Alex. .i'. Vet. Sci, VoL.3.,ivo. 1, 1987.

sURVGY ON THE LARVAL TREMATODES FOUND IN THE FRESH WATER SNAILS IN EDRNA BEHERA GOVERNORATE

EGYPT.

F.A. Hiekal H.Y. El-Sokkiriry

SUMMARY

The total percentage of infestation with larval trematodes was 64.5% in Butinus truncatus, 44.3 % in Biompha- Zaria a Zexandria, 27.3 % in Me Zania tubercuZata, 19.4% in Lymnaea caiZlaudi, 16,7% in Physa acuta and 5.5% in CZeopatra spp. The seasonal incidence of cercariae w a s 65.0% in Summer and 11.6% during Autumn , 36.9% during Spring and 0% in Winter.

The cercaria which were shedded from naturally infected fresh water snails in Edfina ( Behera Governorate ) were: 1) Xiphidio cercaria: from Bulinus

truncatus . 2) Nephrostome ramosum cercaria :

from B. truncatus. 3) Cercaria vivax: from Zymna@a

caiZZaudi . 4) Gymnocephala cercaria: from

Me Zania tubercutata. 5) Echinostomatidae cercaria: from

Physa acuta & B. truncatus. 6) Schistosoma mansoni cercaria :

from Biomphalaria a Zexandria 7) Fasciola gigantica cercaria :

from L y m e a cai Ztaudi. 8) Amphistome cercaria: from

Bulinus tmncatus Sc CZeopatra S P P .

9) Cercaria tetraglandis: from Lyrmuea cail lzudi - -

'- 'f?-s Pgasitl Fac. 'Ter, &!&, $,iex, :inis,.

I ? "

INTRODUCTION

The study of larval treatode parasites of fresh w a t e r mollu- - scs ere carried oxt in &gm: < Y b.7 J .4t\de1-Azi:l: (1035 - 1?35 a 1, El-Gindy and Rushdi (1962) and Rysavy e t al. (1974 , 1975 1. They detected several types of cer-c=iae from Eulinirs snails. Leiper (1916). ?ilanson and Faireiy (1920!, Khalil (1930) and Xbde!-.A tm (193 51, rep~i-ted several ~ T P S of cet-ca-ize from Siom~?zaZai-ia boissyi. iibde! Ghani [1955), Nagaty e t a]., (1959) and Rysav): e t d. (1975) recorded some types of cel-ca- r iae from Lymnaea caiZZaudi Abdel-Azim (1935 , 1936 recol-ded several types of cercariae from Me ia-nia tubercuZata, Abdcl-Ghani and Mahlnoud (19661, Fahmy et al. (19761, Rhalifa (1975). Yousii and Ibrahim (1979) and Fayek (1980) recorded several types of cercariae from Cteopatra bulimoides. Moreover Nada (1983) recorded several ty-pe of cercariae from several types of snails.

In this papel, different types of cercariae have been procu- red from naturally infected fresh water snails collected from Behera Governorate. Moreover the morphology, and the seaso- nal dynamics of these cercariae were cleared.

MATISRIAL AND METHODS

The fresh, w a t e r snails were collected through one year during the period from October 1985 until1 September 1986 . The collections mere made once weekly. They were washed several times by water, then they were identified and counted according t o Leiper (19 161, Pallary ( 1909 , 1924 1, El-Gindy (1960) and Abdel-Ghani (1964). Each type of snails was collec- ted in a beaker, they were further divideci into several small beakers ea& contain one separate snail with small amount of water ( a b a 30 ml 1. All beakers were exposed to artiiicial fight and were examined half hour after exposure for detecting cercarial shedding .

Binccular microscope was needed for examination. The non shedding snails mere crushed to remove their shells, and exami- ned t o observe any developmental stages. The types of the shed cerca-iae and their seasonal activity were determined . The cercariae were identified and arranged according t o the keys given by Dawes (1956) and Nasir and Erasmus (1964).

For permanent preparations, freshly emerged cercariae were fixed in 10% formaline, then washed by water, then stained with alum carmine or Borax carmine, Washing, dehydra- -. .lu,. -- cleslsing and mounting according according ( Carleton,

1957). Measurements were done by eye piece micrometer.

