Trigate transistors and future processors
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Transcript of Trigate transistors and future processors
A BRIEF REVIEW ON FUTURE PROCESSOR DESIGN
TECHNOLOGIES
ByChinmay Chepurwar
Alhad PeshweDepartment of Electronics Engineering
G.H. Raisoni College Of Engineering, Nagpur.
"THE NUMBER OF TRANSISTORS INCORPORATED IN A CHIP WILL APPROXIMATELY DOUBLE EVERY 24 MONTHS." —GORDON MOORE
PROCESSING EFFICIENCY – THE DRIVE FOR EFFICIENT COMPUTING
Delivered Performance = Frequency * Instructions Per Cycle
(IPC)
Delivered Performance = Frequency * Instructions Per Cycle
(IPC)
Goal is higher performance and lower power
Power α Cdynamic * V * V * FrequencyPower α Cdynamic * V * V * Frequency
Cdynamic is roughly a product of area and activity “how many bits” * “how much they toggle”
efficiency: the ratio of the output of a machine, engine, device etc., to the energy supplied to it..
Higher IPC usuallyresults in wider data pathsand/or more speculation :directly increasing C dynamic
Leakage current and the ability to move charge through the channel have an impact on power
Mutually Exclusive
Silicon TechnologyIntel Execution
On-Time 2 Year Cycle
90 nm2003
180 nm1999
130 nm2001
65 nm2005 45 nm
2007
22 nm2011
On Track
32 nm2009
WHAT IS 22 NM TECHNOLOGY…..?
INTEL ANNOUNCED THIS TECHNOLOGY IN MAY 2011.
COMMONLY REFERRED AS TRI-GATE.
WORLD’S FIRST 3D TRANSISTOR TECHNOLOGY.
22 NM IVY BRIDGE CHIP
TRADITIONAL PLANAR TRANSISTORS…
Microscopic view of 32nm transistor
MODIFICATIONS IN PLANAR TRANSISTORS…..
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRI-GATE TRANSISTORS…
Reduction in power
dissipation
Increased pathway for
electrical signals
Drives 20% more current than
traditional planar transistors
High switching speed
High performance
with reduced size
Better control over leakage
current due to 3D structure
TRI-GATE TRANSISTORS BENEFITS…
Dramatic performance gain at low operating voltage , better than Bulk, PDSOI,FDSOI37% performance increase at low voltage 50% power reduction at constant performanceImproved switching characteristics Higher drive current for a given transistorOnly 2 – 3% cost adder
Will it be the end of Processor era???
…Surely not!!!!!!
Because a new material is all set to replace semiconductors…
THE GRAPHENE…..
Electron microscopic image on Sio2 surface
2D Hexagonal structure
Van der wall’s force of attraction
Strong bonds with interlinked hexagonal lattice
Why Graphene is a better candidate for further shrinkage of Processors …???
First ever 2D Crystalline materialThinnest possible materialHigh mobility & conductivity at room temperatureExhibits pronounced response to perpendicular electric fieldsGNRs and carbon nanotubes could be basic building blocks for future processors Low cost, Higher Switching speed & less leakage current
It is projected that shrinkage of graphene processors will last around 2030 , giving birth to a new era of Quantum Computing
IDEA OF QUANTUM COMPUTING
Quantum properties are used to represent data
Operations done by manipulating quantum
numbers representing Qubits
Qubits exist in three states viz 0,1 and both
simultaneously
Single atom will replace transistor as the basic
building block
Still a distant dream
Advantages of Quantum computing
Ultra high speed
Removes drawbacks of traditional computers due to its structure
Calculations related to quantum mechanics would be solved
easily
Parallelism with single processor
Ability to perform certain algorithms which classical computers
are unable to perform
THANK YOU..!