Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Hybrinomials
Transcript of Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Hybrinomials
Journal of Mathematics Research; Vol. 13, No. 5; October 2021
ISSN 1916-9795 E-ISSN 1916-9809
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
32
Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Hybrinomials
Yasemin Taลyurdu1 & Yunis Emre Polat2
1 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Yฤฑldฤฑrฤฑm University, Erzincan, Turkey
2 Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erzincan Binali Yฤฑldฤฑrฤฑm University,
Erzincan, Turkey
Correspondence: Yasemin Taลyurdu, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Yฤฑldฤฑrฤฑm
University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey.
Received: May 10, 2021 Accepted: August 25, 2021 Online Published: September 29, 2021
doi:10.5539/jmr.v13n5p32 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v13n5p32
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials and derive these hybrinomials by the
matrices. We present Binet formulas, generating functions, exponential generating functions and summation formulas,
some properties of these hybrinomials. Moreover, we obtain relationship between the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas
hybrinomials.
Keywords: Tribonacci polynomial, Tribonacci-Lucas polynomial, Tribonacci hybrinomial, Tribonacci-Lucas
hybrinomial
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11B83, 11B37, 05A15
1. Introduction
A recursive sequence, also known as a recurrence sequence, is usually defined by a recurrence procedure; that is, any term
of this sequence is the sum of preceding terms and generated by solving a recurrence equation. Fibonacci sequence, which
is a sequence of integers, is the most famous second order sequence in all science with interesting properties. In particular,
many various generalizations of this sequence have been studied in the literature. (see, for example, McCarty, 1981; Pethe,
1988; Koshy, 2001; Gupta et al, 2012a; Taลyurdu, 2016). The Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas sequences, which are the
well-known generalizations of Fibonacci sequences, are third order recurrence sequences. In 1963, Feinberg originally
studied the Tribonacci sequence (Feinberg, 1963). For ๐ โฅ 3, the Tribonacci sequence {๐๐}๐โฅ0 is defined by
๐๐ = ๐๐โ1 + ๐๐โ2 + ๐๐โ3
with inital conditions ๐0 = 0, ๐1 = 1, ๐2 = 1 and the Tribonacci-Lucas sequence {๐พ๐}๐โฅ0 is defined by
๐พ๐ = ๐พ๐โ1 + ๐พ๐โ2 + ๐พ๐โ3
with inital conditions ๐พ0 = 3, ๐พ1 = 1, ๐พ2 = 3. The Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas sequences have many interesting
properties and applications in many fields of science. Several authors presented the Binet formulas, generating functions,
exponential generating functions, summation formulas and matrix representation of the Tribonacci and
Tribonacci-Lucas sequences (see, for example, Scott et al, 1977; Shannon, 1977; Spickerman, 1981; Bruce, 1984;
Taลyurdu, 2019a; Soykan, 2020).
In (Hoggatt & Bicknell, 1973), the Tribonacci polynomials were introduced in 1973 by Hoggatt and Bicknell. For any
integer ๐ โฅ 3, the recurrence relation of the Tribonacci polynomials is as follows
๐๐(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ3(๐ฅ) (1)
where ๐0(๐ฅ) = 0, ๐1(๐ฅ) = 1, ๐2(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2 . Obviously, ๐๐(1) = ๐๐ where ๐๐ is the ๐ th classical Tribonacci
number. The recurrence relation of the Tribonacci-Lucas polynomials is defined by
๐พ๐(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐พ๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐พ๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐พ๐โ3(๐ฅ) (2)
where ๐พ0(๐ฅ) = 3, ๐พ1(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2, ๐พ2(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ4 + 2๐ฅ.
