Use Trimix Oxygen Management Tables for Use Trimix Oxygen Management Tables for determining POdetermining PO2s, 2s, CNS percent, and OTUsCNS percent, and OTUs

Use Equivalent Air Depth and Oxygen TablesUse Equivalent Air Depth and Oxygen Tables

for determining POfor determining PO22, CNS percent, OTUs , CNS percent, OTUs and EADs for EANx and oxygenand EADs for EANx and oxygen



Multiple Deep StopsMultiple Deep StopsMultiple Deep StopsMultiple Deep Stops

Determining the gas volumes and Determining the gas volumes and reserves for a trimix divereserves for a trimix dive• Tables Tables continued…continued…

Trimix schedules commonly have multiple deep stops Trimix schedules commonly have multiple deep stops more than 3 metres/10 feet apart. Calculate ascents more than 3 metres/10 feet apart. Calculate ascents between deep stops until reaching stops separated between deep stops until reaching stops separated by 3 metres/10 feet. At that point, use theby 3 metres/10 feet. At that point, use theadd-one-minute-every-third-stop method.add-one-minute-every-third-stop method.

• Use desktop decompression softwareUse desktop decompression softwareto determine oxygen exposure andto determine oxygen exposure andthe dive profilethe dive profile

Determining the gas volumes and Determining the gas volumes and reserves for a trimix divereserves for a trimix dive• Tables Tables continued…continued…

Trimix schedules commonly have multiple deep stops Trimix schedules commonly have multiple deep stops more than 3 metres/10 feet apart. Calculate ascents more than 3 metres/10 feet apart. Calculate ascents between deep stops until reaching stops separated between deep stops until reaching stops separated by 3 metres/10 feet. At that point, use theby 3 metres/10 feet. At that point, use theadd-one-minute-every-third-stop method.add-one-minute-every-third-stop method.

• Use desktop decompression softwareUse desktop decompression softwareto determine oxygen exposure andto determine oxygen exposure andthe dive profilethe dive profile


The NumbersThe NumbersThe NumbersThe Numbers

Dive Planning ExerciseDive Planning Exercise• You need to determine volumes, SAC, oxygen You need to determine volumes, SAC, oxygen

exposure, reserves and maximum depths exposure, reserves and maximum depths (based on oxygen)(based on oxygen)

Use desktop deco software when possibleUse desktop deco software when possible Manually determine these numbersManually determine these numbers

if desk top deco software isif desk top deco software isnot availablenot available

Review materials in theReview materials in theDSAT DSAT Tec Deep Diver ManualTec Deep Diver Manual

Dive Planning ExerciseDive Planning Exercise• You need to determine volumes, SAC, oxygen You need to determine volumes, SAC, oxygen

exposure, reserves and maximum depths exposure, reserves and maximum depths (based on oxygen)(based on oxygen)

Use desktop deco software when possibleUse desktop deco software when possible Manually determine these numbersManually determine these numbers

if desk top deco software isif desk top deco software isnot availablenot available

Review materials in theReview materials in theDSAT DSAT Tec Deep Diver ManualTec Deep Diver Manual

MetricQuestion

ImperialQuestion

DiscussionQuestion

Next


Metric QuestionMetric QuestionMetric QuestionMetric Question

55 metres for 20 minutes using TMx 21/3555 metres for 20 minutes using TMx 21/35 Deco schedule calls for a 10 mpmDeco schedule calls for a 10 mpm

ascent rateascent rate• 1 min. stop at 33 metres using EANx361 min. stop at 33 metres using EANx36• 1 min. at 21 metres using EANx50 1 min. at 21 metres using EANx50 • 1 min. at 18 metres using EANx50 1 min. at 18 metres using EANx50 • 1 min. at 15 metres using EANx50 1 min. at 15 metres using EANx50 • 2 min. at 12 metres using EANx50 2 min. at 12 metres using EANx50 • 5 min. at 9 metres using EANx505 min. at 9 metres using EANx50


