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Transcript of TREN 2P94 REVIEW Introduction to Sustainability. courses/tren2p93/ These notes available via the...
TREN 2P94 REVIEW TREN 2P94 REVIEW
Introduction to Introduction to SustainabilitySustainability
http://www.brocku.ca/tren/courses/tren2p93/
These notes available via the These notes available via the online course outline on online course outline on
Isaak / SakaiIsaak / Sakai
or (after lectures) at:or (after lectures) at:
en·vi·ron·ment en·vi·ron·ment [n][n]
1 : the circumstances, objects, or conditions by 1 : the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surroundedwhich one is surrounded
2 a : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic 2 a : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival ultimately determine its form and survival
b : the aggregate of social and cultural conditions b : the aggregate of social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community.that influence the life of an individual or community.
- Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2012
environmentenvironment [n] [n] the totality of the totality of
surrounding conditions.surrounding conditions.
From ‘pristine’ ‘natural’ environments…From ‘pristine’ ‘natural’ environments…
……through all kinds of urban environments…through all kinds of urban environments…
Old Town, Hastings, East Sussex
St. Lawrence Market, Toronto
Quinta Fay, Gustine, California
Yates Street Heritage District, St. Catharines
Dharavi district, Mumbai, India
La Oroya, Peru
Love Canal, New York
Sherman Avenue North, Hamilton, Ontario
……through industrial environments…through industrial environments…
……to defined natural and anthropogenic to defined natural and anthropogenic environments at all scales. environments at all scales.
policypolicy
……a course or general plan of action to be a course or general plan of action to be adopted by a government, party, person, adopted by a government, party, person, etc.etc.
- Concise Oxford Dictionary
policypolicy
……a selected, planned line of a selected, planned line of conduct in the light of which conduct in the light of which individual decisions are made and individual decisions are made and coordination achievedcoordination achieved
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
Conceptual toolsConceptual tools
scalescale
- - an ordered series of an ordered series of graduated quantities, values, graduated quantities, values, degrees, etc.degrees, etc.
- - relative magnituderelative magnitude
- Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
scalescalemay be:may be:
- - physical / geographicalphysical / geographical– ranking based upon size, dimension, ranking based upon size, dimension,
geographical subunit, etc.geographical subunit, etc.
- - ecologicalecological– individual, deme, community, populationindividual, deme, community, population
- - jurisdictionaljurisdictional– local, municipal, regional, federal, globallocal, municipal, regional, federal, global
scalescale
earthearth
continentcontinent
countrycountry
provinceprovince
regionregion
municipalitymunicipality
neighbourhoodneighbourhood
householdhousehold
individualindividual
United NationsUnited Nations
..
..
governmentsgovernments
..
..
ngos / community groupsngos / community groups
..
individualsindividuals
GLOBAL / MACROGLOBAL / MACRO
LOCAL / MICROLOCAL / MICRO
spatialspatial jurisdictional /jurisdictional /decision makingdecision making
jurisdictionjurisdiction- - the legal power to administer and the legal power to administer and
enforce the lawenforce the law
- the exercising of this power- the exercising of this power
- the region within which this power is - the region within which this power is valid, or in which a person or valid, or in which a person or agency has authorityagency has authority
- authority- authority - Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary
SustainableSustainabledevelopmentdevelopment
Sustainable development:Sustainable development:
meeting the needs of the meeting the needs of the present without compromising present without compromising the ability of future generations the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.to meet their own needs.
– World Commission on Environment and World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Development (1987): Our Common FutureOur Common Future
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
the sustainable the sustainable development triangledevelopment triangle
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
Economy Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Environment
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•biodiversitybiodiversity•materialsmaterials
•energyenergy•biophysical interactionsbiophysical interactions
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Economy
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•money and capitalmoney and capital•employmentemployment
•technological growthtechnological growth•investmentinvestment
•market forcesmarket forces
Elements of sustainabilityElements of sustainability
Society
- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
•human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)•equity (dependence / independence)equity (dependence / independence)
•quality of lifequality of life•institutional structures and organizationinstitutional structures and organization
•political structurespolitical structures
informationinformationand decision and decision
makingmaking
Sustainable development...Sustainable development...
considers future and present needs considers future and present needs when when making decisionsmaking decisions about: about:– resource and energy useresource and energy use
– technological developmenttechnological development
– direction of investmentsdirection of investments
– social, political & institutional social, political & institutional change...etc. etc. etc.change...etc. etc. etc.