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Table 1. The first few Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas polynomials are
๐ ๐๐(๐ฅ) ๐พ๐(๐ฅ)
0 0 3
1 1 ๐ฅ2
2 ๐ฅ2 ๐ฅ4 + 2๐ฅ
3 ๐ฅ4 + ๐ฅ ๐ฅ6 + 3๐ฅ3+ 3, 4 ๐ฅ6 + 2๐ฅ3 + 1 ๐ฅ8 + 4๐ฅ5 + 6๐ฅ2
5 ๐ฅ8 + 3๐ฅ5 + 3๐ฅ2 ๐ฅ10 + 5๐ฅ7 + 10๐ฅ4 + 5๐ฅ
6 ๐ฅ10 + 4๐ฅ7 + 6๐ฅ4 + 2๐ฅ ๐ฅ12 + 6๐ฅ9 + 15๐ฅ6 + 14๐ฅ3 + 3,
7 ๐ฅ12 + 5๐ฅ9 + 10๐ฅ6 + 7๐ฅ3 + 1 ๐ฅ14 + 7๐ฅ11 + 21๐ฅ8 + 28๐ฅ5 + 14๐ฅ2 8 ๐ฅ14 + 6๐ฅ11 + 15๐ฅ8 + 16๐ฅ5 + 6๐ฅ2 ๐ฅ16 + 8๐ฅ13 + 28๐ฅ10 + 48๐ฅ7 + 38๐ฅ4 + 8๐ฅ
Using standard techniques for solving recurrence relations, the roots of the characteristic equation ๐3 โ ๐ฅ2๐2 โ ๐ฅ๐ โ 1 =0 of equations (1) and (2) are ๐ผ1(๐ฅ), ๐ผ2(๐ฅ) and ๐ผ3(๐ฅ) such that
๐ผ1(๐ฅ) =๐ฅ2
3+ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2+ โ๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
+ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2โ โ๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
,
๐ผ2(๐ฅ) =๐ฅ2
3+ ๐ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2+ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
+ ๐2 โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2โ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
,
๐ผ3(๐ฅ) =๐ฅ2
3+ ๐2 โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2+ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
+ ๐ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2โ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
,
with ๐ =โ1+๐โ3
2. Then, the Binet formulas for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas polynomials are given by
๐๐(๐ฅ) =๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ3๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)) (3)
and
๐พ๐(๐ฅ) = ๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2
๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ) (4)
respectively. Note that we have the following identities
๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2
๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ) = 1.
Many authors have studied the generalized Fibonacci and Tribonacci polynomials and their properties (Gupta et al,
2012b; Gรผltekin & Taลyurdu, 2013; Kose et al, 2014; Ramirez & Sirvent 2014). For ๐ โฅ 2, the following relation
between Tribonacci polynomials and Tribonacci-Lucas polynomials is introduced
๐พ๐(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐๐(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐โ2(๐ฅ). (5)
The generating functions of the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas polynomials are given by
๐บ(๐ก) = โ ๐๐(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
๐ก
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
๐ (๐ก) = โ ๐พ๐(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
3 โ 2๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
where ๐๐(๐ฅ) is the ๐th Tribonacci polynomial and ๐พ๐(๐ฅ) is the ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas polynomial. For ๐ฅ = 1, we
obtain the generating functions of the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas numbers, respectively.
On the other hand, hybrid numbers which are a new generalization of complex, hyperbolic and dual numbers have
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applications in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, these numbers have been extensively used in science,
engineering and theoretical physics. รzdemir (รzdemir, 2018) introduced a new non-commutative number system called
hybrid numbers. The hybrid number system can be considered as a generalization of the complex, hyperbolic and dual
number systems. The set of hybrid numbers, denoted by ๐, is defined as
๐ = {๐ + ๐๐ + ๐๐ + ๐โ: ๐, ๐, ๐, ๐ โ โ, ๐2 = โ1, ๐2 = 0, โ2 = 1, ๐โ = โโ๐ = ๐ + ๐}.
Let ๐1 = ๐ + ๐๐ + ๐๐ + ๐โ and ๐2 = ๐ฅ + ๐ฆi + ๐ง๐ + ๐กh be any two hybrid numbers. The equality, addition, substraction
and multiplication by scalar are defined as follows
Equality: ๐1 = ๐2 only if ๐ = ๐ฅ, ๐ = ๐ฆ, ๐ = ๐ง, ๐ = ๐ก
Addition: ๐1 + ๐2 = (๐ + ๐ฅ) + (๐ + ๐ฆ)๐ + (๐ + ๐ง)๐ + (๐ + ๐ก)โ
Substraction: ๐1 โ ๐2 = (๐ โ ๐ฅ) + (๐ โ ๐ฆ)๐ + (๐ โ ๐ง)๐ + (๐ โ ๐ก)โ
Multiplication by scalar ๐ โ โ: ๐๐1 = ๐๐ + ๐๐๐ + ๐๐๐ + ๐๐โ.
