Trigonometry Tables and Handy References for Engineers · 2018-03-26 · Toggle Clamps High...

Trigonometry Tablesand Handy References

for Engineers

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PRINTED IN U.S.A. Rev. 2/2015 COPYRIGHT 2015 CARR LANE MFG. CO.

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TABLE OFCONTENTS

Thread Sizes and Tap Drills......................................2Standard Drill Sizes ..................................................4Counterbored Holes for Cap Screws........................6Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing ................7Surface Finishes ....................................................12Clamping Force of Standard Clamp Straps............13Basic Numbering System for Steels ......................14Machinability Comparison of Various Metals ..........15Hardness Conversions and Tensile Strength..........16Metric Prefixes ........................................................23Conversion Factors for Units of Measure ..............24Trigonometry Calculations ......................................45Trigonometry Tables................................................50

Trig BookTxt_12486-Trig Book 9/25/12 6:02 AM Page 1

2

Basic Tap Thread Major Drill Size* Diameter Size**

#0-80 .0600 3/64 #2-56 .0860 #50 #2-64 .0860 #50 #4-40 .1120 #43 #4-48 .1120 #42 #5-40 .1250 #38 #5-44 .1250 #37 #6-32 .1380 #36 #6-40 .1380 #33 #8-32 .1640 #29 #8-36 .1640 #29 #10-24 .1900 #25 #10-32 .1900 #21 1/4-20 .2500 #7 1/4-28 .2500 #3 5/16-18 .3125 F 5/16-24 .3125 I 3/8-16 .3750 5/16 3/8-24 .3750 Q 7/16-14 .4375 U 7/16-20 .4375 25/64 1/2-13 .5000 27/64 1/2-20 .5000 29/64 9/16-12 .5625 31/64 9/16-18 .5625 33/64 5/8-11 .6250 17/32 5/8-18 .6250 37/64 3/4-10 .7500 21/32 3/4-16 .7500 11/16 7/8-9 .8750 49/64 7/8-14 .8750 13/16 1-8 1.0000 7/8 1-14 1.0000 15/16 1-1/8-7 1.1250 63/64 1-1/8-12 1.1250 1-3/64

INCH THREADS

3

METRIC THREADS

Basic TapThread Major DrillSize* Diameter Size**

M1.6x0.35 .0630 1.25mm or #55M2x0.4 .0787 1.60mm or #52

M2.5x0.45 .0984 2.05mm or #46M3x0.5 .1181 2.50mm or #39

M3.5x0.6 .1378 2.90mm or #32M4x0.7 .1575 3.30mm or #30M5x0.8 .1969 4.20mm or #19M6x1 .2362 5.00mm or #8

M8x1.25 .3150 6.80mm or HM8x1 .3150 7.00mm or J

M10x1.5 .3937 8.50mm or RM10x1.25 .3937 8.80mm or 11/32M12x1.75 .4724 10.20mm or 13/32M12x1.25 .4724 10.80mm or 27/64

M14x2 .5512 12.00mm or 15/32M14x1.5 .5512 12.50mm or 1/2M16x2 .6299 14.00mm or 35/64

M16x1.5 .6299 14.50mm or 37/64M18x2.5 .7087 15.50mm or 39/64M18x1.5 .7087 16.50mm or 21/32M20x2.5 .7874 17.50mm or 11/16M20x1.5 .7874 18.50mm or 47/64M22x2.5 .8661 19.50mm or 49/64M22x1.5 .8661 20.50mm or 13/16M24x3 .9449 21.00mm or 53/64M24x2 .9449 22.00mm or 7/8M27x3 1.0630 24.00mm or 15/16M27x2 1.0630 25.00mm or 1

* Coarse series shown in bold. Pitch callout not required on metric coarse series.

** Closest size for 75% theoretical thread.


4

INCH DRILL SIZES

80 .0135 79 .0145 1/64 .0156 78 .0160 77 .0180 76 .0200 75 .0210 74 .0225 73 .0240 72 .0250 71 .0260 70 .0280 69 .0292 68 .0310 1/32 .0312 67 .0320 66 .0330 65 .0350 64 .0360 63 .0370 62 .0380 61 .0390 60 .0400 59 .0410 58 .0420 57 .0430 56 .0465 3/64 .0469 55 .0520 54 .0550 53 .0595 1/16 .0625 52 .0635 51 .0670 50 .0700 49 .0730 48 .0760 5/64 .0781 47 .0785 46 .0810 45 .0820 44 .0860 43 .0890 42 .0935 3/32 .0938 41 .0960

40 .0980 39 .0995 38 .1015 37 .1040 36 .1065 7/64 .1094 35 .1100 34 .1110 33 .1130 32 .1160 31 .1200 1/8 .1250 30 .1285 29 .1360 28 .1405 9/64 .1406 27 .1440 26 .1470 25 .1495 24 .1520 23 .1540 5/32 .1562 22 .1570 21 .1590 20 .1610 19 .1660 18 .1695 11/64 .1719 17 .1730 16 .1770 15 .1800 14 .1820 13 .1850 3/16 .1875 12 .1890 11 .1910 10 .1935 9 .1960 8 .1990 7 .2010 13/64 .2031 6 .2040 5 .2055 4 .2090 3 .2130 7/32 .2188

2 .2210 1 .2280 A .2340 15/64 .2344 B .2380 C .2420 D .2460 E .2500 1/4 .2500 F .2570 G .2610 17/64 .2656 H .2660 I .2720 J .2770 K .2810 9/32 .2812 L .2900 M .2950 19/64 .2969 N .3020 5/16 .3125 O .3160 P .3230 21/64 .3281 Q .3320 R .3390 11/32 .3438 S .3480 T .3580 23/64 .3594 U .3680 3/8 .3750 V .3770 W .3860 25/64 .3906 X .3970 Y .4040 13/32 .4062 Z .4130 27/64 .4219 7/16 .4375 29/64 .4531 15/32 .4688 31/64 .4844 1/2 .5000

33/64 .5156 17/32 .5312 35/64 .5469 9/16 .5625 37/64 .5781 19/32 .5938 39/64 .6094 5/8 .6250 41/64 .6406 21/32 .6562 43/64 .6719 11/16 .6875 45/64 .7031 23/32 .7188 47/64 .7344 3/4 .7500 49/64 .7656 25/32 .7812 51/64 .7969 13/16 .8125 53/64 .8281 27/32 .8438 55/64 .8594 7/8 .8750 57/64 .8906 29/32 .9062 59/64 .9219 15/16 .9375 61/64 .953131/32 .9688 63/64 .9844 1 1.0000

+64th increments up to 1-7/8”

+32ndincrements up to 2-1/4”

+16thincrements up to 4-1/4”

Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal

5

METRIC DRILL SIZESDrill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal Drill Decimal.35mm .0138.38mm .0150.40mm .0157.42mm .0165.45mm .0177.48mm .0189.50mm .0197.55mm .0217.60mm .0236.65mm .0256.70mm .0276.75mm .0295.80mm .0315.85mm .0335.90mm .0354.95mm .03741.00mm .03941.05mm .04131.10mm .04331.15mm .04531.20mm .04721.25mm .04921.30mm .05121.35mm .05311.40mm .05511.45mm .05711.50mm .05911.55mm .06101.60mm .06301.65mm .06501.70mm .06691.75mm .06891.80mm .07091.85mm .07281.90mm .07481.95mm .07682.00mm .07872.05mm .08072.10mm .08272.15mm .08462.20mm .08662.25mm .08862.30mm .09062.35mm .09252.40mm .09452.45mm .0965

2.50mm .09842.55mm .10042.60mm .10242.65mm .10432.70mm .10632.75mm .10832.80mm .11022.90mm .11423.00mm .11813.10mm .12203.20mm .12603.25mm .12803.30mm .12993.40mm .13393.50mm .13783.60mm .14173.70mm .14573.75mm .14763.80mm .14963.90mm .15354.00mm .15754.10mm .16144.20mm .16544.25mm .16734.30mm .16934.40mm .17324.50mm .17724.60mm .18114.70mm .18504.75mm .18704.80mm .18904.90mm .19295.00mm .19695.10mm .20085.20mm .20475.25mm .20675.30mm .20875.40mm .21265.50mm .21655.60mm .22055.70mm .22445.75mm .22645.80mm .22835.90mm .23236.00mm .23626.10mm .2402

6.20mm .24416.25mm .24616.30mm .24806.40mm .25206.50mm .25596.60mm .25986.70mm .26386.75mm .26576.80mm .26776.90mm .27177.00mm .27567.10mm .27957.20mm .28357.25mm .28547.30mm .28747.40mm .29137.50mm .29537.60mm .29927.70mm .30317.75mm .30517.80mm .30717.90mm .31108.00mm .31508.10mm .31898.20mm .32288.25mm .32488.30mm .32688.40mm .33078.50mm .33468.60mm .33868.70mm .34258.75mm .34458.80mm .34658.90mm .35049.00mm .35439.10mm .35839.20mm .36229.25mm .36429.30mm .36619.40mm .37019.50mm .37409.60mm .37809.70mm .38199.75mm .38399.80mm .38589.90mm .3898