55 metres for 20 minutes using TMx 21/3555 metres for 20 minutes using TMx 21/35 Deco schedule calls for a 10 mpmDeco schedule calls for a 10 mpm

ascent rateascent rate• 1 min. stop at 33 metres using EANx361 min. stop at 33 metres using EANx36• 1 min. at 21 metres using EANx50 1 min. at 21 metres using EANx50 • 1 min. at 18 metres using EANx50 1 min. at 18 metres using EANx50 • 1 min. at 15 metres using EANx50 1 min. at 15 metres using EANx50 • 2 min. at 12 metres using EANx50 2 min. at 12 metres using EANx50 • 5 min. at 9 metres using EANx505 min. at 9 metres using EANx50



Metric QuestionMetric QuestionMetric QuestionMetric Question

Final stops use pure oxygenFinal stops use pure oxygen• 2 min. at 6 metres2 min. at 6 metres• 17 min. at 5 metres17 min. at 5 metres

SAC rate is 19 litres per minute (lpm) for theSAC rate is 19 litres per minute (lpm) for theworking part of the dive and 16 lpmworking part of the dive and 16 lpmwhen decompressingwhen decompressing

Assuming a 1/3 reserve determineAssuming a 1/3 reserve determine• Gas volume requirementsGas volume requirements• OTUsOTUs• CNS clockCNS clock

Final stops use pure oxygenFinal stops use pure oxygen• 2 min. at 6 metres2 min. at 6 metres• 17 min. at 5 metres17 min. at 5 metres

SAC rate is 19 litres per minute (lpm) for theSAC rate is 19 litres per minute (lpm) for theworking part of the dive and 16 lpmworking part of the dive and 16 lpmwhen decompressingwhen decompressing

Assuming a 1/3 reserve determineAssuming a 1/3 reserve determine• Gas volume requirementsGas volume requirements• OTUsOTUs• CNS clockCNS clock

MetricAnswer

DiscussionQuestion

ImperialQuestion


Metric AnswerMetric AnswerMetric AnswerMetric Answer

TMx21/35; 2755 litres used X 1.5 =TMx21/35; 2755 litres used X 1.5 =4132 litres required4132 litres required

EANx 36; 139 litres used X 1.5 = 209 litres requiredEANx 36; 139 litres used X 1.5 = 209 litres required EANx50; 397 litres used X 1.5 =EANx50; 397 litres used X 1.5 = 596 litres 596 litres

requiredrequired Oxygen; 485 litres used X 1.5 =Oxygen; 485 litres used X 1.5 = 728 litres 728 litres

requiredrequired OTUs = 87.9OTUs = 87.9 CNS% = 47.6%CNS% = 47.6%

TMx21/35; 2755 litres used X 1.5 =TMx21/35; 2755 litres used X 1.5 =4132 litres required4132 litres required

EANx 36; 139 litres used X 1.5 = 209 litres requiredEANx 36; 139 litres used X 1.5 = 209 litres required EANx50; 397 litres used X 1.5 =EANx50; 397 litres used X 1.5 = 596 litres 596 litres

requiredrequired Oxygen; 485 litres used X 1.5 =Oxygen; 485 litres used X 1.5 = 728 litres 728 litres

requiredrequired OTUs = 87.9OTUs = 87.9 CNS% = 47.6%CNS% = 47.6%

MetricQuestion

DiscussionQuestion

ImperialQuestion

Next


Imperial QuestionImperial QuestionImperial QuestionImperial Question

180 feet for 20 minutes using TMx 21/35180 feet for 20 minutes using TMx 21/35 Deco schedule calls for a 30 fpm ascent Deco schedule calls for a 30 fpm ascent

raterate• 1 min. stop at 110 feet using EANx361 min. stop at 110 feet using EANx36• 1 min. at 80 feet using EANx361 min. at 80 feet using EANx36• 1 min. at 60 feet using EANx501 min. at 60 feet using EANx50• 1 min. at 50 feet using EANx501 min. at 50 feet using EANx50• 2 min. at 40 feet using EANx502 min. at 40 feet using EANx50• 5 min. at 30 feet using EANx50 5 min. at 30 feet using EANx50


180 feet for 20 minutes using TMx 21/35180 feet for 20 minutes using TMx 21/35 Deco schedule calls for a 30 fpm ascent Deco schedule calls for a 30 fpm ascent

raterate• 1 min. stop at 110 feet using EANx361 min. stop at 110 feet using EANx36• 1 min. at 80 feet using EANx361 min. at 80 feet using EANx36• 1 min. at 60 feet using EANx501 min. at 60 feet using EANx50• 1 min. at 50 feet using EANx501 min. at 50 feet using EANx50• 2 min. at 40 feet using EANx502 min. at 40 feet using EANx50• 5 min. at 30 feet using EANx50 5 min. at 30 feet using EANx50