Table 2. The multiplication of hybrid units of ๐
ร 1 i ๐ h
1 1 i ๐ h
i i โ1 1 โ h ๐ + i ๐ ๐ 1 + h 0 โ ๐
h h โ๐ โ i ๐ 1
The Table 2 present that (๐, +) is an Abelian group. This implies that the multiplication of hybrid numbers has the
property of associativity. But it is not commutative. Addition of the hybrid numbers is both associative and commutative.
Zero is the null element. The additive inverse of a hybrid number ๐ is โ๐ = โ๐ โ ๐๐ โ ๐๐ โ ๐โ. The readers can find
more detailed information about the hybrid numbers in (รzdemir, 2018).
Many researchs activities can be seen in resent years studies on special type of hybrid numbers. For example,
Szynal-Liana and Wloch considered the Fibonacci hybrid numbers, the Pell and Pell-Lucas hybrid numbers and the
Jacosthal and Jacosthal-Lucas.hybrid numbers and obtained some properties of these numbers, respectively.
(Szynal-Liana & Wloch, 2018; 2019a; 2019b). In (Szynal-Liana, 2018) Szynal-Liana generalized their results and defined
the Horadam hybrid numbers. In (Cerda-Morales, 2018), Cerda-Morales defined the ๐th hybrid (๐, ๐)-Fibonacci and
๐th hybrid (๐, ๐)-Lucas numbers, respectively. Polatlฤฑ defined hybrid numbers with the Fibonacci and Lucas hybrid
number coefficients (Polatlฤฑ, 2020). Also, hybrid numbers were applied to third order recurrence sequences. Tasyurdu
(Taลyurdu, 2019b) and Yaฤmur (Yaฤmur, 2020) introduced the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrid numbers and
expressed many various properties besides the known properties for sequences of these hybrid numbers. The ๐th
Tribonacci hybrid number, โ๐๐ and ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas hybrid number, โ๐พ๐ are defined by
โ๐๐ = ๐๐ + ๐๐+1๐ + ๐๐+2๐ + ๐๐+3โ
โ๐พ๐ = ๐พ๐ + ๐พ๐+1๐ + ๐พ๐+2๐ + ๐พ๐+3โ
where ๐๐ is the ๐th Tribonacci number and ๐พ๐ is the ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas number, respectively. Then new
generalizations of the hybrid numbers were introduced, called hybrinomial sequences. In (Liana & Szynal-Liana, 2019;
Szynal-Liana & Wลoch, 2020a; 2020b) the authors introduced the Pell hybrinomials, the Fibonacci and Lucas
hybrinomials and generalized Fibonacci-Pell hybrinomials, respectively. Also, Kฤฑzฤฑlateล defined the Horadam
hybrinomials and gave some special cases of these hybrinomials (Kฤฑzฤฑlateล, 2020).
The aim of this study is to present a new generalization of the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrid numbers, called
as, Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials, that is, polynomials, which are a generalization of the Tribonacci
hybrid numbers and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrid numbers, respectively.
2. The Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Hybrinomials
In this section, we define the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials and give recurrence relations of these
hybrinomials. Then we present the Binet formulas for the ๐ th Tribonacci hybrinomial and ๐ th Tribonacci-Lucas
hybrinomial. We introduce the generating functions and exponential generating functions of these hybrinomials.
Moreover, we obtain the summation formulas, some properties, matrix representation and relation between the Tribonacci
and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials.
Definition 2.1. The ๐th Tribonacci hybrinomial, ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) and ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial, ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) are defined
by
๐๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+3(๐ฅ) (6)
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๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐พ๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐พ๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐พ๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐พ๐+3(๐ฅ) (7)
where ๐๐(๐ฅ) is the ๐th Tribonacci polynomial, ๐พ๐(๐ฅ) is the ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas polynomial and hybrid units ๐, ๐, โ
satisfy the the equations ๐2 = โ1, ๐2 = 0, โ2 = 1, ๐โ = โโ๐ = ๐ + ๐.
The Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials satisfy a linear recurrence of degree three. Now present the recurrence
relations of the Tribonacci hybrinomial sequence, {๐๐โ(๐ฅ)}๐โฅ0 and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial sequence
{๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ)}๐โฅ0.
Theorem 2.1. For ๐ โฅ 3, the following recurrence relations holds
๐๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ3โ(๐ฅ) (8)
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐พ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐พ๐โ2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐พ๐โ3โ(๐ฅ) (9)
with
๐0โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ + ๐๐ฅ2 + โ(๐ฅ4 + ๐ฅ),
๐1โ(๐ฅ) = 1 + ๐๐ฅ2 + ๐(๐ฅ4 + ๐ฅ) + โ(๐ฅ6 + 2๐ฅ3 + 1),
๐2โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2 + ๐(๐ฅ4 + ๐ฅ) + ๐(๐ฅ6 + 2๐ฅ3 + 1) + โ(๐ฅ8 + 3๐ฅ5 + 3๐ฅ2)
and
๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) = 3 + ๐๐ฅ2 + ๐(๐ฅ4 + 2๐ฅ) + โ(๐ฅ6 + 3๐ฅ3 + 3),
๐พ1โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2 + ๐(๐ฅ4 + 2๐ฅ) + ๐(๐ฅ6 + 3๐ฅ3 + 3) + โ(๐ฅ8 + 4๐ฅ5 + 6๐ฅ2),
๐พ2โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ4 + 2๐ฅ + ๐(๐ฅ6 + 3๐ฅ3 + 3) + ๐(๐ฅ8 + 4๐ฅ5 + 6๐ฅ2) + โ(๐ฅ10 + 5๐ฅ7 + 10๐ฅ4 + 5๐ฅ),
respectively.
Proof. Using the equations (1) and (6), we obtain
๐๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+3(๐ฅ)
= ๐ฅ2๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ3(๐ฅ) + ๐(๐ฅ2๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ2(๐ฅ))
+๐(๐ฅ2๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ1(๐ฅ)) + โ(๐ฅ2๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐(๐ฅ))
= ๐ฅ2(๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+2(๐ฅ))
+๐ฅ(๐๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+1(๐ฅ))
+๐๐โ3(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐(๐ฅ)
= ๐ฅ2๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ3โ(๐ฅ).
Similarly, we can obtain ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐พ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐พ๐โ2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐พ๐โ3โ(๐ฅ) using the equations (2) and (7).
โ
Using Teorem 2.1, it can be easily shown that the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial sequences can be
extended to negative subscripts by the recurrence relations as follows
๐โ๐โ(๐ฅ) = โ๐ฅ๐โ(๐โ1)โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐โ(๐โ2)โ(๐ฅ) + ๐โ(๐โ3)โ(๐ฅ)
๐พโ๐โ(๐ฅ) = โ๐ฅ๐พโ(๐โ1)โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐พโ(๐โ2)โ(๐ฅ) + ๐พโ(๐โ3)โ(๐ฅ)
for ๐ โฅ 1, respectively.
2.1 The Binet Formulas and Generating Functions of the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Hybrinomials
The Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials can be obtained by using the Definition 2.1 and Theorem 2.1. The
Binet formula known as the general formula can be used instead of both definition and theorem. Now, we produce the
Binet formulas for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials.
Theorem 2.2. Let ๐ โฅ 0 be an integer and ๐ผ1(๐ฅ), ๐ผ2(๐ฅ) and ๐ผ3(๐ฅ) are the roots of the characteristic equation
๐3 โ ๐ฅ2๐2 โ ๐ฅ๐ โ 1 = 0. Then the Binet formulas for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials are given by
๐๐โ(๐ฅ) =๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)) (10)
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ) (11)
respectively, where ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ) = 1 + ๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ12(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ1
3(๐ฅ) , ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ) = 1 + ๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ22(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ2
3(๐ฅ), ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ) =1 + ๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ3
2(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ33(๐ฅ). Moreover,
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๐ผ1(๐ฅ) =๐ฅ2
3+ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2+ โ๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
+ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2โ โ๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
,
๐ผ2(๐ฅ) =๐ฅ2
3+ ๐ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2+ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
+ ๐2 โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2โ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
,
๐ผ3(๐ฅ) =๐ฅ2
3+ ๐2 โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2+ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
+ ๐ โ๐ฅ6
27+
๐ฅ3
6+
1
2โ โ
๐ฅ6
37+
7๐ฅ3
54+
1
4
3
,
with ๐ =โ1+๐โ3
2.