Applied POLICY
Fragmented decision-makingFragmented decision-making
ISSUE ISSUE federal /federal /
nationalnational
municipalmunicipal
publicpublic
privateprivate
provincial /provincial /
statestateregionalregional
otherother
interestsinterests
communitycommunity
groupsgroups
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
Integrated decision-makingIntegrated decision-making
regionalregional
provincial/provincial/
statestatemunicipalmunicipalmunicipal
privateprivateprivate
communitycommunitycommunity
groupsgroupsgroups
publicpublicpublicother other
interestsinterests
federal/federalfederal/
nationalnationalnationalISSUEISSUEISSUE
- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991- after Barrett and Kidd, 1991
decision makingdecision making
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• reactivereactive (‘end of pipe’)(‘end of pipe’)
decision makingdecision making
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• anticipatoryanticipatory(planning for (planning for change)change)
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical(fundamental; (fundamental; root causes)root causes)
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
decision makingdecision making
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
• radicalradical
• anticipatoryanticipatory
• reactivereactive
IndustryIndustry
• change in demandchange in demand - - less consumptionless consumption - alternative consumption- alternative consumption
• change in processchange in process - - clean technologyclean technology - elimination of toxics- elimination of toxics
• sewage treatment plantsewage treatment plant- - ‘end of pipe’ solution‘end of pipe’ solution
• environmentenvironment andand
economyeconomy andand
societysociety
• environmentenvironmentandand
economyeconomy
• environmentenvironmentoror
economyeconomy
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
values, ideologies values, ideologies and strategiesand strategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvaluesindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues
ideologiesideologies
strategiesstrategies
Definable sets of values constituteDefinable sets of values constitute
(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,(e.g. Industrial Capitalism, Marxism, Christianity,Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)Liberalism, Socialism, Conservatism, Judaism)
……which give rise towhich give rise to
practical applications of ideologically consistent practical applications of ideologically consistent ideas, actions, policies and programsideas, actions, policies and programs
individual, cultural, social, spiritual, moralindividual, cultural, social, spiritual, moral
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
• feedback loop allows for reflection, feedback loop allows for reflection, re-evaluation, adaptive managementre-evaluation, adaptive management
ideologyideology
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues strategiesstrategies
• if no feedback loop: inflexible, unresponsiveif no feedback loop: inflexible, unresponsive
ideologyideology
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues strategiesstrategies
dogmadogma
interactions amongstinteractions amongst
values / ideologies / strategiesvalues / ideologies / strategies
valuesvalues ideologyideology strategiesstrategies
To be useful, principles of To be useful, principles of sustainability must:sustainability must:
be easily understoodbe easily understood be applicable in many contextsbe applicable in many contexts be transferrable across scalesbe transferrable across scales translate well from fundamental values translate well from fundamental values
into applied policy and practical actioninto applied policy and practical action identify possibilities for identify possibilities for radical radical
transformative changetransformative change AND AND positive incremental changepositive incremental change
Recent compilation of Recent compilation of Principles of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
http://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asphttp://iisd1.iisd.ca/sd/principle.asp
-IISD (Winnipeg)-IISD (Winnipeg)
Guideposts for SustainabilityGuideposts for Sustainability(after Nickerson, 1993)(after Nickerson, 1993)
Activities are Activities are sustainable sustainable when they:when they:
1.1. Use materials in continuous cycles.Use materials in continuous cycles.
2.2. Use continuously reliable sources of Use continuously reliable sources of energy.energy.
3.3. Encourage desirable human traitsEncourage desirable human traits(equity; creativity; communication; (equity; creativity; communication; coordination; appreciation; intellectual coordination; appreciation; intellectual and and spiritual development).spiritual development).
One example:One example:
Guideposts for SustainabilityGuideposts for SustainabilityActivities are Activities are not sustainable not sustainable when they:when they:
4.4. Require continual inputs of non-renewable Require continual inputs of non-renewable resources.resources.
5.5. Use renewable resources faster than their Use renewable resources faster than their rate of renewal. rate of renewal.
6. 6. Cause cumulative degradation of the Cause cumulative degradation of the environment.environment.
7. 7. Require resources in quantities that could Require resources in quantities that could never be available for people everywhere.never be available for people everywhere.
8. 8. Lead to the extinction of other life forms.Lead to the extinction of other life forms.
Landscape Ecology Landscape Ecology PrinciplesPrinciples
Landscape Ecology Landscape Ecology PrinciplesPrinciples
Farina (2006)Farina (2006) Highly theoreticalHighly theoretical Many conceptual Many conceptual
models for viewing models for viewing landscapeslandscapes
Non-prescriptiveNon-prescriptive
Hough (2003)Hough (2003) Quite pragmaticQuite pragmatic Primary focus on the Primary focus on the
ecosystem approachecosystem approach
Prescriptive and policy Prescriptive and policy orientedoriented
Definitions of landscapeDefinitions of landscape- “the total character of a region” (von Humboldt);
- “landscapes will deal with their totality as physical, ecological and geographical entities, integrating all natural and human (“caused”) patterns and processes . . . (Naveh 1987);
- “landscape as a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout (Forman & Godron 1986);
Definitions of landscapeDefinitions of landscape
- a particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land use and settlement pattern which delimits some coherence of natural and cultural processes and activities” (Green et al. 1996);
- “a piece of land which we perceive comprehensively around us, without looking closely at single components, and which -looks familiar to us” - Haber (2004)
Landscape Ecology PrinciplesLandscape Ecology PrinciplesPeer instruction sessionPeer instruction session
In groups of 5, define, compare and contrast the following approaches to In groups of 5, define, compare and contrast the following approaches to understanding landscapes:understanding landscapes:Epistomological approachesEpistomological approachesEcological approachesEcological approachesCognitive landscape approaches:Cognitive landscape approaches:
– SpacingSpacing– Space and memorySpace and memory– Embodiment and cognitionEmbodiment and cognition– Safety and aesthetic landscape amenitySafety and aesthetic landscape amenity– The visual landscapeThe visual landscape– Mystery in landscapeMystery in landscape– Behavioural ecologyBehavioural ecology– Information landscapeInformation landscape– Eco-field hypothesisEco-field hypothesis– SoundscapeSoundscape
– Animal movements in the landscapeAnimal movements in the landscape