RESULTS

Examination of 179 Succinea cleopatmz, 1630 T/ivipamz uiicolor, 850 Lanistes bulteni , 888 Neritina nizot ica a d f e w numbers of BuEinus forskaZi (5) Planorbis phizippi (15) and PZanorbis rnareoticus (10). revealed that they were completely free from the infestation with larval trematodes.

The snails which were found infected with cercariae : ZuZinus tmmcatus, MeZania tuberculata, Lymnaea c a i l l - audi Pkysa acuta, CZeopatm spp. and Biornphalaria ales- andrina. This study was done during the period from October 1985 until1 September 1986 .

Table 1 displayed the seasonal incidence of larval tremato- des among each type of the infected snails. The highest perce- ntage of infestation w a s met with in B. truncatus ( 64.5% ) then in B.alemndina ( 44.3% I. In M. tubercuzata i t was 27.3 and i t was 19.4% in L.caiZZaudi. However, the lowest infection rate occurred among Bhysa acuta ( 16.7% ) and CZeopatra spp. ( 5.5% ) .

The seasonal incidence of cercariae was high during Spring ( 36.9% ) and maximum during Summer ( 65.0% ) then i t was declined during Autumn ( 11.6910 ). However, there was no incidence of cercariae during Winter 0% .

Morphology of the identified cercariae 1- Xiphidio ce rcda Fig. 1-1 :

It was shedded from BuZinus t m a t u s . I t was white in colour more o r less transparent, minute in size, the body ovoid in shape measuring about 180 x 40 U and the tail short nearly of the same size about 175 U. Oral sucker about 35 U and it was terminal with stylet about 18 U in length. Ventral sucker had shifted slightly just below the middle of the body and measured about 27 U. The pharynx lies immediatly behind the oral sucker and leads to a short oesophagus. The intestinal caeca are slightly dilated and extended to the posterior end of the body.

2- Nepizrostome ramoswn cercaria: Fig. 1 - 2.

I t was shedded from Bulinus truncatus. The body was nearly oval and measuring about 220 x 120 U and contained anteriorly indistinct head collar. The oral sucker about 55 U and it was smaller in size than the ventral one ( about 67 U 1. The tail was simple and about 450 x 40 U. Oesophagus ;vas lozg and narrol.v which 'Jiforactes just anterior t o the ventral sucker, pharynx was nearly a t the middle of the ant. half, of the oesop- hagus. The intestinal branchs w a s narrow and did not reach the posterior end of the body . 3- Cercaria vivax: Fig. 1-3 .

I t was shedded from Lyrrunaea cail laudi. I t was Pharyn- geal longifurocus monostome cercaria and the tail had two long forcae. The body w a s oval and measure about 250 x 100 U and the tail stem length was about 400 x 55 U. The furcal rarni w e r e nearly half the length of the tail stem, it was about 200 x 30 U. Fine fold w a s covering the whole length of the lateral sides. This type of cercariae were characterized by a muscular pharynx and only oral sucker. The ventral one being rudimentary. The oesophagus w a s short and biforcated into two large sigmoid intestinal caeca which w a s extending posteriorly.

4- Gymnocephala cercariae: Fig. 1-5. I t was collected from Melania tuberculata, it w a s roughly

small with oval body ( 190 x 95 U ). The oral sucker was circular situated anteriorly and measured about 35 U. The ossophagus biforcated into two caeca just anterior t o the ventral sucker. The ventral sucker was larger than the oral one it w a s about 55 U. The tail w a s tapering t o the tip measuring about 200 x 36 U. 5- Echinostomatidae cercaria.

I t was shedded from Physa acuta and Bulinus tmncat7~s~ The body nearly oval in shape with prominent collar by an incom- plete circle of about 40 - 45 spines. The oral sucker was about 70 U and i t w a s smaller than the ventral one ( about 90 U ). The body length was about 590 x 300 U. The tail w a s simple and measured about 920 x 45 U . 6- Schistosoma mansoni cercaria :

A pharyngeal brevifurcate distome cercaria. It was shedded from BiomphaZaria azemndrina. The body was elongated in shape measuring about 120 x 28 U. with a rounded ends and along tail ( 231 x 23 U. 1, with a terminal furci about 80 x 8 U. The

.,extra1 sucker ( about 8 U ) was smaller than the oral one, ( about 24 U ) there is no pharynx. It contain about five pairs of cephalic glands which was filling most of the posterior haif of the body.