Proof. By considering the Binet formula for the ๐th Tribonacci polynomial given in equation (3) and equation (6), we
have
๐๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+3(๐ฅ)
=๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ3๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))
+๐ (๐ผ1
๐+2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ2๐+2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ3๐+2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
+๐ (๐ผ1
๐+3(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ2๐+3(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ3๐+3(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
+โ (๐ผ1
๐+4(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ2๐+4(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๐ผ3๐+4(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
=(1+๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ)+๐๐ผ1
2(๐ฅ)+โ๐ผ13(๐ฅ))๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
(1+๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ)+๐๐ผ22(๐ฅ)+โ๐ผ2
3(๐ฅ))๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))
+(1+๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ)+๐๐ผ3
2(๐ฅ)+โ๐ผ33(๐ฅ))๐ผ3
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))
=๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))
and using the Binet formula for the ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas polynomial given in equation (4) and equation (7), we have
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐พ๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐พ๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐พ๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐พ๐+3(๐ฅ)
= ๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2
๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ) + ๐(๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3
๐+1(๐ฅ))
+๐(๐ผ1๐+2(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2
๐+2(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3๐+2(๐ฅ)) + โ(๐ผ1
๐+3(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2๐+3(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3
๐+3(๐ฅ))
= (1 + ๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ12(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ1
3(๐ฅ))๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ)
+(1 + ๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ22(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ2
3(๐ฅ))๐ผ2๐(๐ฅ)
+(1 + ๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ32(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ3
3(๐ฅ))๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ)
= ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ) + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
๐(๐ฅ) + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ)
where
๐ผ1(๐ฅ) = 1 + ๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ12(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ1
3(๐ฅ),
๐ผ2(๐ฅ) = 1 + ๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ22(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ2
3(๐ฅ),
๐ผ3(๐ฅ) = 1 + ๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ) + ๐๐ผ32(๐ฅ) + โ๐ผ3
3(๐ฅ).
http://jmr.ccsenet.org Journal of Mathematics Research Vol. 13, No. 5; 2021
37
which ends the proof.
โ
As it is known, the generating functions are one of the most powerful techniques for solving linear recurrence relations.
Now, we give the generating functions for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials. We know that the power
series of the ordinary generating function for {๐0, ๐1, ๐3 โฆ } are follows
๐(๐ก) = ๐0 + ๐1๐ก + ๐2๐ก2 + โฏ + ๐๐๐ก๐ + โฏ = โ ๐๐๐ก๐
โ
๐=0
.
Theorem 2.3. The generating functions for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial sequences are
๐(๐ก) = โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
๐0โ(๐ฅ) + (๐1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
๐(๐ก) = โ ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) + (๐พ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐พ0โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐พโ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
respectively.
Proof. Let ๐(๐ก) = โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐โ๐=0 be the generating function for the Tribonacci hybrinomial sequence. Then
๐(๐ก) = โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐โ๐=0
= ๐0โ(๐ฅ) + ๐1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก + โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ โ๐=2
= ๐0โ(๐ฅ) + ๐1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก + โ (๐ฅ2๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ3โ(๐ฅ))๐ก๐ โ๐=2
= ๐0โ(๐ฅ) + ๐1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐โ๐=0 โ ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ)๐ก
+๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐๐(๐ฅ)โ๐ก๐โ๐=0 + ๐ก3 โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐โ
๐=0 + ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
= ๐0โ(๐ฅ) + ๐1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๐ฅ2๐ก๐(๐ก) โ ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๐ฅ๐ก2๐(๐ก) + ๐ก3๐(๐ก) + ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
and we obtain that
(1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3)๐(๐ก) = ๐0โ(๐ฅ) + ๐1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก โ ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2.
So the generating function for the Tribonacci hybrinomial sequence is
๐(๐ก) =๐0โ(๐ฅ) + (๐1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3.
and similarly, it can easily prove the generating function for the Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial sequence as follows
๐(๐ก) =๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) + (๐พ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐พ0โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐พโ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3.
