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Transcript of Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 1. New intellectual and religious movements. 2. Social...
Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860
1.New intellectual and religious movements.
2.Social reforms.
3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.
4.Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.
5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.
6.Increase in American nationalism.
7.Further westward expansion.
1.New intellectual and religious movements.
2.Social reforms.
3.Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.
4.Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization.
5.Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions.
6.Increase in American nationalism.
7.Further westward expansion.
“Manifest Destiny”“Manifest Destiny”
First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
3 Themes of Manifest 3 Themes of Manifest DestinyDestiny the virtue of the American people and their
institutions; the mission to spread these institutions, thereby
redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S.; and
the destiny under God to accomplish this work.
Implications of Manifest Implications of Manifest DestinyDestiny
“And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.”
John L. O’Sullivan
Advice on the Prairie" Advice on the Prairie" by William T. Ranney 1853 by William T. Ranney 1853
John Gast’s “American Progress”
“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872
“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872
The Promised Land--The Grayson Family, 1850.William S. Jewett
The Grayson family presents us with a scene of domestic bliss, the wide open and above all, empty space away to the West. The light calling to the family to seek out new lands.
Manifest Destiny by W. Manifest Destiny by W. M. Cary M. Cary
The Pony ExpressThe Pony Express
Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.
Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.
Took 10 days.
Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.
Between April, 1860 and Nov., 1861.
Delivered news and mail between St. Louis, MO and San Francisco, CA.
Took 10 days.
Replaced by the completion of the trans-continental telegraph line.
Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839
The only war ever declared by a state.
Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.
Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.
Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”
General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.
The only war ever declared by a state.
Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.
Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.
Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”
General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.
Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842
Movement to the Far Movement to the Far WestWest American settlement reaches Pacific in 1830s and
1840s Settlement encroaches on lands claimed by Mexico
and England
Borderlands of the Borderlands of the 1830s1830s 1842--Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles the
northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary Americans begin settling in
Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim)New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico) California (owned by Mexico)
Territorial Expansion by Territorial Expansion by the the Mid-Nineteenth CenturyMid-Nineteenth Century
The Texas RevolutionThe Texas Revolution
1820s--Americans move into Texas "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rule 1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery 1835--armed rebellion breaks out
Texas Declaration of Independence
Texas Declaration of Independence
Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)
Stephen Austin(1793-1836)
Stephen Austin(1793-1836)
Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!
Davey Crockett’s Last Stand
Davey Crockett’s Last Stand
The Battle of the Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
The Goliad Affair:
•Mexican forces executed 365 Texan prisoners who had surrendered.
• Several weeks after the surrender of the Alamo, General José Urrea engaged a force of Texans under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin at the small town of Goliad.
•Surrounded and outnumbered, Fannin surrendered in the belief that he and his men would be afforded the recognized rights of prisoners of war.
•Santa Anna, however, ordered Nicolás de la Portilla to execute the prisoners, which he promptly did despite some moral misgiving. All 365 prisoners were executed.
Antonio López de Santa Anna
San Jacinto: Santa Anna’s Surrender
The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas
The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas
March, 1836--Texans declare independence April, 1836--Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas'
claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson
Texas RevolutionTexas Revolution
Trails of Trade and Trails of Trade and SettlementSettlement Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a result of
Mexico’s war with Texas Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of settlers to
the Oregon country Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S.,
English occupation
The Mormon Trek: The Mormon Trek: Westward FlightWestward Flight
Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830
Mormon church seeks revival of pure aboriginal American Christianity
Mormons persecuted for unorthodoxy Flee New York for Nauvoo, Illinois Murder of Joseph Smith prompts resettlement to
Great Salt Lake in Utah
The Mormons Trek: The Mormons Trek: Mormons in UtahMormons in Utah
1847--State of Deseret established Desert transformed into farmland Mormons at first resist U.S. governance 1857--Brigham Young accepts post as territorial
governor of Utah
Western TrailsWestern Trails
Overland Immigration to the West
Overland Immigration to the West
Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward.
