Trending to Zero: North America’s Bus Industry

Move to Zero Emissions

Jeff Hiott APTA

November 19, 2015

Zero Emission Buses

•Transit Bus Technologies

•Incumbent Technologies: • Diesel Buses • CNG Buses • Diesel-Hybrid Buses

• Zero Emission Buses: • Fuel Cell Electric

• CNG Reformation • Renewable

Hydrogen Sources • Battery Electric

• Opportunity Charging • Inductive • Conductive

• Overnight Charging

Getting there…

Zero emission buses (ZEBs) are on the cusp of commercialization. Market development for this clean technology can be accelerated through the adoption of fuel cell and battery electric bus procurement practices that strategically balance risk between transit properties, industry and the public sector.

Getting there…

•Dialog among stakeholders involved in the procurement process •Identify “solutions” to address problem(s) •Identify effective & efficient process for making change

Getting there…

Zero Emission Bus Risk Management in Procurement recommended solutions… – Building Operator Knowledge Base

(Performance Specifications, etc.) – Spare Ratio Exemption – Temporary Operational Obligation Waiver – Subcomponent Lease Options

State of Technology

Courtesy: Center for Transportation and the Environment

Trends

Projected Growth as a Percent of U.S. Bus Fleet

Trends

Where are we now? – 130 in Transit (in service or on order in 2014)

• 28 FCEB’s and 102 Battery-electric buses – 2015 FTA LoNo grant

• 28 battery electric, 10 FCEB & 17 elec-hybrids – Anticipate 220+ in early 2016 and doubling

again in 2017

Courtesy: CALSTART

All-Electric – making the case

Efficiency •According to the NTD, U.S. transit buses average 4.71 miles/gallon (1.73km/l) •Buses average 40,000 to 60,000 miles (64,000 to 96,000 km) per year •Energy per miles is about ½ the cost of diesel fuel

Factors Driving Alternative Propulsion

• Market Forces – Stringent Air Quality Standards – Emissions Regulations – Higher Fuel Cost/Dependence on Foreign Oil – Government Incentives (federal, state, local)

Zero Emission Buses

• Emissions • Criteria Air Pollutants (CAC) – smog, acid rain, haze, ozone

• Carbon Monoxide • Nitrogen Oxides • Particulate Matter • Sulfur Oxides • Volatile Organic Compounds

• Green House Gases (GHG) – climate change • Carbon Dioxide • Methane • Nitrous Oxide • Fluorinated Gases

Relative GHG Emissions

Zero Emission Buses

• Noise • Capital Costs

• Current • Projected

• Life Cycle Costs

Market Hurdles

•Training

• Drivers • Maintenance Staff

•Education • Local Officials • Transit Management • Drivers • Maintenance Staff • Public

•Altoona Testing • Range • Costs of fueling

• Procurement Evaluation • Vehicle Range vs Range on

Route • Fueling Costs • Vehicle Modeling • Rate Modeling • Infrastructure Costs • Source of Hydrogen

Current Standards Efforts

Security • Emergency Preparedness for

Individuals with Disabilities • Regional Emergency Management

Planning • Security Training Objectives • Integrating Canine Units into a Transit

Security Program • Anti-Vehicle Barriers for Public Transit • Securing Control & Communications

Systems in Transit Environments • Enterprise Cyber Security

Considerations for Public Transit

Procurement • Standard Bus Procurement Guidelines • Contract Terms and Conditions • Technology Procurement

Farecard • Application of Mobile Form Factor • Limited Use Media • Subsystem Level Interface Standard

Accessibility • Reservation Hold Times • Fixed Route: Stop Announcement

Standards • Rail Gap

APTA BUS STANDARDS

Bus Standards Program

• Brake & Chassis (5) • Bus Maintenance Facility (1) • Bus Operations (4) • Bus Procurement Guidelines (1) • Bus Rapid Transit (6) • Bus Safety (6) • In-Plant Inspection (1) • Maintenance Training (5)

http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Pages/Bus-Standards.aspx

APTA STANDARD BUS

PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES

Standard Bus Procurement Guidelines

GOAL: A SINGLE that updates the old procurement

terms and conditions document and adds a new bus technical specification document that includes language for:

Technical Section

• Performance-based specifications – Performance based vs. Design Spec

• Designed for multiple bus lengths and propulsion types – 30-foot to 60+ foot articulated buses – Commuter Coaches – Diesel, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG),

Hybrids – Currently being updated for Battery EB’s

and FCEB’s

Document Layout

Section 1 – Notice of Request for Proposers

Section 2 – Instructions to Proposers

Section 3 – General Conditions

Section 4 – Special Provisions

Section 5 – Federal Requirements

Section 6 – Technical Specifications Section 7 – Warranty Requirements Section 8 – Quality Assurance Section 9 – Forms and Certifications Section 10 – Contract Section 11 – Appendixes

Technical Section

• Agency specifies its needs and performance requirements – operating conditions, duty cycle, desired performance

• OEM designs bus to meet the agency’s

needs and expectations

Contact Information

THANK YOU!

Jeff Hiott jhiott@apta.com