โ
Theorem 2.4. For ๐ โฅ 2, the generating functions for the the Tribonacci hybrinomial sequence {๐๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)}๐โฅ0 and
Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial sequence {๐พ๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)}๐โฅ0 are
โ ๐๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + (๐ฅ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
โ ๐พ๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) + (๐ฅ๐พ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พ๐โ2โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐พ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
respectively.
http://jmr.ccsenet.org Journal of Mathematics Research Vol. 13, No. 5; 2021
38
Proof. By using the Binet formula for the ๐th Tribonacci hybrinomial given in equation (10), we get
โ ๐๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =โ๐=0 โ (
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1๐+๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐+๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐+๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))โ
๐=0 ๐ก๐
=๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))โ (๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐โ
๐=0
+๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))โ (๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐โ
๐=0
+๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))โ (๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐โ
๐=0
=๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))(
1
1โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก)
+๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))(
1
1โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก)
+๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(
1
1โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก)
=1
(1โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก)(1โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก)(1โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก)[(
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)(๐ผ1๐+1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1๐+1(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)+๐ผ1
๐(๐ฅ))
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)))
+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)(๐ผ2
๐+1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2
๐+1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1(๐ฅ)+๐ผ2๐(๐ฅ))
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)))
+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)(๐ผ3
๐+1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3๐+1(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3
๐+1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1(๐ฅ)+๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ))
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))]
If we rearrange the last equation using the equations ๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ3(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2, ๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ) = 1, then we
get
โ ๐๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =โ๐=0
1
1โ๐ฅ2๐กโ๐ฅ๐ก2โ๐ก3[(
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
+ (๐ฅ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐โ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐โ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐โ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐โ2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐โ2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐โ2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))) ๐ก
+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐โ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐โ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐โ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))) ๐ก2]
=๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + (๐ฅ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3
and similarly, using the Binet formula for the ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial given in equation (11) we have
โ ๐พ๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐ =
โ
๐=0
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) + (๐ฅ๐พ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พ๐โ2โ(๐ฅ))๐ก + ๐พ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)๐ก2
1 โ ๐ฅ2๐ก โ ๐ฅ๐ก2 โ ๐ก3 .
So proof is completed.
โ
Theorem 2.5. For ๐ โฅ 0, the exponential generating functions for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial
http://jmr.ccsenet.org Journal of Mathematics Research Vol. 13, No. 5; 2021
39
sequences are
โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐
๐!=โ
๐=0๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))
โ ๐พ๐(๐ฅ)โ๐ก๐
๐!=โ
๐=0 ๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก
respectively.
Proof. By using the Binet formulas for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials given in equations (10) and
(11), we get
โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐
๐!=โ
๐=0 โ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))โ๐=0 +
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
๐ก๐
๐!
= (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))) โ
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐
๐!โ๐=0 + (
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))) โ
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐
๐!โ๐=0
+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))) โ
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐
๐!โ๐=0
=๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))
and
โ ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ)๐ก๐
๐!=โ
๐=0 โ (๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1๐(๐ฅ) + ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
๐(๐ฅ)โ๐=0 +๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3
๐(๐ฅ))๐ก๐
๐!
= ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ) โ(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐
๐!โ๐=0 + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ) โ
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐
๐!โ๐=0 + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ) โ
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก)๐
๐!โ๐=0
= ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ1(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ2(๐ฅ)๐ก + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐๐ผ3(๐ฅ)๐ก .
So proof is completed.
โ
3.2 Some Properties of the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas Hybrinomials
In this section, we give the summation formulas, some properties and relation between the Tribonacci and
Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials. Also, we derive the matrix representation of the Tribonacci hybrinomials.
Theorem 2.6. The summation formulas for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials are as follows
โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) =
๐
๐=0
๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + (1 โ ๐ฅ2)๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ + ๐ฅ2
โ ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) =
๐
๐=0
๐พ๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + (1 โ ๐ฅ2)๐พ๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พโ1โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ + ๐ฅ2
respectively, for ๐ฅ โ โ โ {0, โ1}.
