WW1

Trench Warfare:Daily life in the trenches

RATIONALE FOR THE TRENCHES

• Schlieffen Plan: Germany quickly advanced through Belgium and into Northeast France and began push for Parisian assault

• They fail and both sides dig in

TRENCH WARFARE

Trenches lasted 640 km and went from the English Channel to Switzerland

CONSTRUCTION OF A TRENCHFrontline trenches: the closest

trench to the enemy• 7 feet deep and 6 feet

wide• Front of the trench is called

the parapet and the rear is called the parados

• Firestep: a 2-3 foot ledge that would make it possible to look over the edge of the trench

• Barbed wire entanglements and machine gun posts acted as additional defence

Trenches were often built in angles with many dead ends called traverses to confuse the enemy, should they stage a raid.

Short trenches called saps

were dug into No Man’s Land in order to be able to hear the enemy

LIFE IN THE TRENCHES

A DAY IN THE LIFE...

Trench cycle: Should be 6 days on frontlines, 6 days on reserve and 20 days rest

Reality: dependant on necessity (severity of the fighting) and location

Per year: 70 days on the front, 30 in support, 120 in reserve. ONLY 70 DAYS SPENT IN REST

What do you do with your time?

-Wait on fire step in preparation for potential enemy raid

-Morning drink to calm nerves and warm the body

-Cleaning of weapons

-Inspections

-Boredom: sitting still to avoid snipers, writing letters, etc

TRENCH FOOT

Soldiers lived in trenches, often in muddy, watery conditions. They were rarely dry. Wet, cold feet often led to trench foot

Duckboards: placed at the bottom of the trench to try to keep feet dry

Trench foot: the flaking, swelling and rotting away of flesh between the toes. Can lead to gangrene, and potentially to amputation.

http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nhchc.org/images/trenchfoot.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nhchc.org/coldrelatedinjuries.html&usg=__ig3pTSWxCYjgfFqf7phX6dz_5ys=&h=297&w=175&sz=8&hl=en&start=20&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=UGyCsltQRTHNvM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=68&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrench%2Bfoot%26start%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D18%26tbs%3Disch:1

THE PROBLEMS CONTINUE...

Trench mouth: a disease of the gums caused by a lack of proper oral hygiene. Gums would bleed and teeth would fall out

Lice: A lack of sanitary conditions (no bathing for weeks at a time) led to an infestation of lice that would live on the clothes and skin of the troops and lead to scabs, itching and infections

Rats: brown and black rats lived off the dead and dying soldiers. The brown rats were especially feared, as they could grow to the size of a cat, and would crawl on the faces of the troops as they slept

Shell shock: constant fire of guns played havoc on the nerves of the soldiers, which led to go crazy, often desert their posts and potentially be shot as deserters. The problem would not go away after they returned home

OTHER THINGS TO CONTEND WITH....

Lack of nutritious food Disease and/or exhaustion Loneliness Constant fear of attack No clear understanding of why they were there Little sleep: falling asleep on lookout could be punishable

by death (firing squad) Chlorine and mustard gas – death and suffering Sounds of artillery, planes, wounded soldiers, trapped

soldiers in No Man’s Land that were dying and unable to be saved

Fighting Commanding Officers that were not always wonderful

decision makers The loss of many of your ‘brothers’ Racism and/or discrimination