10.00mm .393710.20mm .401610.50mm .413410.80mm .425211.00mm .433111.20mm .440911.50mm .452811.80mm .464612.00mm .472412.20mm .480312.50mm .492113.00mm .511813.50mm .531514.00mm .551214.50mm .570915.00mm .590615.50mm .610216.00mm .629916.50mm .649617.00mm .669317.50mm .689018.00mm .708718.50mm .728319.00mm .748019.50mm .767720.00mm .787420.50mm .807121.00mm .826821.50mm .846522.00mm .866122.50mm .885823.00mm .905523.50mm .925224.00mm .944924.50mm .964625.00mm .9843

+1.00mm increments up to 48mm

+5.00mm increments from 50mmup to 105mm


6

SCREWDIA#0#2#4#5#6#8#101/45/163/87/161/25/83/47/81

1-1/41-1/21-3/4

2

ACOUNTERBORE

DIA1/83/167/321/49/325/163/87/1617/325/8

23/3213/16

11-3/161-3/81-5/8

22-3/82-3/43-1/8

BCOUNTERBORE

DEPTH.060.086.112.125.138.164.190.250.312.375.438.500.625.750.8751.0001.2501.5001.7502.000

CCOUNTERSINK

DIA.074.102.130.145.158.188.218.278.346.415.483.552.689.828.9631.1001.3701.6401.9102.180

NORMAL FIT#49#36#29#23#18#10#2

9/3211/3213/3215/3217/3221/3225/3229/321-1/321-5/161-9/161-13/162-1/16

CLOSE FIT#513/321/89/64#23#15#5

17/6421/6425/6429/6433/6441/6449/6457/641-1/641-9/321-17/321-25/322-1/32

DCLEARANCE DIA

COUNTERBORED HOLES

METRIC SOCKET-HEAD CAP SCREWSM1.6M2

M2.5M3M4M5M6M8M10M12M14M16M20M24M30M36M42M48

3.50mm4.40mm5.40mm6.50mm8.25mm9.75mm11.20mm14.50mm17.50mm19.50mm22.50mm25.50mm31.50mm37.50mm47.50mm56.50mm66.00mm75.00mm

1.6mm2mm

2.5mm3mm4mm5mm6mm8mm10mm12mm14mm16mm20mm24mm30mm36mm42mm48mm




INCH SOCKET-HEAD CAP SCREWS

7

GEOMETRIC SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS

Feature-Control FrameA specification box that shows a particular geometric characteristic (flatness, straightness,etc.) applied to a part feature and states the allowable tolerence. The feature’s tolerancemay be individual, or related to one or more datums. Any datum references and tolerancemodifiers are also shown.

Datum FeatureA flag which designates a physical featureof the part to be used as a reference tomeasure geometric characteristics of otherpart features.

Basic DimensionA box around any drawing dimensionmakes it a “basic” dimension, atheoretically exact value used as areference for measuring geometriccharacter istics and tolerances of other partfeatures.

Regardless of Feature SizeAbbreviation: RFS. A tolerance modifierthat applies the stated tight tolerance zoneunder all size conditions. RFS is generallyassumed if neither MMC nor LMC arestated.

Projected Tolerance ZoneAn additional specification box attachedunderneath a feature-control frame. Itextends the feature’s tolerance zonebeyond the part’s surface by the stateddistance, ensuring perpendicularity forproper alignment of mating parts.

Maximum Material ConditionAbbreviation: MMC. A tolerance modifierthat applies the stated tight tolerance zoneonly while the part theoretically containsthe maximum amount of materialpermitted within its dimensional limits (e.g.minimum hole diameters and maximumshaft diameters), allowing more variationunder normal conditions.

Least Material ConditionAbbreviation: LMC. A tolerance modifierthat applies the stated tight tolerance zoneonly while the part theoretically containsthe minimum amount of material permittedwithin its dimensional limits (e.g. maximumhole diameters and minimum shaftdiameters), allowing more variation undernormal conditions.

Cylindrical Tolerance ZoneThis symbol, commonly used to indicate adiameter dimension, also specifies acylindrically shaped toler ance zone in afeature-control frame.

Datum TargetsCallouts occasionally needed to designatespecific points, lines, or areas on an actualpart to be used to establish a theoreticaldatum feature.

.005 M A

A A1 A2 A3

1.500

.002Individual Features Related Features

M L

S .005 P.500


8

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS

All points on the indicated surfacemust lie in a single plane, withinthe specified tolerance zone.

All points on the indicated surfaceor axis must lie in a straight line inthe direction shown, within thespecified tolerance zone.

If the indicated surface weresliced by any plane perpendicularto its axis, the resulting outlinemust be a perfect circle, within thespecified tolerance zone.

All points on the indicated surfacemust lie in a perfect cylinderaround a center axis, within thespecified tolerance zone.

Flatness

Circularity (Roundness)

Straightness

Cylindricity

.002

.002

.002

.002

.002


9


All points on any full slice of theindicated surface must lie on itstheoretical two-dimensional profile,as defined by basic dimensions,within the specified tolerance zone.The profile may or may not beoriented with respect to datums.

All points on the indicated surfacemust lie on its theoretical three-dimensional profile, as defined bybasic dimensions, within thespecified tolerance zone. Theprofile may or may not be orientedwith respect to datums.

Linear Profile

Surface Profile

.005

.005

.005

A

A

A

A.005


10


All points on the indicatedsurface, axis, or line must lie ina single plane exactly 90° fromthe designated datum plane oraxis, within the specifiedtolerance zone.

All points on the indicated surfaceor axis must lie in a single planeat exactly the specified anglefrom the designated datum planeor axis, within the specifiedtolerance zone.

All points on the indicatedsurface or axis must lie in asingle plane parallel to thedesignated datum plane or axis,within the specified tolerancezone.

Perpendicularity (Squareness)

Angularity

Parallelism

.002

A

A

A

A

60°

.002

A

.002 A


11


Each circular element of theindicated surface is allowed todeviate only the specifiedamount from its theoreticalform and orientation during360° rotation about thedesignated datum axis.

The entire indicated surface isallowed to deviate only thespecified amount from itstheoretical form and orientationduring 360° rotation about thedesignated datum axis.

If the indicated surface weresliced by any plane perpen -dicular to the designated datumaxis, every slice’s center ofarea must lie on the datumaxis, within the specifiedcylindrical tolerance zone(controls rotational balance).

The indicated feature’s axismust be located within thespecified tolerance zone fromits true theoretical position,correctly oriented relative to thedesignated datum plane or axis.

Circular Runout

Total Runout

Concentricity

Position (Replaces Symmetry)

A

A

.002

.003A

.002

.002

.003A

A

A

AA

4X .125 .002.002 M A

A.005

.375


{

12

TYPICAL SURFACE FINISHES PRODUCEDBY VARIOUS PRODUCTION METHODS

Sand Casting

Hot Rolling

Forging

Permanent-Mold Casting

Investment Casting

Extruding

Cold Rolling

Die Casting

Flame Cutting

Sawing

Planing

Drilling

EDM

Milling

Laser Cutting

Reaming

Broaching

Turning and Boring

Tumbling

Roller Burnishing

Grinding

Honing

Electro-Polishing

Polishing

Lapping

Superfinishing

��Metric Roughness Symbol

{ {{

Microinches 2000 1000 500 250 125 63 32 16 8 4 2 1Micrometers 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 .8 .4 .2 .1 .05 .025Roughness Grade N12 N11 N10 N9 N8 N7 N6 N5 N4 N3 N2 N1

Roughness Average

� ��


13

CLAMPING FORCEOF STANDARD CLAMP STRAPS

*Clean, dry clamping stud torqued to approximately 33% of its 100,000 psi yield strength (2:1 lever ratio).

Tensile Recommended Clamping Force Stud Torque* Force in Stud Size (ft.-lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) #10-32 2 300 600 1/4-20 4 500 1000 5/16-18 9 900 1800 3/8-16 16 1300 2600 1/2-13 38 2300 4600 5/8-11 77 3700 7400 3/4-10 138 5500 11000 7/8-9 222 7600 15200 1-8 333 10000 20000

INCH

M6 4 500 1000 M8 9 900 1800 M10 20 1500 3000 M12 35 2200 4400 M16 84 4000 8000 M20 165 6300 12600 M24 283 9000 18000

METRIC

14

AISI/SAE NUMBERING SYSTEMFOR CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS

1018 12L14

Type Carbon content L denotes leaded steels(Hundredths of a %) B denotes boron steels