Proof. Using the equation (8), we can get the following relations:
๐ฅ๐0โ(๐ฅ) = ๐2โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ๐1โ(๐ฅ) = ๐3โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐2โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐0โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ๐2โ(๐ฅ) = ๐4โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐3โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐1โ(๐ฅ)
โฎ
๐ฅ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐๐โ3โ(๐ฅ)
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๐ฅ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐๐โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ).
If we add the equations by side by, we have
๐ฅ๐0โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐1โ(๐ฅ) + โฏ + ๐ฅ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2 (โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)
๐+1
๐=0
โ ๐0โ(๐ฅ))
โ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐1โ(๐ฅ)
(๐ฅ + ๐ฅ2) โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ)
๐
๐=0
= ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐ฅ2๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ)
โ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐1โ(๐ฅ)
and we obtain that
โ ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) =
๐
๐=0
๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + (1 โ ๐ฅ2)๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐โ1โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ + ๐ฅ2
and similarly, using the equation (9), we have
โ ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) =
๐
๐=0
๐พ๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + (1 โ ๐ฅ2)๐พ๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พ1โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พ0โ(๐ฅ) โ ๐พโ1โ(๐ฅ)
๐ฅ + ๐ฅ2.
So proof is completed.
โ
Theorem 2.7. For ๐ โฅ 0, we have the following equalities for the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials
๐3๐โ(๐ฅ) = โ โ (๐
๐) (
๐
๐)
๐
๐=0
๐
๐=0
๐ฅ๐+๐๐๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)
๐พ3๐โ(๐ฅ) = โ โ (๐
๐) (
๐
๐)
๐
๐=0
๐
๐=0
๐ฅ๐+๐๐พ๐+๐โ(๐ฅ)
Proof. By using the Binet formula for the ๐th Tribonacci hybrinomial given in equation (10), we get
โ โ (๐
๐) (
๐
๐)
๐
๐=0
๐
๐=0
๐ฅ๐+๐๐๐+๐โ(๐ฅ) = โ โ (๐
๐) (
๐
๐)
๐
๐=0
๐
๐=0
๐ฅ๐+๐ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
๐+๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ) โ ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ) โ ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)))
+ โ โ (๐๐
) (๐๐)๐
๐=0๐๐=0 ๐ฅ๐+๐ (
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2๐+๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ)))
+ โ โ (๐๐
) (๐๐)๐
๐=0๐๐=0 ๐ฅ๐+๐ (
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3๐+๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ)))
= (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))) โ (
๐๐
) (๐ฅ๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐ผ12(๐ฅ))
๐๐๐=0
+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))) โ (
๐๐
) (๐ฅ๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐ผ22(๐ฅ))
๐๐๐=0
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+ (๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3๐ผ3(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))) โ (
๐๐
) (๐ฅ๐ผ3(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐ผ32(๐ฅ))
๐๐๐=0
=๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1
3๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))(๐ผ1(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ23๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ2(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ3(๐ฅ))+
๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ33๐+1(๐ฅ)
(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ1(๐ฅ))(๐ผ3(๐ฅ)โ๐ผ2(๐ฅ))
= ๐3๐โ(๐ฅ)
and using the Binet formula for the ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial given in equation (11), we get
โ โ (๐๐) (
๐
๐)
๐
๐=0
๐
๐=0
๐ฅ๐+๐๐พ๐+๐โ(๐ฅ) = โ โ (๐๐) (
๐
๐)
๐
๐=0
๐
๐=0
๐ฅ๐+๐(๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ1๐+๐(๐ฅ))
+ โ โ (๐๐
) (๐๐)๐
๐=0๐๐=0 ๐ฅ๐+๐(๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
๐+๐(๐ฅ))
+ โ โ (๐๐
) (๐๐)๐
๐=0๐๐=0 ๐ฅ๐+๐(๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ3
๐+๐(๐ฅ))
= ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ) โ (๐๐
) (๐ฅ๐ผ1(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐ผ12(๐ฅ))
๐๐๐=0
+๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ) โ (๐๐
) (๐ฅ๐ผ2(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐ผ22(๐ฅ))
๐๐๐=0
+๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ) โ (๐๐
) (๐ฅ๐ผ3(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ2๐ผ32(๐ฅ))
๐๐๐=0
= ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ1(๐ฅ)๐ผ13๐(๐ฅ) + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ2(๐ฅ)๐ผ2
3๐(๐ฅ) + ๏ฟฝฬ๏ฟฝ3(๐ฅ)๐ผ33๐(๐ฅ)
= ๐พ3๐โ(๐ฅ).
