Trends in ageing and health El...
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El Salvador Trends in ageing and health © CORDES
Transcript of Trends in ageing and health El...
El SalvadorTrends in ageing and health
© C
OR
DE
S
2 Trends in ageing and health: El Salvador
El Salvador
Key points
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for 86.5 per cent of the total years lived with disability in El Salvador in 2015.
NCDs accounted for 87 per cent of deaths among women and men aged 70 and over in 2015.
Older women experience higher rates of violence than men across all 5-year cohorts aged 50 and over.
Trends in ageing and health: El Salvador 3
Ageing and longevity in El Salvador
El Salvador’s population will exceed 6.7 million by 2030.A The older population (those aged 60 and over) will continue to increase, while the youngest population (aged 0-14 years) will continue to decrease through to 2050 (Figure C1).
By 2045, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over is expected to exceed those aged between 0 and 14. The proportion of people aged 60 and over in the total population is predicted to increase to 22.10 per cent in 2050, compared with 11.6 per cent in 2017.
Both men and women are living longer. While women are expected to outlive men by 9.2 years, the number of years spent in poor health – the gap between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy – is greater for women (9.2 years) than for men (7.3 years) (Figure C2).
Ageing and shifting patterns of disease and disability
As the population ages, the burden of disease in El Salvador is also shifting. In 2016, NCDs accounted for 86.5 per cent of the total years lived with disability, with diabetes becoming an increasing burden across generations. NCDs are the predominant driver of disability across all age groups, with rates highest for older people (Figure C3).
The burden of disability from injuries increased for older women and men between 1990 and 2015, while burdens related to communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases all decreased.
The number of deaths related to NCDs has increased over the last 25 years. In 2015, NCDs accounted for over 73 per cent of all deaths among men and women in El Salvador; this figure was as high as 82 per cent among people between ages 50 and 69, and 87 per cent among people aged 70 and over. Generally, cardiovascular disease has declined among older people as a cause of death, while cancer and diabetes have increased (Figure C4).
Figure C1: Population structure in El Salvador
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population DivisionB
Figure C2: The gap between life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) in El Salvador
Source: World Health OrganizationC
LE at birth HALE at birth LE at age 60 HALE at age 60
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4 Trends in ageing and health: El Salvador
Figure C3: Years lived with disability in El Salvador
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Source: Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationE
Figure C4: Causes of death in El Salvador
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Source: Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationG
Trends in ageing and health: El Salvador 5
Ageing, mental health and cognitive impairment
The prevalence of major depressive disorders is increasing with age among both men and women (Figure C5). Women have higher rates than men across all age groups.J
Looking at the burden of deaths resulting from injuries, specifically self-harm, men show higher rates than women across all age groups (Figure C6). Younger cohorts have higher mortality rates than older people across both sexes.
Rates of dementia in El Salvador are similar for men and women, with a greater increase in prevalence around age 70 (Figure C7).
Prevalence of violence towards older people
The prevalence of physical, sexual and psychological violence was higher among El Salvadorean women than men, across all age groups. About 6 per cent of women between ages 50 and 54 experienced violence in 2016, compared with about 4 per cent of men in the same age group (Figure C8).
Poverty and health financing
The proportion of the population living below the national poverty line decreased from 40 per cent in 2008 to 29 per cent in 2017.K The estimated out-of-pocket health expenditure – the amount paid by a household – in El Salvador decreased from 36 per cent in 2008 to 28 per cent in 2015.L
It is not possible to analyse expenditure or access to health insurance, mandatory or voluntary, by age group due to lack of age disaggregation in the relevant international datasets.
Rangemalefemale
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Figure C5: Prevalence of major depressive disorders in El Salvador, 2016
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationH
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Figure C6: Self-harm mortality rates in El Salvador
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationI
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6 Trends in ageing and health: El Salvador
Older people remain largely invisible within the monitoring of universal health coverage (UHC). The UHC Index (Table C1) measures coverage of a range of essential services. Currently, these include two of particular concern to older people: access to treatment for diabetes and for hypertension. However, gaps in the data sources used to track UHC mean that we do not have systematic findings on older people’s access to these treatments in El Salvador.
Table C1. Selected health and care indicators
Indicator Definition
UHC Index 2015 (median value)O
Coverage of essential services under universal health coverageP
77
Financial protection (%)
Incidence of catastrophic health expenditureQ
no data
Long-term care and support (%)
Gap in universal coverage of long-term careR
no data
Figure C7: Alzheimer’s and other dementias in El Salvador, 2016
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationM
Figure C8: Physical, sexual and psychological violence in El Salvador, 2016
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Trends in ageing and health: El Salvador 7
EndnotesA Rising from 6.38 million in 2017. United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, Population Division, Profiles of ageing 2017, https://population.un.org/ProfilesOfAgeing2017/index.html (22 October 2018)
B United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Probabilistic population projections based on the world population prospects: the 2017 revision, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp (18 October 2018)
C World Health Organization, Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy: data by country, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.SDG2016LEXv (18 October 2018)
D CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CDs, communicable diseases
E Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, GBD compare | viz hub, 2016, https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare (18 October 2018)
F CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CDs, communicable diseases
G Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, GBD compareH Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Epi visualization | viz hub, 2017, https://vizhub.
healthdata.org/epi (18 October 2018)I Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, GBD compareJ However, these results need to be interpreted carefully, taking into account the uncertainty
intervals around the estimatesK World Bank, Global Poverty Working Group, Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty
lines (% of population), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=SV (23 September 2018)
L World Health Organization, Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS?locations=SV (23 September 2018)
M Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Epi visualizationN Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Epi visualization (original values converted
into percentages)O The UHC Index measures coverage of essential health services, defined as the average
coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, NCDs and service capacity and access, among the general and most disadvantaged populations. It is presented on a scale of 0 to 100. The median national value for service coverage is 65 out of 100 (Hogan DR et al., Lancet, 6:2, 2018, pp.E152-E168, doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30472-2)
P World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory: universal health coverage, http://apps.who.int/gho/portal/uhc-cabinet-wrapper-v2.jsp?id=1010501 (23 September 2018)
Q Expressed as a percentage of the population with a household expenditure on health greater than 10 per cent of the total household expenditure or income. World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory: universal health coverage
R Expressed as a percentage, based on achieving a median number of 4.2 formal long-term care staff per 100 people aged 65 and older. International Labour Organization, World social protection report 2017-19: universal social protection to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva, International Labour Organization, 2017, table B.14, p.376
Visit the Global AgeWatch website:
www.globalagewatch.org
helpage.org
@HelpAge
HelpAgeInternational
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@AARP
AARP
ISBN: 978-1-910743-47-8