10XX Plain Carbon, Mn 1.00% max

11XX Resulfurized Free Machining

12XX Resulfurized/Rephosphorized Free

Machining

15XX Plain Carbon, Mn 1.00-1.65%

13XX Mn 1.75%

23XX Ni 3.50%

25XX Ni 5.00%

31XX Ni 1.25%, Cr .65-.80%

32XX Ni 1.75%, Cr 1.07%

33XX Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50-1.57%

34XX Ni 3.00%, Cr .77%

40XX Mo .20-.25%

44XX Mo .40-.52%

41XX Cr .50-.95%, Mo .12-.30%

43XX Ni 1.82%, Cr .50-.80%, Mo .25%

47XX Ni 1.05%, Cr .45%, Mo .20-.35%

46XX Ni .85-1.82%, Mo .20-.25%

48XX Ni 3.50%, Mo .25%

50XX Cr .27-.65%

51XX Cr .80-1.05%

50XXX Cr .50%, C 1.00% min

51XXX Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min

52XXX Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min

61XX Cr .60-.95%, V .10-.15%

72XX W 1.75%, Cr .75%

81XX Ni .30%, Cr .40%, Mo .12%

86XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .20%

87XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .25%

88XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .35%

92XX Si 1.40-2.00%, Mn .65-.85%, Cr 0-.65%

93XX Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo .12%

94XX Ni .45%, Cr .40%, Mo .12%

97XX Ni .55%, Cr .20%, Mo .20%

98XX Ni 1.00%, Cr .80%, Mo .25%

Carbon Steels

Manganese Steel

Nickel Steels

Nickel-Chromium Steels

Molybdenum Steels

Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

Nickel-Molybdenum Steels

Chromium Steels

Chromium-Vanadium Steels

Tungsten-Chromium Steels

Silicon-Manganese Steels




15

MACHINABILITY COMPARISON*Carbon Steels:

1015.................................72% 1137 ..............................72%1018.................................78% 1141 ..............................70%1020.................................72% 1141 Annealed ..............81%1022.................................78% 1144 ..............................76%1030.................................70% 1144 Annealed ..............85%1040.................................64% 1144 Stressproof...........83%1042.................................64% 1212 ............................100%1050.................................54% 1213 ............................136%1095.................................42% 12L14 ..........................170%1117 .................................91% 1215 ............................136%

Alloy Steels:2355 Annealed .................70% 4620 ..............................66%4130 Annealed .................72% 4820 Annealed ..............49%4140 Annealed .................66% 52100 Annealed ............40%4142 Annealed .................66% 6150 Annealed ..............60%41L42 Annealed ...............77% 8620 ..............................66%4150 Annealed .................60% 86L20 ............................77%4340 Annealed .................57% 9310 Annealed ..............51%

Stainless Steels and Super Alloys:302 Annealed ...................45% 420 Annealed ................45%303 Annealed ...................78% 430 Annealed ................54%304 Annealed ...................45% 431 Annealed ................45%316 Annealed ...................45% 440A..............................45%321 Annealed ...................36% 15-5PH Condition A ......48%347 Annealed ...................36% 17-4PH Condition A ......48%410 Annealed ...................54% A286 Aged ....................33%416 Annealed .................110% Hastelloy X....................19%

Tool Steels:A-2....................................42% M-2................................39%A-6....................................33% O-1 ................................42%D-2 ...................................27% O-2 ................................42%D-3 ...................................27%

Gray Cast Iron:ASTM Class 20 Annealed73% ASTM Class 40.............48%ASTM Class 25 ................55% ASTM Class 45.............36%ASTM Class 30 ................48% ASTM Class 50.............36%ASTM Class 35 ................48%

Nodular Iron:60-40-18 Annealed ..........61% 80-55-06........................39%65-45-12 Annealed ..........61%

Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys:Aluminum, Cold Drawn..360% Magnesium, Cold Drawn ....480%Aluminum, Cast .............450% Magnesium, Cast..............480%Aluminum, Die Cast.........76%

* Relative machining speed based on 1212 as 100%. All figures are based on cold-drawn bars in as-drawn condition, except where noted.


60 kgBrale86.586.085.685.084.5

83.983.482.882.381.8

81.280.780.179.679.0

78.578.077.476.876.3

75.975.274.774.173.6

16

ApproximateTensile

Strength(psi)

Sclero-scope

30 kgBrale

RockwellA

ShoreBrinell45-N

Rockwell Superficial15-NFEDCB

100 kg1/16" Ball

150 kgBrale

100 kgBrale

100 kg1/8" Ball

60 kg1/16" Ball

30-T30 kg

16" Ball45 kgBrale

30-N15 kgBrale

APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSIONS FOR STEEL3000 kg

10mm BallSteel

500 kg10mm Ball

Steel

136˚DiamondPyramid

Vickers

*Brinell hardness values above 500 are listed for a 10mm carbide ball instead of a steel ball.

10199979592

9188878583

8180787675

7472716968

6766646362

—————

—————

320,000310,000300,000290,000282,000

274,000266,000257,000245,000239,000

233,000227,000221,000217,000212,000

—————

—————

—————

120120119119118

117117116116115

78.577.776.976.175.4

74.573.873.072.271.5

70.769.969.268.567.7

66.966.165.464.663.8

63.162.161.460.860.0

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

94.093.593.292.992.5

92.291.891.491.190.7

90.289.889.388.988.3

87.987.486.986.485.9

85.585.084.583.983.5

86.085.084.483.682.8

81.981.180.179.378.4

77.576.675.774.873.9

73.072.071.270.269.4

68.567.666.765.864.8

77.676.575.474.273.2

72.071.069.968.867.7

66.665.564.363.262.0

60.959.858.657.456.1

55.053.852.551.450.3

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

739722705688670

654634615595577

560543525500487

475464451442432

*7069686766

6564636261

6059585756

5554535251

5049484746

10761044940900865

832800772746720

697674653633613

595577560544528

513498484471458

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————


17

ApproximateTensile

Strength(psi)

Sclero-scope

30 kgBrale

RockwellA

ShoreBrinell45-N


60 kgBrale

100 kg1/16" Ball

150 kgBrale

100 kgBrale

100 kg1/8" Ball

60 kg1/16" Ball

30-T45 kgBrale

30-N15 kgBrale

30 kg1/16" Ball


10mm BallSteel

500 kg10mm Ball

Steel

136˚DiamondPyramid

Vickers

73.172.572.071.570.9

70.469.969.468.968.4

67.967.466.866.365.8

65.364.764.363.863.3

62.862.462.061.561.0

115114113113112

112111110110109

109108108107106

105104104103103

1021011009998

4544434241

4039383736

3534333231

3029282726

2524232221

59.258.557.756.956.2

55.454.653.853.152.3

51.550.850.049.248.4

47.747.046.145.244.6

43.843.142.141.640.9

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

6058575655

5452515049

4847464443

4241414039

3837363535

446434423412402

392382372363354

345336327318310

302294286279272

266260254248243

—————

—————

—————

—————

——

201195189

421409400390381

371362353344336

327319311301294

286279271264258

253247240234228

—————

—————

—————

—————

——

82.081.581.0

49.047.846.745.544.3

43.141.940.839.638.4

37.236.134.933.732.5

31.330.128.927.826.7

25.524.323.122.020.7

64.063.162.261.360.4

59.558.657.756.855.9

55.054.253.352.151.3

50.449.548.647.746.8

45.945.044.043.242.3

206,000200,000196,000191,000187,000

182,000177,000173,000169,000165,000

160,000156,000152,000147,000144,000

140,000137,000133,000129,000126,000

124,000121,000118,000115,000112,000

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

83.082.582.081.580.9

80.479.979.478.878.3

77.777.276.676.175.6

75.074.573.973.372.8

72.271.671.070.569.9


18

ApproximateTensile

Strength(psi)

Sclero-scope

30 kgBrale

RockwellA

ShoreBrinell45-N


60 kgBrale

100 kg1/16" Ball

150 kgBrale

100 kgBrale

100 kg1/8" Ball

60 kg1/16" Ball

30-T30 kg

1/16" Ball45 kgBrale

30-N15 kgBrale


10mm BallSteel

500 kg10mm Ball

Steel

136˚DiamondPyramid

Vickers

9796959493

9291908988

8786858483

8281807978

7776757473

2018161513

1210987

65432

10———

—————

40.1————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

——

99.599.098.5

109,000106,000103,000100,00098,000

96,00093,00091,00088,00086,000

84,00083,00081,00079,00078,000

76,00075,00073,000

——

—————

3433323130

2928272626

2625252524

2424———

—————

184179175171167

163160157154151

148145142140137

135133130128126

124122120118116

222216210205200

195190185180176

172169165162159

156153150147144

141139137135132

80.580.079.078.578.0

77.577.076.075.575.0

74.574.073.573.072.0

71.571.070.069.569.0

68.067.567.066.065.5

19.6————

—————

—————

—————

—————

41.5————

—————

—————

—————

—————

69.4————

—————

—————

—————

—————

60.559.058.057.557.0

56.556.055.555.054.0

53.553.052.552.051.0

50.550.049.549.048.5

48.047.046.546.045.5

238230222213208

204196192188184

180176173170166

163160———

—————


19

ApproximateTensile

Strength(psi)

Sclero-scope

30 kgBrale

RockwellA

ShoreBrinell45-N


60 kgBrale

100 kg1/16" Ball

150 kgBrale

100 kgBrale

100 kg1/8" Ball

60 kg1/16" Ball

30-T30 kg


30-N15 kgBrale


10mm BallSteel

500 kg10mm Ball

Steel

136˚DiamondPyramid

Vickers

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

114112110109107

10610410210199

9896959492

9190898786

8584838281

130127125123121

119117116114112

110108107106104

10210199——

—————

65.064.263.562.862.0

61.460.560.159.558.7

58.057.356.555.955.0

54.654.053.252.551.8

51.050.449.549.148.5

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

98.097.597.096.095.5

95.094.594.093.593.0

92.091.591.090.590.0

89.589.088.087.587.0

86.586.085.585.084.5

—100.099.599.098.0

97.597.096.095.595.0

94.593.593.092.592.0

91.090.590.089.589.0

88.087.587.086.585.5

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

7271706968

6766656463

6261605958

5756555453

5251504948

45.044.544.043.543.0

42.542.041.841.541.0

40.540.039.539.038.5

38.037.837.537.036.5

36.035.535.034.834.5


20

ApproximateTensile

Strength(psi)