Previous


Imperial QuestionImperial QuestionImperial QuestionImperial Question

Final stops use pure oxygenFinal stops use pure oxygen• 3 min. at 20 feet3 min. at 20 feet• 16 min. at 15 feet16 min. at 15 feet

SAC rate is .8 cubic feet per minute (cfm) for SAC rate is .8 cubic feet per minute (cfm) for the working part of the dive and .65 cfmthe working part of the dive and .65 cfmwhen decompressingwhen decompressing

Assuming a 1/3 reserve determineAssuming a 1/3 reserve determine• Gas volume requirementsGas volume requirements• OTUs OTUs • CNS clockCNS clock

Final stops use pure oxygenFinal stops use pure oxygen• 3 min. at 20 feet3 min. at 20 feet• 16 min. at 15 feet16 min. at 15 feet

SAC rate is .8 cubic feet per minute (cfm) for SAC rate is .8 cubic feet per minute (cfm) for the working part of the dive and .65 cfmthe working part of the dive and .65 cfmwhen decompressingwhen decompressing

Assuming a 1/3 reserve determineAssuming a 1/3 reserve determine• Gas volume requirementsGas volume requirements• OTUs OTUs • CNS clockCNS clock

ImperialAnswer

DiscussionQuestion

MetricQuestion


Imperial AnswerImperial AnswerImperial AnswerImperial Answer

TMx21/35; 112.8 cf used X 1.5 = 169.2 cf TMx21/35; 112.8 cf used X 1.5 = 169.2 cf requiredrequired

EANx 36; 8.2 cf used X 1.5 = 12.3 cf requiredEANx 36; 8.2 cf used X 1.5 = 12.3 cf required EANx50; 14.2 cf used X 1.5 = 21.3 cf requiredEANx50; 14.2 cf used X 1.5 = 21.3 cf required Oxygen; 19.8 cf used X 1.5 = 29.7 cf requiredOxygen; 19.8 cf used X 1.5 = 29.7 cf required OTUs = 85.16 OTUs = 85.16 CNS% = 45.28%CNS% = 45.28%

TMx21/35; 112.8 cf used X 1.5 = 169.2 cf TMx21/35; 112.8 cf used X 1.5 = 169.2 cf requiredrequired

EANx 36; 8.2 cf used X 1.5 = 12.3 cf requiredEANx 36; 8.2 cf used X 1.5 = 12.3 cf required EANx50; 14.2 cf used X 1.5 = 21.3 cf requiredEANx50; 14.2 cf used X 1.5 = 21.3 cf required Oxygen; 19.8 cf used X 1.5 = 29.7 cf requiredOxygen; 19.8 cf used X 1.5 = 29.7 cf required OTUs = 85.16 OTUs = 85.16 CNS% = 45.28%CNS% = 45.28%

MetricQuestion

DiscussionQuestion

ImperialQuestion

Next


Discussion QuestionDiscussion QuestionDiscussion QuestionDiscussion Question

QuestionQuestion• Might it be worth recalculating this dive Might it be worth recalculating this dive

without EANx36 as a deco gas? Why or why without EANx36 as a deco gas? Why or why not? Is PO2 an issue?not? Is PO2 an issue?

AnswerAnswer Simplify logistics – eliminate a cylinderSimplify logistics – eliminate a cylinder Switching that deep raises your PO2 toSwitching that deep raises your PO2 to

almost 1.6 ata which is better toalmost 1.6 ata which is better toavoid after 20 minutes at 1.4 ataavoid after 20 minutes at 1.4 ata(working PO2 limit)(working PO2 limit)

QuestionQuestion• Might it be worth recalculating this dive Might it be worth recalculating this dive

without EANx36 as a deco gas? Why or why without EANx36 as a deco gas? Why or why not? Is PO2 an issue?not? Is PO2 an issue?