7 - Fasciola gigantica cercar ia :

It mas shedded Prom Lymnaea eai?Zaudi. The body w2s oval aboiit 310 x 230 U. and the tail measurs about 855 U. Orai suckor ( about 50 U ! was slightiy smaller than the ventral one, ( about 52 U I , which lie at t he middle of t he body. The muscu- la- pharynx led t o t he oesophagus and biforcated infront of the ventral t o intestinal ceca which extend to just below the level of t he ventral sucker. The body cavity was filled with dense cytogenous gland cells . 8- Amphistome cercaria :

.It w a s shedded from BuZinus tmncatus and CZeopatra spp. It was brownish in colour, the body was ovoid about 240 x 228 U and contained two eye spots measured about 38 U. loca- ted anteriorly, posterior t o oral sucker. The ventral sucker was la-ger than the oral one and placed a t the posterior end of the body. The tai l was long and nearly twice t he length of the body ( about 500 U 1. The cytogenous glands was filled the body caviry . 9- Tetraglandis cercaria: Fig. 1 - 4.

I t w a s de tec ted from L. caillaudi. I t was pharyngeal distome cercaria. I t was similar t o cercaria vivax mentioned before, but i t had ventral sucker large and well developed. The 5ody about 210 x 90 U. The ventral sucker was about 60 U. and located in t he middle. The oral sucker about 45 U. Furcae more than half the length of the tail s tem, it was about 190 x 25 M. Fine fold was covering the whole length of the lateral sides. Pharynx lies behind the oral sucker and leads t o a short oesophagus which biforcated in to two large dilated intestinal ~ a e c a .

DISCUSSION

In the present study i t w a s found that , Suceinea cleopa- cru, Vivipara unicoZor, Lanistes ouZteni, Neritina c*' Lotica, BuZinus forskaLi, Planorbis philippi and P. ,m?eoticus were f ree from larval trematode infection. This -result came in agreement with Nada (1983) who mentioned :hat those snails were no:i pathogenic.

I: ' - : : e pathogenic snails which shedded c a-cai-iae were BuZinus truncatus, Me lania tubsi-cuZaZa, Lymnaea ca i l taudi , Physa acuta, CZeopatra spp. and BiompizaZarii: alemndrina, where the infection ra tes were 64.5, 27.3 , 19.4, 16.7, 5.5 and 44.3% respectively.

The seasonal incidence of cercariae w a s high during Spring 36.9% and reached the maximum during Summer 63.0%, then the incidence was declined during Autumn and reached 11.6%. There was no sheeding of cercariae during Winter (0%). This n a y be due to the severe cold during Winter in Behera Gevrnorate and mild weather during the other seasons.

Xipnidio cercaria: It's general rate of infection w a s high during Autumn followed by Spring and Summer, and atsent dur- ing winter. This results was in agreement with that of Nagaty -et al. (1959) who detected it in July. However, Nada (1983) recorded i t in Winter & Autumn and did not detect it in Spring and Summer.

Cercaria vivax, the highest infection r a t e w a s during Summer and Spring Nada (1983) detected it allover the year.

Echinostomatidae cercaria , was numerous during summer, then Spring then Autumn. The result w a s in accordance with this of Beaver (1941) in North America, Khan (1960) in London and Nada (1983) in Egypt.

Schistosoma mansoni cercaria: were shedded during by Spring and Summer and the sheeding decreased during Autumn and w a s ceased during Winter. These results was in agreement with Leiper (1916) who found it in April; Abdel Azim (1935) recorded the high infection r a t e in the period from May to August. However, Porter (19201, El-Gindy (1955) and Nada (1983) found the high infection rate in Autumn. While, El- Gindy (1954) indicated the presence of it between February and April .