Sclero-scope

30 kgBrale

RockwellA

ShoreBrinell45-N


60 kgBrale

100 kg1/16" Ball

150 kgBrale

100 kgBrale

100 kg1/8" Ball

60 kg1/16" Ball

30-T30 kg


30-N15 kgBrale


10mm BallSteel

500 kg10mm Ball

Steel

136˚DiamondPyramid

Vickers

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

8079797877

7675747473

7271717069

6868676666

6565646463

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

47.747.046.245.544.8

44.043.443.042.141.5

40.740.039.338.537.9

37.536.636.035.234.5

33.833.132.432.031.1

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

84.083.082.582.081.5

81.080.579.579.078.5

78.077.577.076.575.5

75.074.574.073.573.0

72.572.071.070.570.0

85.084.584.083.582.5

82.081.581.080.079.5

79.078.578.077.076.5

76.075.575.074.073.5

73.072.572.071.070.5

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

—————

34.033.533.032.532.0

31.531.030.830.530.0

29.529.028.528.027.8

27.527.026.526.025.5

25.024.524.224.023.5

4746454443

4241403938

3736353433

3231302928

2726252423


21

ApproximateTensile

Strength(psi)

Sclero-scope

30 kgBrale

RockwellA

ShoreBrinell45-N


60 kgBrale

100 kg1/16" Ball

150 kgBrale

100 kgBrale

100 kg1/8" Ball

60 kg1/16" Ball

30-T30 kg


30-N15 kgBrale


10mm BallSteel

500 kg10mm Ball

Steel

136˚DiamondPyramid

Vickers

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

6362626161

6060595958

5857575656

5655555554

545353

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

30.429.729.028.127.4

26.726.025.324.623.9

23.522.621.921.220.5

19.819.118.418.017.1

16.415.715.0

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

69.569.068.568.067.0

66.566.065.565.064.5

64.063.563.062.061.5

61.060.560.059.559.0

58.057.557.0

70.069.568.568.067.5

67.066.565.565.064.5

64.063.562.562.061.5

61.060.560.059.058.5

58.057.557.0

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

—————

—————

—————

—————

———

2221201918

1716151413

12111098

76543

210

23.022.522.021.521.2

21.020.520.0——

—————

—————

———

Hardness values in italics are beyond the normal range of that scale and are listed for reference only.


22

SINGLE-ACTING BALL LOCK PINSPrecision ground locating pin. Press button to insert orremove. Positive locking until released by pressing button.Available in four handle styles. Two locking balls standard,with four balls available for greater pull-out strength. 3/16 to1" diameters standard. Available in alloy or stainless steel.

DOUBLE-ACTING BALL LOCK PINSSimilar to a single-acting pin, except you release by pullingor pushing the handle. Positive locking. Choice of three han-dle styles. Available with drive-out option (internal spindleextends beyond the shank end). This feature lets youremove a pin under shear loading by tapping the shank endwith a hammer.

ADJUSTABLE BALL LOCK PINSSingle-acting ball lock pin with adjustable grip length (1/2-inch range). Adjust grip by turning handle, then lock with theknurled locknut. Available in three handle styles.

DETENT PINSEconomical locating pin. Locking balls are spring loaded, notpositive locking. Simply push pin to insert, pull to remove.3/16 to 1" diameters standard. Available in alloy or stainlesssteel.

EXPANDING PINSPrecision alignment pin. Diameter expands up to .006 inch-es by moving handle. Positive cam action expands splitbushings to lock pin in place.

LIFTING PINSSingle-acting ball lock pin with one-piece body and four ballsfor high tension loads. Sturdy forged shackle for heavy lifting.

SINGLE-ACTING DOUBLE-ACTING ADJUSTABLE DETENT EXPANDING LIFTINGBALL LOCK PINS BALL LOCK PINS BALL LOCK PINS PINS PINS PINS


23

METRIC PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol Multiplier

tera ..........T....1,000,000,000,000.giga .........G.......... 1,000,000,000.mega.......M................. 1,000,000.kilo ...........k........................ 1,000.hecto........h........................... 100.deka.......da............................. 10................................................... 1.deci ..........d ............................... .1centi .........c ............................... .01milli .........m ............................... .001micro........µ ............................... .000001nano.........n ............................... .000000001pico ..........p ............................... .000000000001


24

Multiply By To Obtain

AA 1 AmperesAbcoulombs 2.998x1010 StatcoulombsAcre-feet 43,560 Cubic feetAcre-feet 1233.49 Cubic metersAcre-feet 325,851 GallonsAcres .4047 HectaresAcres 43,560 Square feetAcres 4,047 Square metersAcres .001562 Square milesAcres 4,840 Square yardsAmpere-hours 3,600 CoulombsAmpere-hours .03731 FaradaysAmpere-turns 1.257 GilbertsAngstrom unit 3.937x10-9 InchesAngstrom unit 10-10 MetersAres .02471 AcresAres 100 Sq. metersAstronomical units 1.495x108 KilometersAtmospheres 1.01325 BarsAtmospheres 76.0 Cm. of mercuryAtmospheres 33.90 Feet of waterAtmospheres 29.92 Inches of mercuryAtmospheres 10,333 Kilograms/sq. meterAtmospheres 101.325 KiloPascalsAtmospheres 101,325 PascalsAtmospheres 14.70 Pounds/sq. inchAtmospheres 1.058 Tons/sq. foot

BBags (cement) 94 PoundsBarrels (cement) 376 PoundsBarrels (dry) 7056 Cubic inchesBarrels (dry) 105.0 Quarts (dry)Barrels (liquid) 31.5 GallonsBarrels (oil) 42 GallonsBars .9869 AtmospheresBars 1,000,000 Dynes/sq. centimeterBars 10,200 Kilograms/sq. meterBars 100 KiloPascalsBars 750.0 Millimeters of mercuryBars 100,000 PascalsBars 14.50 Pounds/sq. inch

CONVERSION FACTORS


25

Multiply By To ObtainBaryls 1 Dynes/sq. centimeterBoard feet 144 Cubic inchesBolts (US Cloth) 40 YardsB.T.U. 1.055x1010 ErgsB.T.U. 778.2 Foot-poundsB.T.U. 252.2 Gram caloriesB.T.U. 3.930x10-4 Horsepower-hoursB.T.U. 1,055 JoulesB.T.U. .2522 KilocaloriesB.T.U. 107.6 Kilogram-metersB.T.U. 2.931x10-4 Kilowatt-hoursB.T.U. 10.409 Liter-AtmospheresB.T.U./hour .2162 Foot-pounds/secondB.T.U./hour .0700 Gram-calories/secondB.T.U./hour 3.930x10-4 HorsepowerB.T.U./hour .2931 WattsB.T.U./minute 12.97 Foot-pounds/secondB.T.U./minute .02358 HorsepowerB.T.U./minute .01758 KilowattsB.T.U./minute 17.58 WattsB.T.U./sq. foot/minute .1221 Watts/sq. inchBuckets (British, Dry) 18.18 LitersBushels 1.2445 Cu. feetBushels 2150.4 Cu. inchesBushels .03524 Cu. metersBushels 35.24 LitersBushels 4 PecksBushels 64 Pints (dry)Bushels 32 Quarts (dry)

CC 1 CoulombsCalories (gram) .003966 B.T.UCalories (gram) .001 Calories (kilogram)Calories (gram) 41,840,000 ErgsCalories (gram) .001 Food caloriesCalories (gram) 3.0860 Foot-poundsCalories (gram) 1.559x10-6 Horsepower-hoursCalories (gram) .001 KilocaloriesCalories (gram) 1.162x10-6 Kilowatt-hoursCalories (kilogram) 3.966 B.T.U.Calories (kilogram) 1,000 Calories (gram)Calories (kilogram) 1 Food calories Calories (kilogram) 3,086 Foot-poundsCalories (kilogram) .001559 Horsepower-hoursCalories (kilogram) 4,184 JoulesCalories (kilogram) 1 Kilocalories


