Triathlon : medical considerations Dr Tom Cross FACSP,MBBS,DCH.
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Transcript of Triathlon : medical considerations Dr Tom Cross FACSP,MBBS,DCH.
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Triathlon: medical considerations
Dr Tom CrossFACSP,MBBS,DCH
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Outline of talk
Introductory concepts
Musculo-skeletal Injuries
Illness/Medical conditions
Conclusion
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Introduction
Triathlon started in California in 1970’s Sport began in Australia in early 1980’s International sport: more than 120 nations Olympic sport since 2000 Sydney games 160,000 Australians compete 180 Tri clubs in Australia National and State Federations
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Australian Success
Greg Welch Michellie Jones Chris McCormack Emma Moffatt Craig Alexander Emma Snowsill Miranda Carfrae
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3 Disciplines
Swim-Bike-Run Competitors: recreational and elite/pro series Athletes often very successful in other sports Differing Distances
Sprint 750/20/5 Olympic 1.5/40/10 Half Iron Man 1.9/90.1/21.1 Iron Man 3.8/180.2/42.2
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Medical Team Physiotherapist Soft tissue therapist Chiropractor/Osteopath Doctor Nurse Dietician Podiatrist Bike Mechanic Biomechanist St John’s Ambulance
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Injuries and Illness
Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries Acute Overuse
Illness Dehydration/Heat Illness Hypothermia Water Intoxication Cardiovascular Female athlete triad Overtraining Syndrome/Fatigue Infectious Disease
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Injuries
Sport specific injuries
Discipline specific
Swimming Cycling Running: causes most injuries
Paucity of Evidence Based Medicine regarding Injuries!
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Injuries
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Injuries
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Injuries
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Injuries
Running overuse injuries Causes
Training Error (volume, frequency, intensity, surfaces) Biomechanics (alignment, running efficiency) New coach/club/training group Footwear Poor Bone health Inadequate warm up/cool down, stretching, massage
Prevention Scientific approach to training Podiatry Optimize running technique Optimize Bone health Recovery strategies
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Illness
1. Thermal stress1. Heat illness/dehydration
2. Hypothermia
2. Water Intoxication
3. Cardiovascular
4. Female athlete triad
5. Overtraining syndrome
6. Infection
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Illness
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Illness
Hypothermia
Swim: most at risk! Cycling
Prevention
Wetsuit choice Clothing on bike
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Illness
Water Intoxication
Fluid and electrolyte disturbance Drinking yourself to death
Exercise associated Hyponatraemia Serum sodium <135 mmol/litre
Risk Factors longer endurance events > 4 hours Female Slower runners (more time to drink)
Occurred secondary to perception Drinking caused performance enhancement Drinking reduces risk of Dehydration/heat illness
Symptoms Nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma and death
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Illness
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Illness
Cardiovascular
Recreational
Sudden cardiac death <35 Congenital heart disease >35 Coronary artery disease
Elite/Pro Triathletes
Pathological variant of Athlete’s heart: Cardiomyopathy: conduction disorders/arrhythmias
Greg Welch: “ventricular tachycardia” requiring an implantable defibrillator
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Illness The Female Athlete Triad
Disordered eating (much more common in elite athletic women than normal population) EDNOS, Anorexia,Bulimia
Menstrual disturbance (Caloric restriction + Intensive exercise) Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrhoea, luteal phase defects
Poor Bone heath (inadequate estrogen) Osteopenia, Osteoporosis: Increased risk of STRESS FRACTURES and OSTEOPOROSIS in later life!
At risk sports Endurance (running, triathlon) Aesthetic (gymnastics, diving, figure skating, synchronized swimming) Weight divisions (Martial arts)
Bone health
Accrual occurs in teenage/early 20’s Peak Bone mass by 25-30 Can assess with BMD testing (Anthropometric assessment) Bone mineral density deficit only partially reversible
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Illness
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Illness
Overtraining syndrome/Fatigue
Definition: continued fatigue after 2 weeks of rest. Causes
Excessive exercise TRAINING ERROR Over-crowded lifestyle/Time poor individual (Psycho-social stressors) Poor nutrition: “running on empty” ! Inadequate recovery from viral illness Sympathetic nervous system exhaustion !
Symptoms Training and performance decrement Increased perceived level of exertion Increased muscle soreness
Exclude other causes of fatigue
Iron deficiency Other Nutritional deficiencies (COH, Dehydration etc) Depression Disordered eating Other medical causes (Cardiac, respiratory, endocrine etc)
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Illness
OTS/Fatigue
Treatment Relative rest Simplify lifestyle/minimize stressors Optimize diet/recovery strategies/meditation
Prevention Periodize training (micro/macro cycles) Monitor symptoms (energy, mood, muscle soreness, sleep quality etc) Optimize diet/recovery strategies
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Illness
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Illness
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Illness
Infection
Prevention
Immunization (Routine + Hep A/B, Influenza, meningococcal ) Periodize training Optimize diet/recovery strategies Universal precautions while traveling (e.g. sharing drink bottles etc.) Increased risk with adverse environmental conditions (cold and heat stress) Avoid/isolate sick athletes Supplements: Lactobacillus Yogurt, Echinacea, Multivitamins
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Concluding remarks
1. Beware “Drugs in sport”
1. If concerned check WADA website
2. Seek medical screening (Doctor/Physiotherapist) if concerned about past medical history &/or injury history
3. Report injury/illness early!
4. Educate yourself about Periodization of training and practice other PREVENTATIVE strategies to prevent both injury and illness!!
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Thank you