So proof is completed.
โ
Theorem 2.8. The relation between the ๐th Tribonacci hybrinomial, ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) and ๐th Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomial,
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) is
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ)
where ๐ โฅ 2
Proof: By using the equations (5) and (7), we have
๐พ๐โ(๐ฅ) = ๐พ๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐พ๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐พ๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐พ๐+3(๐ฅ)
= ๐ฅ2๐๐(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐(๐ฅ2๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐โ1(๐ฅ))
+๐(๐ฅ2๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐(๐ฅ)) + โ(๐ฅ2๐๐+3(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐+1(๐ฅ))
= ๐ฅ2(๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+2(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+3(๐ฅ))
+2๐ฅ(๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐+1(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+2(๐ฅ)
+3(๐๐โ2(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐โ1(๐ฅ) + ๐๐๐(๐ฅ) + โ๐๐+1(๐ฅ))
= ๐ฅ2๐๐โ(๐ฅ) + 2๐ฅ๐๐โ1โ(๐ฅ) + 3๐๐โ2โ(๐ฅ)
which completes the proof.
โ
Theorem 2.9. The Tribonacci hybrinomials are generated by matrix
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๐ด(๐ฅ) = (๐ฅ2 ๐ฅ 11 0 00 1 0
)
then
๐๐โ(๐ฅ)
. ๐ด๐(๐ฅ) = (
๐๐+4โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ)
) (12)
where
๐๐โ(๐ฅ)
= (
๐4โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐3โ(๐ฅ) + ๐2โ(๐ฅ) ๐3โ(๐ฅ)
๐3โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐1โ(๐ฅ) ๐2โ(๐ฅ)
๐2โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐0โ(๐ฅ) ๐1โ(๐ฅ)
)
and ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) is the ๐th Tribonacci hybrinomial.
Proof: By using induction on ๐, if ๐ = 0, then the result is obvious. Now, assume that, equation (12) is true for all
positive integers ๐, that is
๐๐โ(๐ฅ)
. ๐ด๐(๐ฅ) = (
๐๐+4โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ)
)
where ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) = ๐ฅ2๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐ฅ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) from equation (8), for ๐ โฅ 0. Then, we need to show that
above equality holds for ๐ = ๐ + 1. Then by induction hypothesis we obtain
๐๐โ(๐ฅ)
. ๐ด๐+1(๐ฅ) = (๐๐โ(๐ฅ). ๐ด๐(๐ฅ)) . ๐ด(๐ฅ)
= (
๐๐+4โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ)
) (๐ฅ2 ๐ฅ 11 0 00 1 0
)
= (
๐๐+5โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+4โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+4โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+4โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ)
๐๐+3โ(๐ฅ) ๐ฅ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ) + ๐๐+1โ(๐ฅ) ๐๐+2โ(๐ฅ)
)
Hence, the equation (12) holds for all ๐ โฅ 0.
โ
4. Discussion
In this paper, the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials, which are a generalization of the Tribonacci hybrid
numbers and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrid numbers are defined and sequences of these hybrinomials are investigated,
respectively. And the recurrence relations and very important properties such as the Binet formulas, generating functions,
exponential generating functions and summation formulas for these sequences are obtained. Also, some properties and
relation between the Tribonacci and Tribonacci-Lucas hybrinomials are given.
Acknowledgments
Authors most grateful to the referees for their useful suggestions. The authors declare that they have no competing
interests.
References
Bruce, I. (1984). A modified Tribonacci sequence. Fibonacci Quarterly, 22(3), 244-246.
Cerda-Morales, G. (2018). Investigation of Generalized Hybrid Fibonacci Numbers and Their Properties. arXiv
preprint, arXiv: 1806.02231v1 (2018).
Feinberg, M. (1963). Fibonacci-Tribonacci. Fibonacci Quarterly, 1, 71-74.
Gupta, V. K., Panwar, Y. K., & Sikhwal, O. (2012a). Generalized Fibonacci Sequences. Theoretical Mathematics &
Applications, 2(2), 115-124.
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