26

Multiply By To ObtainCalories (kilogram) 426.8 Kilogram-metersCalories (kilogram) .001162 Kilowatt-hoursCandela/sq. centimeter 3.142 LambertsCandela/sq. inch .4869 LambertsCandela/sq. meter .0003142 LambertsCarats 3.086 GrainsCentares (Centiares) 1 Square metersCentigrams .01 GramsCentiliters .01 LitersCentimeter-dynes .00102 Centimeter-gramsCentimeter-dynes 1.020x10-8 Meter-kilogramsCentimeter-dynes 7.376x10-8 Pound-feetCentimeter-grams 980.7 Centimeter-dynesCentimeter-grams 10-5 Meter-kilogramsCentimeter-grams 7.233x10-5 Pound-feetCentimeters .03281 FeetCentimeters .3937 InchesCentimeters .01 MetersCentimeters 10 MillimetersCentimeters 393.7 MilsCentimeters of mercury .01316 AtmospheresCentimeters of mercury .4461 Feet of waterCentimeters of mercury 136.0 Kilograms/sq. meterCentimeters of mercury 27.85 Pounds/sq. footCentimeters of mercury .1934 Pounds/sq. inchCentimeters/second 1.969 Feet/minuteCentimeters/second .03281 Feet/secondCentimeters/second .036 Kilometers/hourCentimeters/second .6 Meters/minuteCentimeters/second .02237 Miles/hourCentimeters/second 3.728x10-4 Miles/minuteCentimeters/sec./sec. .03281 Feet/sec./sec.Centipoise 1 Millipascal-secondsCentipoise .001 Pascal-secondsCentistokes 10-6 Sq. meters/secondCentistokes 1 Sq. millimeters/secondChains 792 InchesChains 20.12 MetersChains 22 YardsCircular mils 5.067x10-6 Sq. centimetersCircular mils 7.854x10-7 Sq. inchesCircular mils .7854 Sq. milsCircumference 6.2832 RadiansCord feet 16 Cu. feetCords 8 Cord feetCoulombs 1.036x10-5 FaradaysCoulombs 2.998x109 StatcoulombsCoulombs/sq. centimeter 64.52 Coulombs/sq. inch


27

Multiply By To ObtainCoulombs/sq. inch .1550 Coulombs/sq. cmCubic centimeters 3.531x10-5 Cubic feetCubic centimeters .06102 Cubic inchesCubic centimeters .000001 Cubic metersCubic centimeters 1.308x10-6 Cubic yardsCubic centimeters 2.642x10-4 GallonsCubic centimeters .001 LitersCubic centimeters .002113 Pints (liquid)Cubic centimeters .001057 Quarts (liquid)Cubic feet .8036 Bushels (dry)Cubic feet 28,320 Cubic centimetersCubic feet 1728 Cubic inchesCubic feet .02832 Cubic metersCubic feet .03704 Cubic yardsCubic feet 7.48052 GallonsCubic feet 28.32 LitersCubic feet 59.84 Pints (liquid)Cubic feet 62.43 Pounds of waterCubic feet 29.92 Quarts (liquid)Cubic feet/minute 472.0 Cu. centimeters/secondCubic feet/minute .1247 Gallons/secondCubic feet/minute .4720 Liters/secondCubic feet/minute 62.43 Pounds of water/minuteCubic feet/second .646317 Millions of gallons/dayCubic feet/second 448.831 Gallons/minuteCubic inches 16.39 Cubic centimetersCubic inches 5.787x10-4 Cubic feetCubic inches 1.639x10-5 Cubic metersCubic inches 2.143x10-5 Cubic yardsCubic inches .004329 GallonsCubic inches .01639 LitersCubic inches 106,100 Mil-feetCubic inches .03463 Pints (liquid)Cubic inches .01732 Quarts (liquid)Cubic meters 28.38 Bushels (dry)Cubic meters 1,000,000 Cubic centimetersCubic meters 35.31 Cubic feetCubic meters 61,023 Cubic inchesCubic meters 1.308 Cubic yardsCubic meters 264.2 GallonsCubic meters 1000 LitersCubic meters 2113 Pints (liquid)Cubic meters 1057 Quarts (liquid)Cubic yards 764,600 Cubic centimetersCubic yards 27 Cubic feetCubic yards 46,656 Cubic inches


28

Multiply By To ObtainCubic yards .7646 Cubic metersCubic yards 202.0 GallonsCubic yards 764.6 LitersCubic yards 1616 Pints (liquid)Cubic yards 807.9 Quarts (liquid)Cubic yards/minute .45 Cubic feet/secondCubic yards/minute 3.367 Gallons/secondCubic yards/minute 12.74 Liters/secondCycles/second 1 Hertz

DDays 86,400 SecondsDecigrams .1 GramsDeciliters .1 LitersDecimeters .1 MetersDegrees (angle) 60 MinutesDegrees (angle) .01111 QuadrantsDegrees (angle) .01745 RadiansDegrees (angle) 3600 SecondsDegrees (Celsius) (°Cx9/5)+32 Degrees (Fahrenheit)Degrees (Celsius) °C+273.15 Degrees (Kelvin)Degrees (Fahrenheit) (°F-32)x5/9 Degrees (Celsius)Degrees (Fahrenheit) °F+459.67 Degrees (Rankine)Degrees (Kelvin) °K-273.15 Degrees (Celsius)Degrees (Rankine) °R-459.67 Degrees (Fahrenheit)Degrees/second (angle) .01745 Radians/secondDegrees/second (angle) .1667 Revolutions/minuteDegrees/second (angle) .002778 Revolutions/secondDekagrams 10 GramsDekaliters 10 LitersDekameters 10 MetersDrams 27.34375 GrainsDrams 1.771845 GramsDrams .0625 OuncesDrams (troy) .1371429 OuncesDrams (troy) .125 Ounces (troy)Dyne-centimeters 1 ErgsDynes 1 Gram-cm./sec.2

Dynes 10-7 Joules/centimeterDynes 1.020x10-6 KilogramsDynes 10-5 NewtonsDynes 7.233x10-5 PoundalsDynes 2.248x10-6 PoundsDynes/centimeter .01 Ergs/sq.millimeterDynes/sq. centimeter 9.869x10-7 AtmospheresDynes/sq. centimeter 10-6 Bars


29


EEm (Pica) .4233 CentimetersEm (Pica) .167 InchesErgs 9.478x10-11 B.T.U.Ergs 2.390x10-8 Calories (gram)Ergs 1 Dyne-centimetersErgs 7.376x10-8 Foot-poundsErgs .00102 Gram-centimetersErgs 3.725x10-14 Horsepower-hoursErgs 10-7 JoulesErgs 2.390x10-11 KilocaloriesErgs 1.020x10-8 Kilogram-metersErgs 2.778x10-14 Kilowatt-hrs.Ergs 2.778x10-11 Watt-hoursErgs/second 5.688x10-9 B.T.U./minuteErgs/second 1 Dyne-cm./sec.Ergs/second 4.427x10-6 Foot-pounds/minuteErgs/second 7.3756x10-8 Foot-pounds/secondErgs/second 1.341x10-10 HorsepowerErgs/second 1.433x10-9 Kilocalories/minute

FF 1 FaradsFaradays 26.80 Ampere-hoursFaradays 96,490 CoulombsFaradays/sec. 96,490 AmperesFarads 1,000,000 MicrofaradsFathoms 1.8288 MetersFathoms 6 FeetFeet 30.48 CentimetersFeet 12 InchesFeet 3.048x10-4 KilometersFeet .3048 MetersFeet 1.894x10-4 MilesFeet 1.646x10-4 Miles (nautical)Feet 304.8 MillimetersFeet .3333 YardsFeet of water .02950 AtmospheresFeet of water .8826 Inches of mercuryFeet of water .03048 Kilograms/sq. cm.Feet of water 304.8 Kilograms/sq. meterFeet of water 62.43 Pounds/sq. footFeet of water .4335 Pounds/sq. inchFeet/minute .5080 Centimeters/secondFeet/minute .01667 Feet/secondFeet/minute .01829 Kilometers/hour


30

Multiply By To ObtainFeet/minute .3048 Meters/minuteFeet/minute .01136 Miles/hourFeet/second 30.48 Centimeters/secondFeet/second 1.097 Kilometers/hourFeet/second .5924 KnotsFeet/second 18.29 Meters/minuteFeet/second .6818 Miles/hourFeet/second .01136 Miles/minuteFeet/sec./sec. 30.48 Centimeters/sec./sec.Feet/sec./sec. .3048 Meters/sec./sec.Feet/sec./sec. 1.097 Kilometers/hr./sec.Feet/sec./sec. .6818 Miles/hour/sec.Foot candles 10.764 Lumens/sq. meterFootlamberts 3.426 Candela/square meterFoot-pounds .001285 B.T.U.Foot-pounds 13,560,000 ErgsFoot-pounds .3240 Gram caloriesFoot-pounds 5.051x10-7 Horsepower-hoursFoot-pounds 1.356 JoulesFoot-pounds 3.240x10-4 KilocaloriesFoot-pounds .1383 Kilogram-metersFoot-pounds 3.766x10-7 Kilowatt-hoursFoot-pounds 1.356 Newton-metersFoot-pounds/minute .001285 B.T.U./minuteFoot-pounds/minute .01667 Foot-pounds/sec.Foot-pounds/minute 3.030x10-5 HorsepowerFoot-pounds/minute 3.240x10-4 Kilocalories/minuteFoot-pounds/minute 2.260x10-5 KilowattsFoot-pounds/second .07710 B.T.U./minuteFoot-pounds/second 4.6262 B.T.U./hourFoot-pounds/second .001818 HorsepowerFoot-pounds/second .01944 Kilocalories/minuteFoot-pounds/second .001356 KilowattsFurlongs 660 FeetFurlongs .125 MilesFurlongs 40 Rods

Gg’s (gravity) 32.174 feet/sec/secg’s (gravity) 9.806650 meters/sec/secGallons 3785 Cubic centimetersGallons .1337 Cubic feetGallons 231.0 Cubic inchesGallons .003785 Cubic metersGallons .004951 Cubic yardsGallons .83267 Gallons (Imperial)Gallons 3.785 Liters