Fasciola cercaria: the infection r a t e w a s very high during Summer followed by Spring then Autumn, This result was in agrement with Nagaty e t al. (1959) who recorded i t in July, but contrary with Abdel Ghani (1955) who recorded i t in Winter Nada (19831, recorded i t in Autumn and Winter and did not detect i t in Spring and Summer.

Amphistome cercaria: was found mainly during Spring, Summer and Autumn, However, Nada ( 1983 ) mentioned that i t was only found in Winter.

In regard t o the morphology of the identified cercariae, Xiphidip cercaria -gas similar to tha.t. +ex-:?ed 5:. Earner

(1929). Nagaty e t al. (1959) and Rysavy et al. (1975). .~e~hrostome ramoswn cercaria was similar in the morphologi- cal pictures of El-Gindy (1961). The norphology of Cercaria uivalc w a s in agreement with Luhe (19091, Abdel-Ghani and Mahmoud (19661, Khalifa (19751, It0 (1977), Fahmy e t al. (1977) and Fayek (1980). Gymnocephala cercaria, morphology :vas in agreement with -4bdel-Ghani and Mahmoud (1966) and Rysavy e t al. (1975). Echinostomatidae cercaria description was in agreement with Beaver (19411, El-Gindy and Rushdi 0962) and Ito (1977). Schistosoma mansoni cercaria, the morphology was in accordance with Azim (19351, Porter (19381, Ruiz (1953) El-Gindy (1961), Faust and Russell (1970). Rysavy e t al. (1975) and N ada (1983). The morphology of Fascio Za gigantica cercaria agreed with Alicata (1938) Porter (1938), Abdel-Gheni (19551, Nagaty e t al. (1959) and Rysavy e t al. (1975). The morphology of Amphistome cercariae w a s in agreement with Luhe (1909 ) Beaver (1929) , Abdel-Ghani (1955), El-Gindy and Rushdi (1962) and Rysavy e t al. (1975) .

In the present study Xiphidio cercaria w a s investigated from Bdinus truncatus, while Nagaty e t al. (19591, Rysavy e t a1.(1975) and Nada (1983) detected Xiphidio type A cercaria from Lymnaea cai l laudi . However, Yousif & Ibrahim (1979) descriped four newly types of Xiphidio cercariae recovered from CZeopatra bulimoides and Lanistes carinatus.

Nephrostome ramoswn cercaria was recovered from BuLi- nus tmncatus , while El-Gindy (1961) descriped i t as common in Biomphalaria boissyi.

Cercaria vivax was collected from L . ca i Z Zaudi . However, Looss (19001, Khalifa (19751, Ito (19771, Fahmy e t al. (19771, Fayek (1980) and Nada (1983) discovered this type from CZeopatra bulirnoides. Abdel-Ghani and Mahmoud (1966) described from Me lania tuberculata. In this study G ymnocephala cercaria was detected from Melania :ubePcuzata, this comes in agreement with AbdeI-Ghani and blahmoud (19661, Rysavy et al. (1975) and Nada (1983).

Echinostomatidae cercaria was collected from Physa acuta and BuZinus tmncatus in this study. This comes nearly in accordance with Nada (1983) who detcted i t from B. truncatus and ~iomphalaria boissyi .

Schistosoma mansoni cercaria were collected from Biomph- azaria alezandrina. Ruiz (1953) and El-Gindy (196 1) recorded i t f rom Planorbes snails. Nada - (1983) detected it from 3C~mnpkataria boissyi .

FascfoZa gigancica cercaria w a s detected from Lymnaec cai i laudi . This result w a s in agreement with Alicata (19381, Abdel-Ghani (19551, Nagaty et al. !1959), Rysavy e t al. (1975) and Nada (198s).

Amphistome cercaria w a s collected from Bulinsts trun2- atus and cZeopctrc spp. which w a s in agreement with Rysevy e t al. (1974. 1975) and Nada (1983).

Tetraglandis cercaria w a s detected from L. ca i i Zastdi and the infection rate w a s high during Spring and Summer but dec- line during Autumn. I t resembled cercaria viilaz but its ventral sucker w a s large and well developed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

W e would like t o record out thanks t o Prof. Dr. M.K. Selim for his valuable help and criticism and to Dr. K.E. Ashmawy the head of the Dept. For his valuable advices.