AnswerAnswer Simplify logistics – eliminate a cylinderSimplify logistics – eliminate a cylinder Switching that deep raises your PO2 toSwitching that deep raises your PO2 to

almost 1.6 ata which is better toalmost 1.6 ata which is better toavoid after 20 minutes at 1.4 ataavoid after 20 minutes at 1.4 ata(working PO2 limit)(working PO2 limit)

Previous


Team Diving ITeam Diving ITeam Diving ITeam Diving I

A Team EffortA Team Effort Compatible Gasses within a TeamCompatible Gasses within a Team

A Team EffortA Team Effort Compatible Gasses within a TeamCompatible Gasses within a Team

Previous


A Team EffortA Team EffortA Team EffortA Team Effort

What are four benefits of team diving, and What are four benefits of team diving, and how does each relate to trimix diving?how does each relate to trimix diving?• Higher likelihood of mission successHigher likelihood of mission success• Fosters preparedness and resources for Fosters preparedness and resources for

handling complex emergencieshandling complex emergencies• More critical steps such as gas switches,More critical steps such as gas switches,

deep stops, ascents, etc. makesdeep stops, ascents, etc. makesa “backup brain” essentiala “backup brain” essential

• Camaraderie is greater becauseCamaraderie is greater becauseof the complexity of the challengeof the complexity of the challenge

What are four benefits of team diving, and What are four benefits of team diving, and how does each relate to trimix diving?how does each relate to trimix diving?• Higher likelihood of mission successHigher likelihood of mission success• Fosters preparedness and resources for Fosters preparedness and resources for

handling complex emergencieshandling complex emergencies• More critical steps such as gas switches,More critical steps such as gas switches,

deep stops, ascents, etc. makesdeep stops, ascents, etc. makesa “backup brain” essentiala “backup brain” essential

• Camaraderie is greater becauseCamaraderie is greater becauseof the complexity of the challengeof the complexity of the challenge


Compatible Gasses within a TeamCompatible Gasses within a TeamCompatible Gasses within a TeamCompatible Gasses within a Team

In what ways does trimix increase the In what ways does trimix increase the importance of compatible gases withinimportance of compatible gases withina team?a team?• Allows teammates to double check schedules Allows teammates to double check schedules

and NO TOX gas switchesand NO TOX gas switches• In an emergency deco gasses can be sharedIn an emergency deco gasses can be shared• Double check each other byDouble check each other by

matching – same gasses,matching – same gasses,same number of cylinders,same number of cylinders,same labelssame labels

• Using the same gases keepsUsing the same gases keepsthe team together the team together

In what ways does trimix increase the In what ways does trimix increase the importance of compatible gases withinimportance of compatible gases withina team?a team?• Allows teammates to double check schedules Allows teammates to double check schedules

and NO TOX gas switchesand NO TOX gas switches• In an emergency deco gasses can be sharedIn an emergency deco gasses can be shared• Double check each other byDouble check each other by

matching – same gasses,matching – same gasses,same number of cylinders,same number of cylinders,same labelssame labels

• Using the same gases keepsUsing the same gases keepsthe team together the team together


Thinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver I

Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveGood Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live Simulation as an Effective Training Tool Simulation as an Effective Training Tool

During and After TrainingDuring and After Training

Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveGood Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live Simulation as an Effective Training Tool Simulation as an Effective Training Tool

During and After TrainingDuring and After Training


Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveGood Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveGood Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveGood Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live

When planning a trimix dive, what aspects When planning a trimix dive, what aspects of the dive should you be thinking about in of the dive should you be thinking about in a Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live?a Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live?• GGood – ood – GGasas• DDiver’s – iver’s – DDecompressionecompression• MMain – ain – MMissionission• OObjective – bjective – OOxygenxygen• IIs – s – IInert gas narcosisnert gas narcosis• TTo – o – TThermalhermal• LLive - ive - LLogisticsogistics

When planning a trimix dive, what aspects When planning a trimix dive, what aspects of the dive should you be thinking about in of the dive should you be thinking about in a Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live?a Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live?• GGood – ood – GGasas• DDiver’s – iver’s – DDecompressionecompression• MMain – ain – MMissionission• OObjective – bjective – OOxygenxygen• IIs – s – IInert gas narcosisnert gas narcosis• TTo – o – TThermalhermal• LLive - ive - LLogisticsogistics


SimulationSimulationSimulationSimulation

What makes simulation an effective What makes simulation an effective training tool for learning to dive with training tool for learning to dive with trimix?trimix?