31

Multiply By To ObtainGallons 8 Pints (liquid)Gallons 8.3453 Pounds of waterGallons 4 Quarts (liquid)Gallons (Imperial) 1.20095 Gallons Gallons/minute 8.0208 Cubic feet/hourGallons/minute .002228 Cubic feet/secondGallons/minute .06308 Liters/sec.Gallons/minute 6.0086 Tons of water/24 hrs.Gausses 6.452 Lines/sq. inchGausses 10-8 TeslasGausses 10-8 Webers/sq. cm.Gausses 6.452x10-8 Webers/sq. in.Gausses 10-4 Webers/sq. meterGilberts .7958 Ampere-turnsGilberts/centimeter .7958 Ampere-turns/cm.Gilberts/centimeter 2.021 Ampere-turns/inchGilberts/centimeter 79.58 Ampere-turns/meterGills .1183 LitersGills .25 Pints (liquid)Gills (British) 142.07 Cu. centimetersGrade percentage .9001 DegreesGrains .0365714 DramsGrains .06480 GramsGrains .002083 Ounces (troy)Grains .04167 Pennyweights (troy)Grains (troy) 1 GrainsGrains/gallon 17.118 Parts/millionGrains/gallon 142.86 Pounds/million gallonsGrains/Imp. gallon 14.254 Parts/millionGram-centimeters 9.295x10-8 B.T.U.Gram-centimeters 980.7 ErgsGram-centimeters 2.344x10-8 KilocaloriesGram-centimeters 10-5 Kilogram-metersGram-centimeters/sec.2 1 DynesGrams 980.7 DynesGrams 15.43 GrainsGrams .001 KilogramsGrams 1000 MilligramsGrams .03527 OuncesGrams .03215 Ounces (troy)Grams .07093 PoundalsGrams .002205 PoundsGrams/centimeter .005600 Pounds/inchGrams/cu. centimeter 62.43 Pounds/cubic footGrams/cu. centimeter .03613 Pounds/cubic inchGrams/liter 58.417 Grains/gallonGrams/liter 8.345 Pounds/1000 gallonsGrams/liter .062427 Pounds/cubic foot


32

Multiply By To ObtainGrams/liter 1000 Parts/millionGrams/sq. centimeter 2.0481 Pounds/sq. foot

HH 1 HenriesHands 4 InchesHectares 2.471 AcresHectares 10,000 Square metersHectares 107,600 Square feetHectograms 100 GramsHectoliters 100 LitersHectometers 100 MetersHectowatts 100 WattsHertz 1 Cycles/secondHogsheads 8.42184 Cubic feetHogsheads 63 GallonsHogsheads (British) 10.114 Cubic feetHorsepower 42.41 B.T.U./minuteHorsepower 33,000 Foot-pounds/min.Horsepower 550 Foot-pounds/sec.Horsepower 1.014 Horsepower (metric) Horsepower 10.69 Kilocalories/minuteHorsepower .7457 KilowattsHorsepower 745.7 WattsHorsepower (boiler) 33,479 B.T.U./hourHorsepower (boiler) 9.803 KilowattsHorsepower (metric) .9863 HorsepowerHorsepower-hours 2544 B.T.U.Horsepower-hours 641,600 Calories (gram)Horsepower-hours 2.685x1013 ErgsHorsepower-hours 1,980,000 Foot-poundsHorsepower-hours 2,684,520 JoulesHorsepower-hours 641.6 KilocaloriesHorsepower-hours 273,700 Kilogram-metersHorsepower-hours .7457 Kilowatt-hoursHundredweights 1600 OuncesHundredweights 100 PoundsHundredweights .05 Tons Hundredweights .0446429 Tons (long)Hundredweights .0453592 Tons (metric)Hundredweights (long) 112 PoundsHundredweights (long) .05 Tons (long)

IInches 2.54 CentimetersInches .0254 Meters


33

Multiply By To ObtainInches 25.4 MillimetersInches 1,000 MilsInches .02778 YardsInches of mercury .03342 AtmospheresInches of mercury 1.133 Feet of waterInches of mercury .03453 Kilograms/sq. cm.Inches of mercury 345.3 Kilograms/sq. meterInches of mercury 70.73 Pounds/sq. footInches of mercury .4912 Pounds/sq. inchInches of water .002458 AtmospheresInches of water .07355 Inches of mercuryInches of water 25.40 Kilograms/sq. meterInches of water .5781 Ounces/sq. inchInches of water 5.202 Pounds/sq. footInches of water .03613 Pounds/sq. inch

JJ 1 JoulesJoules 9.478x10-4 B.T.U.Joules 10,000,000 ErgsJoules .7376 Foot-poundsJoules 3.725x10-7 Horsepower-hoursJoules 2.390x10-4 KilocaloriesJoules .1020 Kilogram-metersJoules 2.778x10-7 Kilowatt-hoursJoules 1 Newton-metersJoules 2.778x10-4 Watt-hours

KKilocalories 3.966 B.T.U.Kilocalories 1 Food caloriesKilocalories 3086 Foot-poundsKilocalories 1000 Gram caloriesKilocalories .001559 Horsepower-hoursKilocalories 4,184 JoulesKilocalories 1 Kilogram caloriesKilocalories 426.9 Kilogram-metersKilocalories 4.184 KilojoulesKilocalories .001162 Kilowatt-hoursKilocalories/minute 51.43 Foot-pounds/secondKilocalories/minute .09351 HorsepowerKilocalories/minute .06973 KilowattsKilogram-meters 7.231 Foot-poundsKilogram-meters/sec.2 1 NewtonsKilograms 1000 GramsKilograms 70.93 Poundals


34

Multiply By To ObtainKilograms 2.205 PoundsKilograms .001102 Tons Kilograms/cu. meter .001 Grams/cu. centimeterKilograms/cu. meter .06243 Pounds/cu. footKilograms/cu. meter 3.613x10-5 Pounds/cu. inchKilograms/meter .6720 Pounds/footKilograms/sq. cm. .9678 AtmospheresKilograms/sq. cm. 980,665 DynesKilograms/sq. cm. 32.81 Feet of waterKilograms/sq. cm. 28.96 Inches of mercuryKilograms/sq. cm. 2,048 Pounds/sq. footKilograms/sq. cm. 14.22 Pounds/sq. inchKilograms/sq. meter 9.678x10-5 AtmospheresKilograms/sq. meter 9.807x10-5 BarsKilograms/sq. meter .003281 Feet of waterKilograms/sq. meter .002896 Inches of mercuryKilograms/sq. meter .2048 Pounds/sq. footKilograms/sq. meter .001422 Pounds./sq. inchKilograms/sq. millimeter 1,000,000 Kilograms/sq. meterKilolines 1000 MaxwellsKiloliters 1000 LitersKilometers 100,000 CentimetersKilometers 3281 FeetKilometers 1000 MetersKilometers .6214 MilesKilometers .5400 Miles (nautical)Kilometers 1094 YardsKilometers/hour 27.78 Centimeters/secondKilometers/hour 54.68 Feet/minuteKilometers/hour .9113 Feet/secondKilometers/hour .5400 KnotsKilometers/hour 16.67 Meters/minuteKilometers/hour .6214 Miles/hourKilometers/hr./sec. 27.78 Centimeters/sec./sec.Kilometers/hr./sec. .9113 Feet/sec./sec.Kilometers/hr./sec. .2778 Meters/sec./sec.Kilometers/liter 2.352 Miles/gallonKiloNewtons 224.8 PoundsKiloPascals .1450 Pounds/sq. inchKilowatt-hours 3412 B.T.U.Kilowatt-hours 3.600x1013 ErgsKilowatt-hours 2,655,000 Foot-poundsKilowatt-hours 1.341 Horsepower-hoursKilowatt-hours 3,600,000 JoulesKilowatt-hours 860.4 KilocaloriesKilowatt-hours 367,100 Kilogram-metersKilowatts 56.87 B.T.U./minuteKilowatts 44,250 Foot-pounds/minute


35

Multiply By To ObtainKilowatts 737.6 Foot-pounds/secondKilowatts 1.341 HorsepowerKilowatts 14.34 Kilocalories/minuteKilowatts 1000 WattsKnots 1.688 Feet/secondKnots 1.852 Kilometers/hr.Knots 1.151 Miles/hourKnots 1 Nautical miles/hour

LLamberts .3183 Candela/sq. centimeterLamberts 2.054 Candela/sq. inchLamberts 3183 Candela/sq. meterLeagues 3 Miles (nautical)Light years 9.4609x1012 KilometersLight years 5.9x1012 MilesLines/sq. centimeter 1 GaussesLines/sq. inch .1550 GaussesLines/sq. inch 1.550x10-9 Webers/sq. centimeterLines/sq. inch 10-8 Webers/sq. inchLinks (engineer’s) 12 InchesLinks (surveyor’s) 7.92 InchesLiters 1000 Cubic centimetersLiters .03531 Cubic feetLiters 61.02 Cubic inchesLiters .001 Cubic metersLiters .001308 Cubic yardsLiters .2642 GallonsLiters 1.000 Kilograms of waterLiters 2.113 Pints (liquid)Liters 1.057 Quarts (liquid)Liters/minute 5.886x10-4 Cu. feet/secondLiters/minute .004403 Gallons/secondLumens .07958 Spherical candle powerLumens .001496 WattsLumens/sq. foot 1 Foot-candlesLumens/sq. foot 10.76 Lumens/sq. meterLux .0929 Foot-candles