REFERENCES

Abdel Azim, M. (1935): On a Schistosomatid cercaria from Melania tuberculata. J. Egypt. Med. Assoc. 18 , (3): 174 - 179 .

Abdel Azim, M. (1935 a ): On the life history of Lepoderma ramilanum Looss 1896 and i ts development from spihidio cercaria. J. Parasit., 21 : 365 - 368 .

Abdel Azim, M. (1916): On the life history of lecithodenderium Pyramidium Loss, 1896, and i t s development from A xiphidio cercaria. C. pyramidium, Melania tuberculata. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 30 : 351 - 356 .

Abdel Ghani, A.F. (1955): Studies on the life cycle of some trematodes of Egyptian Domesticated Animals. Thesis presented t o Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo Univ.

Abdel Ghani, A.F. (1964): Bulinus snails. The intermediata hosts of Schistosoma haematobium worm in U.A.R. Proc. 1st - Nat. Symp. On Bilharziasis.

Xbdel Ghani, A.F. and Mahmoud, M.I. (1966): Contribution t o the study of the larval trematodes found in the fresh water snail "Melania tubreculata". Proc. 7th - Ann. Egypt. Vet . Med. Assoc. Cong. Cairo.

Alicata, J.E. (1938): observation on the life history of Fasciola gigantic to common liver fluke of cat t le in Hawaii and the intermediate host, Fassaria ollula. Hawaii, Agr. Exp. VuIl. No. 80 : 22 pp.

Azim, M.A. (1935): Entwicklung sgeschichte von A pharyngbstri- gea Ibis. n. sp. und seine Entwicklung aus cercaria a pharyngostrigea Ibis n. sp. in dem Reiter Arbeolo, Ibis Ibis, Zeit. J. Parasitenknde, 7 ; (5) 608 - 614.

Beaver, P.C. (1929): Studies on the development of Allassast- oma tarvum stunkard. J. Parasit. 16 : 13 - 33 .

Beaver, P.C. (1941): Studies on the life nistory of Euparyphium melis ( Trematode - Echinostomidae 1. J. Farasit. 27 : 25 - 44 .

Carleton, H.M. (1957): Histological technique for normal and Pathological tissues and identification for parasites. 3rd Edi. London Oxford Univ. Press. New York Toronto, PF 308 .

Dawes, B. (1956): The trematodes. Cambridg Univ. Press. 2nd - Edit. 644 .

El-Gindy, M.S. (1954): Incidence of Schistosoma mansoni in the vector snails, Planorbis boissyi. J. Egypt. Med. Assoc. 37 : 1259 - 1271 .

El-Gindy, M.S. (1955): Life cycle of Schistosoma Liberated from the snail Pyrgophysa forskali ( Eherenberg ). J. Egypt. Med. 38 : 166 - 170 .

El Gindy, M.S. (1960): On the variability, Morphology, and

Anatomy of the Planorbis snails in Egypt ( U.A.R. ) with special References to snail intermediate hosts of Schisto- stosoma mansoni. J. Egypt. Med. Assoc. 43 : 816 - 835.

El Gindy, M.S. i1961): Larval termeatodes found in Planorbis snail in Egypt ( U.A.R. ). - 3. Egypt. Med. Assoc, 44 : 382 - 393 .

El Gindy, M.S. and Rushdi, M.S. (1962): The variability in morphology and anatomy of Bulinid snail in Egypt with special Reference t o thei r transmission of Schistosma haematobiurn. Reprinted from Ciba foundation symposium on Biharzia- sis: 81 - 102.

Fahmy, M.A.M. ; Mandour, A.M., A r a f a , M.S. and Omran L.A. (1976) : Larval t rematodes recovered from Melania tubreculata in Assiut Governorate P a r t 1. Assiut, Vet. Med. J. 3 : 241 - 247 .

Fayek, S.A. (1980): On a new larval trematode recovered from c lecp t ra bulimoides in Sharkia Governorate. Ci ted a f t e r Nada (1983) .

Harper, W.F. (1929): On the s t ructure and life histories of British Fresh wate r larval trematodes. Parasit., 21 : 189 - 219.