Simulation for training Simulation for training • Allows you to form habits with proceduresAllows you to form habits with procedures• With minimal risk, you can make and learn from With minimal risk, you can make and learn from

mistakes that would be hazardous on an actualmistakes that would be hazardous on an actualtrimix divetrimix dive

• Can respond to an emergency without Can respond to an emergency without the riskthe risk

• Form automatic responses toForm automatic responses tosituationssituations

• Try, retry, and practice techniquesTry, retry, and practice techniques

What makes simulation an effective What makes simulation an effective training tool for learning to dive with training tool for learning to dive with trimix?trimix?

Simulation for training Simulation for training • Allows you to form habits with proceduresAllows you to form habits with procedures• With minimal risk, you can make and learn from With minimal risk, you can make and learn from

mistakes that would be hazardous on an actualmistakes that would be hazardous on an actualtrimix divetrimix dive

• Can respond to an emergency without Can respond to an emergency without the riskthe risk

• Form automatic responses toForm automatic responses tosituationssituations

• Try, retry, and practice techniquesTry, retry, and practice techniques


SimulationSimulationSimulationSimulation

How might you use simulation as a tool How might you use simulation as a tool following this course?following this course?• Simulation after certificationSimulation after certification

Refresh skillsRefresh skills Try out new procedures, equipment or equipment Try out new procedures, equipment or equipment

configurationsconfigurations Rehearse complex missionsRehearse complex missions Familiarize yourself with new teammatesFamiliarize yourself with new teammates

How might you use simulation as a tool How might you use simulation as a tool following this course?following this course?• Simulation after certificationSimulation after certification

Refresh skillsRefresh skills Try out new procedures, equipment or equipment Try out new procedures, equipment or equipment

configurationsconfigurations Rehearse complex missionsRehearse complex missions Familiarize yourself with new teammatesFamiliarize yourself with new teammates


Practical Application One - Practical Application One - ObjectivesObjectivesPractical Application One - Practical Application One - ObjectivesObjectives

Rig gear, including required stage/deco cylinders• Standardized technical rigging philosophy• Environment specific equipment requirements

Given a dive depth, bottom time, trimix blend, two (then four) decompression gas blends, a working SAC rate and a deco SAC rate• Use desktop decompression software to generate

a decompression schedule and contingencydecompression schedules, each with gasvolume requirements (including reserves),turn pressure, OTUs and CNS clockoxygen exposure.

Rig gear, including required stage/deco cylinders• Standardized technical rigging philosophy• Environment specific equipment requirements

Given a dive depth, bottom time, trimix blend, two (then four) decompression gas blends, a working SAC rate and a deco SAC rate• Use desktop decompression software to generate

a decompression schedule and contingencydecompression schedules, each with gasvolume requirements (including reserves),turn pressure, OTUs and CNS clockoxygen exposure.


Presentation One ReviewPresentation One ReviewPresentation One ReviewPresentation One Review

Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks Equipment I – Rigged for Trimix DivingEquipment I – Rigged for Trimix Diving Techniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures I Emergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures I Decompression IDecompression I Gas Planning IGas Planning I Team Diving ITeam Diving I Thinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver I Practical Application OnePractical Application One

Trimix Diving RisksTrimix Diving Risks Equipment I – Rigged for Trimix DivingEquipment I – Rigged for Trimix Diving Techniques and Procedures ITechniques and Procedures I Emergency Procedures IEmergency Procedures I Decompression IDecompression I Gas Planning IGas Planning I Team Diving ITeam Diving I Thinking Like a Trimix Diver IThinking Like a Trimix Diver I Practical Application OnePractical Application One


Let’s Go DivingLet’s Go DivingLet’s Go DivingLet’s Go Diving

Assessment Dive - Assessment Dive - Objectives Objectives Training Dive One - Training Dive One - ObjectivesObjectives

Assessment Dive - Assessment Dive - Objectives Objectives Training Dive One - Training Dive One - ObjectivesObjectives


Assessment Dive - Assessment Dive - ObjectivesObjectives Assessment Dive - Assessment Dive - ObjectivesObjectives

Working within a teamWorking within a team• Rig gearRig gear• AA GGood ood DDiver’s iver’s MMain ain OObjective bjective IIs s TTo o LLiveive• BBeing eing WWary ary RReduces educes AAll ll FFailuresailures• Bubble check, descent check and s-drillBubble check, descent check and s-drill