MMaxwells .001 KilolinesMaxwells 10-8 WebersMegajoules .2778 Kilowatt-hoursMegalines 1,000,000 MaxwellsMegaPascals 145.0 Pounds/sq. inchMeter-kilograms 98,070,000 Centimeter-dynes


36

Multiply By To ObtainMeter-kilograms 100,000 Centimeter-gramsMeter-kilograms 7.233 Pound-feetMeters 100 CentimetersMeters 3.281 FeetMeters 39.37 InchesMeters .001 KilometersMeters 6.214x10-4 MilesMeters 5.400x10-4 Miles (nautical)Meters 1000 MillimetersMeters 1.094 YardsMeters/minute 1.667 Centimeters/secondMeters/minute 3.281 Feet/minuteMeters/minute .05468 Feet/secondMeters/minute .06 Kilometers/hourMeters/minute .03238 KnotsMeters/minute .03728 Miles/hourMeters/second 196.8 Feet/minuteMeters/second 3.281 Feet/secondMeters/second 3.6 Kilometers/hourMeters/second .06 Kilometers/minuteMeters/second 2.237 Miles/hourMeters/second .03728 Miles/minuteMeters/sec./sec. 3.281 Feet/sec./sec.Meters/sec./sec. 3.6 Kilometers/hr./sec.Meters/sec./sec. 2.237 Miles/hour/sec.Mhos 1 SiemensMicrofarads 10-6 FaradsMicrons 10-6 MetersMil-feet 9.425x10-6 Cu. inchesMiles 160,900 CentimetersMiles 5280 FeetMiles 63,360 InchesMiles 1.609 KilometersMiles 1,609 MetersMiles .8688 Miles (nautical)Miles 1760 YardsMiles (nautical) 6,077 FeetMiles (nautical) 1.852 KilometersMiles (nautical) 1,852 MetersMiles (nautical) 1.151 MilesMiles (nautical) 2,026 YardsMiles/gallon .4251 Kilometers/literMiles/hour 44.70 Centimeters/secondMiles/hour 88 Feet/minuteMiles/hour 1.467 Feet/secondMiles/hour 1.609 Kilometers/hourMiles/hour .8684 KnotsMiles/hour 26.82 Meters/minute


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Multiply By To ObtainMiles/hour .1667 Miles/minuteMiles/hour/sec. 44.70 Centimeters/sec./sec.Miles/hour/sec. 1.467 Feet/sec./sec.Miles/hour/sec. 1.609 Kilometers/hr./sec.Miles/hour/sec. .4470 Meters/sec./sec.Miles/minute 2682 Centimeters/secondMiles/minute 88 Feet/secondMiles/minute 1.609 Kilometers/minuteMiles/minute 60 Miles/hourMilliers 1000 KilogramsMilligrams .01543 GrainsMilligrams .001 GramsMilligrams/liter 1 Parts/millionMilliliters .001 LitersMillimeters .1 CentimetersMillimeters .03937 InchesMillimeters .003281 FeetMillimeters 39.37 MilsMillimeters of mercury .001316 AtmospheresMillimeters of mercury .001333 BarsMillimeters of mercury .04461 Feet of waterMillimeters of mercury 13.60 Kilograms/sq. meterMillimeters of mercury 133.3 PascalsMillimeters of mercury .01934 Pounds/sq. inchMillimicrons 10-9 MetersMillion gallons/day 1.54723 Cu. feet/secondMils .00254 CentimetersMils .001 InchesMiner’s inches 1.5 Cu. feet/minuteMinims .061612 Cu. centimetersMinims (British) .059192 Cu. centimetersMinutes (angle) .01667 DegreesMinutes (angle) 1.852x10-4 QuadrantsMinutes (angle) 2.909x10-4 RadiansMinutes (angle) 60 Seconds

NN 1 NewtonsNepers 8.686 DecibelsNewton-meters .7376 Foot-poundsNewton-meters 1 JoulesNewtons 100,000 DynesNewtons .1020 KilogramsNewtons 1 Kilogram-meters/sec.2

Newtons .2248 PoundsNewtons/sq. meter 1 Pascals


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OOersteds 79.58 Amperes/meterOunces 16 DramsOunces 437.5 GrainsOunces 28.349527 GramsOunces .9115 Ounces (troy)Ounces .0625 PoundsOunces 2.790x10-5 Tons (long)Ounces 2.835x10-5 Tons (metric)Ounces (fluid) 1.805 Cubic inchesOunces (fluid) .02957 LitersOunces (troy) 480 GrainsOunces (troy) 31.103481 GramsOunces (troy) 1.09714 OuncesOunces (troy) 20 Pennyweights (troy)Ounces (troy) .08333 Pounds (troy)Ounces/sq. inch .0625 Pounds/sq. inch

PPa 1 PascalsParts/million .0584 Grains/gallonParts/million .07016 Grains/Imp. gallonParts/million 8.345 Pounds/million gallonsPascals 9.869x10-6 AtmospheresPascals .00001 BarsPascals 1 Newtons/sq. meterPascals 1.450x10-4 Pounds/sq. inchPecks .25 BushelsPecks 537.605 Cubic inchesPecks 8.810 LitersPecks 8 Quarts (dry)Pennyweights (troy) 24 GrainsPennyweights (troy) 1.55517 GramsPennyweights (troy) .05 Ounces (troy)Pennyweights (troy) .004167 Pounds (troy)Pi 1 3.141592654Picas .1660 InchesPints (dry) 33.60 Cu. inchesPints (liquid) 473.2 Cu. centimetersPints (liquid) .01671 Cu. feetPints (liquid) 28.87 Cu. inchesPints (liquid) 6.189x10-4 Cu. yardsPints (liquid) .125 GallonsPints (liquid) .4732 LitersPints (liquid) .5 Quarts (liquid)Points .01384 Inches


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Multiply By To ObtainPoise 1 Grams/centimeter-sec.Pound-feet 13,560,000 Centimeter-dynesPound-feet 13,825 Centimeter-gramsPound-feet .1383 Meter-kilogramsPoundals 13,826 DynesPoundals 14.10 GramsPoundals .001383 Joules/centimeterPoundals .1383 Joules/meterPoundals .01410 KilogramsPoundals .1383 NewtonsPoundals .03108 PoundsPounds 256 DramsPounds 444,823 DynesPounds 7000 GrainsPounds 453.59237 GramsPounds .04448 Joules/centimeterPounds .45359237 KilogramsPounds .004448 KiloNewtonsPounds 4.448 NewtonsPounds 16 OuncesPounds 14.5833 Ounces (troy)Pounds 32.17 PoundalsPounds 1.21528 Pounds (troy)Pounds .0005 TonsPounds (troy) 5760 GrainsPounds (troy) 373.24177 GramsPounds (troy) 13.1657 OuncesPounds (troy) 12 Ounces (troy)Pounds (troy) 240 Pennyweights (troy)Pounds (troy) .822857 PoundsPounds (troy) 4.1143x10-4 Tons Pounds (troy) 3.6735x10-4 Tons (long)Pounds (troy) 3.7324x10-4 Tons (metric)Pounds of water .01602 Cubic feetPounds of water 27.68 Cubic inchesPounds of water .1198 GallonsPounds of water/min. 2.670x10-4 Cu. feet/secondPounds/cubic foot .01602 Grams/cu. centimeterPounds/cubic foot 16.02 Kilograms/cu. meterPounds/cubic foot 5.787x10-4 Pounds/cu. inchPounds/cubic inch 27.68 Grams/cu. centimeterPounds/cubic inch 27,680 Kilograms/cu. meterPounds/cubic inch 1728 Pounds/cu. footPounds/foot 1.488 Kilograms/meterPounds/inch 178.6 Grams/centimeterPounds/sq. foot .01602 Feet of waterPounds/sq. foot 4.883 Kilograms/sq. meterPounds/sq. foot .006945 Pounds/sq. inch


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Multiply By To ObtainPounds/sq. inch .06804 AtmospheresPounds/sq. inch .06895 BarsPounds/sq. inch 2.307 Feet of waterPounds/sq. inch 2.036 Inches of mercuryPounds/sq. inch 703.1 Kilograms/sq. meterPounds/sq. inch 6.897 KiloPascalsPounds/sq. inch .006897 MegaPascalsPounds/sq. inch 6897 Pascals

QQuadrants (angle) 90 DegreesQuadrants (angle) 5400 MinutesQuadrants (angle) 1.571 RadiansQuarts (dry) 67.20 Cubic inchesQuarts (dry) 1.164 Quarts (liquid)Quarts (liquid) 946.4 Cubic centimetersQuarts (liquid) .03342 Cubic feetQuarts (liquid) 57.75 Cubic inchesQuarts (liquid) 9.464x10-4 Cubic metersQuarts (liquid) .25 GallonsQuarts (liquid) .9463 LitersQuarts (liquid) .8594 Quarts (dry)Quintals 100 KilogramsQuintals 220.5 PoundsQuintals (Argentinean) 101.28 PoundsQuintals (Brazilian) 129.54 PoundsQuintals (Peruvian) 101.43 PoundsQuintals (Chilean) 101.41 PoundsQuintals (Mexican) 101.47 PoundsQuires 25 Sheets