Ito, J. (1977): Study on the fresh water ce rca r i a r in leyte Island Philippines. Japan, J. Exp. Med. 47 , (315) : 141 - 368 .

Khalifa, R. (1975): Studies on cercariae from fresh water snails in Assiut Governorate. Cercar ia stefanskii sp. Nov. A. vivax cercaria from cleopatra vivax, Sinisino, 1892 J. Egypt. Soc. Parasit ., 4 & 5 : 139 - 146 .

Khalil, M. (1930): The role of t he Nile in t he Dissimination of snail in termediate hosts of Schistosomaisis in Egypt. Med. Ass., 13 (4) : 137 - 145 .

Khan, D. (1960 a 1: Studies of Larval trematodes infesting fresh water snails in London ( U.K. ) and Some adjoining Areas. I. Helminth.. 34 : 277 - 304.

Leiper, R.T. (1916): Report on the result of t he Biharzia mission in Egypt pa r t (4) Egyptian Molusca. J. Roy. Med, Corps. 27 ( 2 ) 121 - 190.

Looss, A. (1900): Recherches sural fauna parasi taire d e L'Egypt Med. Inst. Egypt. 3 : 1 5 2 .

Luhe, M. (1909): Pat-asitche Pla t twurmer Die Sussw asser fauna Deytschland. Helt 17 Trematodes : 1 - 217 .

Manson Bahr, P. and Fairley, N.H. (1920): Observation on bilharziasis amongest the Egyptian. Expeditionary Force, Parasit, 12 : 33 .

Nada, M.S. (1983): Biological and Ecological studies on some snails in Sharkia Governarate. Ph. D. thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ., Egypt.

Nagaty, H.F., El Gindy, M.S. and abdel Mageed, M, (1959): On the morphology, anatomy of t rematode infection of some lymnaeid snails from Egypt with special re fe rence t o fascioliasis. J. Egypt. Med. Ass. 19 : 51 - 77 .

Nasir, P. and Erasmus, D.A. (1964): A key t o the cercar iae f rom Brithis fresh water Molluscs. J. Helminth. 38 , (3/4): 245 - 268.

Pallary, M.P. (1909): Catalogue de la faune Malacologique de Egypt. Mem.1nstit. Egyptienue Tom Vi - PI 92 , 95 Planches.

Pallary, M.P. (1924): A la fauna Malcologique terrestre et fluviatile L'Egypt. Mem. Inst. D, Egypt 7 : 23 - 49 .

Barter , A. (1920): The experimental determination of the ver tebrate hosts of some south African cercariae from the Mollusc Physopsis African and Limnaea natalensis. Med. Journ. S. Afr. 25 : 128 - 133.

Por ter , A. (1938): The Larval trematodes found in cer ta in South African Mollusca with special Reference t o Schiet osomiasis ( Bilharziasis ). S. Af r . Inst. Med. Res. 62 (8): 1 - 492 .

'Zui.z, I.!A (1953): Ccntribicaa do estudo des for as iarvarias de treznatodies brasilerios, Descricao de trcs fiarcocercarias qxe a correm e m planorbideos. Hospederios de Schisto- soma mansoni. Mem. inst. Buranton 25 (21 : 7 7 - 99.

Rysavy, B., Moravec, F., B m s , V. and Yousif, F. (1974): Some Helminths of Bulinus truncatus and Biomphala-i-ia alexan- arina from the irrigation system near Cairo. Folio parasitological ( Praha) 21 : 97 - 105 .

Rysavy, B., Brgens, R., Crosoheft, J., Yousif, F. and El-Hassan A.A. (1975): Larval trematodes stages in water sni from the Area of warak El Arab ( A.R.E. ) vest. Cs. Spol. Zod.39 (2) : 135 - 153.

Yousif, F. and Ibrahim, A. (1979): FOL- new xiphidio cercariae from fresh water prosobranches in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasit. 9 ( 2 ) : 411 - 419 .

, - i . . : : ~ i ~ i d i o c e r c a r i a B- Cercaria t e traglen d i e

, ' - !i*??i;rostor;..e c o r c a r i a 5- Gymnocephala cerceria 2- ::el-caria ;.;-Js