Simulated out of gas emergencySimulated out of gas emergency Shut down and switch second stagesShut down and switch second stages Deploy lift bagDeploy lift bag Tow a simulated, unresponsiveTow a simulated, unresponsive

breathing diver breathing diver continued…continued…

Working within a teamWorking within a team• Rig gearRig gear• AA GGood ood DDiver’s iver’s MMain ain OObjective bjective IIs s TTo o LLiveive• BBeing eing WWary ary RReduces educes AAll ll FFailuresailures• Bubble check, descent check and s-drillBubble check, descent check and s-drill

Simulated out of gas emergencySimulated out of gas emergency Shut down and switch second stagesShut down and switch second stages Deploy lift bagDeploy lift bag Tow a simulated, unresponsiveTow a simulated, unresponsive

breathing diver breathing diver continued…continued…


Assessment Dive – Assessment Dive – ObjectivesObjectivesAssessment Dive – Assessment Dive – ObjectivesObjectives

On the bottom, don, remove, and redon two On the bottom, don, remove, and redon two stage/deco cylindersstage/deco cylinders

Neutral buoyancy and swimming with two Neutral buoyancy and swimming with two stage/deco cylindersstage/deco cylinders

Simulated ascent with abbreviated stop timesSimulated ascent with abbreviated stop times Simulated four stop decompressionSimulated four stop decompression

ascentascent Don and remove two stage/decoDon and remove two stage/deco

cylinders at the surfacecylinders at the surface Time, depth, and gasTime, depth, and gas

supply awarenesssupply awareness

On the bottom, don, remove, and redon two On the bottom, don, remove, and redon two stage/deco cylindersstage/deco cylinders

Neutral buoyancy and swimming with two Neutral buoyancy and swimming with two stage/deco cylindersstage/deco cylinders

Simulated ascent with abbreviated stop timesSimulated ascent with abbreviated stop times Simulated four stop decompressionSimulated four stop decompression

ascentascent Don and remove two stage/decoDon and remove two stage/deco

cylinders at the surfacecylinders at the surface Time, depth, and gasTime, depth, and gas



Training Dive OneTraining Dive One - - ObjectivesObjectivesTraining Dive OneTraining Dive One - - ObjectivesObjectives

Working within a teamWorking within a team• Rig gearRig gear• A Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveA Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live• Being Wary Reduces All FailuresBeing Wary Reduces All Failures• Bubble check, descent check and s-drillBubble check, descent check and s-drill

Remove and replace four stage/deco Remove and replace four stage/deco cylinders on the bottom and swimcylinders on the bottom and swim

Sharing gasSharing gas Remove and replace fourRemove and replace four

stage/deco cylinders whilestage/deco cylinders whilewearing no mask wearing no mask continued…continued…

Working within a teamWorking within a team• Rig gearRig gear• A Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To LiveA Good Diver’s Main Objective Is To Live• Being Wary Reduces All FailuresBeing Wary Reduces All Failures• Bubble check, descent check and s-drillBubble check, descent check and s-drill

Remove and replace four stage/deco Remove and replace four stage/deco cylinders on the bottom and swimcylinders on the bottom and swim

Sharing gasSharing gas Remove and replace fourRemove and replace four

stage/deco cylinders whilestage/deco cylinders whilewearing no mask wearing no mask continued…continued…


Training Dive OneTraining Dive One – – ObjectivesObjectivesTraining Dive OneTraining Dive One – – ObjectivesObjectives

Respond to spontaneous drillsRespond to spontaneous drills Shut down and switch second stagesShut down and switch second stages Deploy lift bagDeploy lift bag Simulated trimix diveSimulated trimix dive While maintaining stop depth shut down While maintaining stop depth shut down

and switch second stagesand switch second stages Tow a simulated unresponsive,Tow a simulated unresponsive,

non breathing divernon breathing diver Time, depth, and gasTime, depth, and gas


Respond to spontaneous drillsRespond to spontaneous drills Shut down and switch second stagesShut down and switch second stages Deploy lift bagDeploy lift bag Simulated trimix diveSimulated trimix dive While maintaining stop depth shut down While maintaining stop depth shut down

and switch second stagesand switch second stages Tow a simulated unresponsive,Tow a simulated unresponsive,

non breathing divernon breathing diver Time, depth, and gasTime, depth, and gas


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