RRadians 57.30 DegreesRadians 3438 MinutesRadians .6366 QuadrantsRadians/second 57.30 Degrees/secondRadians/second 9.549 Revolutions/minuteRadians/second .1592 Revolutions/secondRadians/sec./sec. 573.0 Revolutions/min./min.Radians/sec./sec. .1592 Revolutions/sec./secReams 500 SheetsRevolutions 360 DegreesRevolutions 4 QuadrantsRevolutions 6.283 RadiansRevolutions/minute 6 Degrees/secondRevolutions/minute .1047 Radians/second


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Multiply By To ObtainRevolutions/minute .01667 Revolutions/secondRevolutions/min./min. .001745 Radians/sec./sec.Revolutions/min./min. 2.778x10-4 Revolutions/sec./sec.Revolutions/second 360 Degrees/secondRevolutions/second 6.283 Radians/secondRevolutions/second 60 Revolutions/minuteRevolutions/sec./sec. 6.283 Radians/sec./sec.Revolutions/sec./sec. 3600 Revolutions/min./min.Rods .25 ChainsRods 16.5 FeetRods 5.029 MetersRods 5.5 Yards

SS 1 SiemensScruples 20 GrainsSeconds (angle) 2.778x10-4 DegreesSeconds (angle) .01667 MinutesSeconds (angle) 3.087x10-6 QuadrantsSeconds (angle) 4.848x10-6 RadiansSiemens 1 MhosSlugs 14.59 KilogramsSlugs 32.17 PoundsSquare centimeters 197,300 Circular milsSquare centimeters .001076 Square feetSquare centimeters .1550 Square inchesSquare centimeters 10-4 Square metersSquare centimeters 100 Square millimetersSquare feet 2.296x10-5 AcresSquare feet 929.0 Square centimetersSquare feet 144 Square inchesSquare feet .09290 Square metersSquare feet 3.587x10-8 Square milesSquare feet .1111 Square yardsSquare inches 1,273,000 Circular milsSquare inches 6.452 Square centimetersSquare inches .006944 Square feetSquare inches 645.2 Square millimetersSquare inches 1,000,000 Square milsSquare kilometers 247.1 AcresSquare kilometers 10,760,000 Square feetSquare kilometers 1,000,000 Square metersSquare kilometers .3861 Square milesSquare kilometers 1,196,000 Square yardsSquare meters 2.471x10-4 AcresSquare meters 10.76 Square feetSquare meters 3.861x10-7 Square miles


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Multiply By To ObtainSquare meters 1.196 Square yardsSquare miles 640 AcresSquare miles 27,878,400 Square feetSquare miles 2.590 Square kilometersSquare miles 3,097,600 Square yardsSquare millimeters 1,973 Circular milsSquare millimeters .01 Square centimetersSquare millimeters .001550 Square inchesSquare mils 1.273 Circular milsSquare yards 2.066x10-4 AcresSquare yards 9 Square feetSquare yards 1,296 Square inchesSquare yards .8361 Square metersSquare yards 3.228x10-7 Square milesStokes .0001 Sq. meters/second

TT 1 TeslasTeslas 1 Webers/sq. meterTherms 105.5 MegajoulesTonne 1 Ton (metric)Tons 907.18486 KilogramsTons 32,000 OuncesTons 29166.66 Ounces (troy)Tons 2000 PoundsTons 2430.56 Pounds (troy)Tons .89286 Tons (long)Tons .90718 Tons (metric)Tons (long) 1016 KilogramsTons (long) 2240 PoundsTons (long) 1.12 TonsTons (metric) 1000 KilogramsTons (metric) 2205 PoundsTons (register) 100 Cubic feetTons (refrigeration) 3.517 KilowattsTons of water/24 hrs. 1.3349 Cu. feet/hourTons of water/24 hrs. .16643 Gallons/minuteTons of water/24 hrs. 83.333 Pounds water/hr.Torr .001333 BarsTorr 133.3 PascalsTorr .01934 Pounds/sq. inch

VV 1 Volts


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WW 1 WattsWatt-hours 3.412 B.T.U.Watt-hours 860.4 Calories (gram)Watt-hours 3.6x1010 ErgsWatt-hours 2655 Foot-poundsWatt-hours .001341 Horsepower-hoursWatt-hours .8604 KilocaloriesWatt-hours 367.1 Kilogram-metersWatt-hours .001 Kilowatt-hoursWatts 3.412 B.T.U./hourWatts .05687 B.T.U./minuteWatts 107 Ergs/secondWatts 44.25 Foot-pounds/minuteWatts .7376 Foot-pounds/secondWatts .001341 HorsepowerWatts .001360 Horsepower (metric)Watts .01434 Kilocalories/minuteWatts .001 KilowattsWb 1 WebersWebers 100,000 KilolinesWebers 108 MaxwellsWebers/sq. inch 1.550x107 GaussesWebers/sq. inch 108 Lines/sq. inchWebers/sq. inch .1550 Webers/sq. centimeterWebers/sq. inch 1,550 Webers/sq. meterWebers/sq. meter 10,000 GaussesWebers/sq. meter 64,520 Lines/sq. inchWebers/sq. meter 1 TeslasWebers/sq. meter .0001 Webers/sq. centimeterWebers/sq. meter 6.452x10-4 Webers/sq. inch

YYards 91.44 CentimetersYards 3 FeetYards 36 InchesYards 9.114x10-4 KilometersYards .9144 MetersYards 5.682x10-4 MilesYards 4.936x10-4 Miles (nautical)


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Concentric Clamping Elements

Work SupportsSwing Clamps

CNC Machine Vises

45


46

RIGHT TRIANGLES

B

C = 90∞A

a

b

c

a

b

UnknownSides and Angles

KnownSides and Angles

a and b

a and c

b and c

a and ∠ A

a and ∠ B

b and ∠ A

b and ∠ B

c and ∠ A

c and ∠ B

a x b

2

a x √ c 2 - a2

2

b x √ c2 - b2

2

a2

2 x tan A

a2 x tan B

2

b2 x tan A

2

b2

2 x tan B

c2 sin A cos A

c2 cos B sin B

c = √ a2 + b2

b = √ c2 - a2

a = √ c2 - b2

b =

b = a x tan B

a = b x tan A

a =

a = c x sin A

a = c x cos B

a

tan A

b

tan B

A = arc tan

A = arc sinac

A = arc cosbc

c = asin A

c = acos B

c = bcos A

c = b

sin B

b = c x cos A

b = c x sin B

B = arc tanb

a

B = arc cosac

B = arc sinbc

B = 90° - A

A = 90° - B

B = 90° - A

A = 90° - B

B = 90° - A

A = 90°

-

B

Area

2

2


47

OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

B

CA

a

b

c

A =

arc cos

c =÷a2+b 2-(2abxcos C)

B =

arc sin

B =180˚ -

arc sin

b =a x sin B

sin A

KnownSides and Angles

All three sidesa, b, c

Two sidesand the anglebetween them

a, b, ∠C

Two sidesand the angleopposite oneof the sides

a, b, ∠A(∠B lessthan 90˚)Two sides

and the angleopposite oneof the sides

a, b, ∠A(∠B greater

than 90˚)

One sideand twoangles

a,∠A,∠B

C =180˚ - A - B

C =180˚ - A - B

C =180˚ - A - B

b 2 + c 2 - a2

2bc

UnknownSides and Angles

B =

arc sin

A =

arc tan a x sin Cb-(a x cosC)

C =180˚ - A - B

B =180˚ - A - C

c =a x sin C

sin A

c =a x sin C

sin A

c =a x sin C

sin A

b x sin Aa

b x sin Aa

b x sin Aa

Area

a x b x sin C2

a x b x sin C2

a x b x sin C2

a x b x sin C2

a x b x sin C2


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5-AxisWorkholding

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NOTES


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DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS .015625 .515625 .03125 .53125 .046875 .546875 .0625 .5625 .078125 .578125 .09375 .59375 .109375 .609375 .125 .625 .140625 .640625 .15625 .65625 .171875 .671875 .1875 .6875 .203125 .703125 .21875 .71875 .234375 .734375 .25 .75 .265625 .765625 .28125 .78125 .296875 .796875 .3125 .8125 .328125 .828125 .34375 .84375 .359375 .859375 .375 .875 .390625 .890625 .40625 .90625 .421875 .921875 .4375 .9375 .453125 .953125 .46875 .96875 .48375 .984375 .5 1.

18

116

132

164

364

564

764

964

1164

1364

1564

1764

1964

2164

2364

2564

2764

2964

3164

3364

3564

3764

3964

4164

4364

4564

4764

4964

5164

5364

5564

5764

5964

6164

6364

332

532

732

932

1132

1332

1532

1732

1932

2132

2332

2532

2732

2932

3132

316

516

716

916

1116

1316

1516

14

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12

58

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Trigonometry Tables and Handy References for Engineers · 2018-03-26 · Toggle Clamps High...

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Transcript of Trigonometry Tables and Handy References for Engineers · 2018-03-26 · Toggle Clamps High...