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
Trails WestwardTrails Westward
Tyler and TexasTyler and Texas
1841--John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death
Tyler breaks with Whigs 1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-
election campaign issue Senate refuses to ratify Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay
The Triumph of Polk and The Triumph of Polk and AnnexationAnnexation Democrats nominate James K. Polk Polk runs on expansionist platform
annexation of Texas for Southern voteU.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote
Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansion
Texas annexed before Polk inaugurated
James Knox Polk: “Young Hickory?”
James G. Birney and The Liberty Party: Decisive?
Liberty Party Liberty Party
Election of 1844Election of 1844
The Doctrine of Manifest The Doctrine of Manifest DestinyDestiny "Manifest destiny" first used in 1845
God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become strongerAmericans make new territories free and democraticgrowing American population needs land
Limits to American expansion undefined
Polk and the Oregon Polk and the Oregon QuestionQuestion 1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that the U.S. no
longer accepts joint occupation England prepares for war, proposes division of the
area Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o north
latitude, Treaty of 1846 U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound North condemned Polk for division
Northwest Boundary Northwest Boundary DisputeDispute
The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!
The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!
By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.
By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.
The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.
The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic
John C. FrémontJohn C.
Frémont
The Revolt June 14, 1845
The Revolt June 14, 1845
Manifest Destiny and the Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American WarMexican-American War Widespread call for annexation of newly-settled
lands “Manifest Destiny” a slogan of those believing the
U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico and Canada
The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845
The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845
Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.
US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.
US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.
US would buy California at any price.
Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.
US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.
US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.
US would buy California at any price.
John SlidellJohn Slidell
Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846
Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.
Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
War, Expansion, and Slavery,1846-1850War with Mexico, 1846-1848
1. Polk’s Expansionist Program
2. American Military Successes
The Mexican War (1846-1848)
The Mexican War (1846-1848)
War with MexicoWar with Mexico
May 13, 1846--War on Mexico declared General Zachary Taylor wins campaign in northern
Mexico Colonel Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico
and joined John C. Frémont in taking California by early 1847
September, 1847--General Winfield Scott occupies Mexico City
Settlement of the Settlement of the Mexican-American WarMexican-American War February, 1848--Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Rio Grande becomes southern border New Mexico, California ceded to U.S. Mexican War politically contentious
Whigs opposeNortherners see as Slave Power expansion
The Mexican-American The Mexican-American WarWar
General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto
General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto
“Old Rough and Ready”
“Old Rough and Ready”
The Bombardment of Vera Cruz
The Bombardment of Vera Cruz
General Scott Enters Mexico City
General Scott Enters Mexico City
“Old Fuss and Feathers”
“Old Fuss and Feathers”
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).
The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!
The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!
Results of the Mexican War?
Results of the Mexican War?
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny was partially realized.
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny was partially realized.
The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession
War, Expansion, and Slavery,1846-1850California Gold and Racial Warfare
1. The Forty-Niners
2. Racial Warfare and Land Rights
GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
John A. Sutter John A. Sutter
California Gold Rush, 1849
California Gold Rush, 1849
49er’s49er’s
Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s
Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s
By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.
By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.
Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853
Internal Expansionism
“Young Americans” link territorial growth to other material achievements
technological innovation—e.g. telegraphtransportation improvementsgrowth of trademass immigration
Discovery of California gold inspires transcontinental projects
Territorial expansion wanes after 1848, economic, population growth continues
Westward the Course of Empire
Emmanuel Leutze, 1860
Westward the Course of Empire
Emmanuel Leutze, 1860
The Costs of ExpansionThe Costs of Expansion
Working class poses problem for idealsworking for wages assumed the first step toward becoming one’s own masternew class of permanent wage-earners conflicts with old ideal
Economic expansion creates conflicts between classes
Territorial expansion creates conflicts between sections
Both sets of conflicts uncontrollable