Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree...
-
date post
15-Jan-2016 -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree...
![Page 1: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Trees in a Changing EnvironmentCan we/they adapt fast enough?
John MexalProfessor of Tree Necrology
Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University
![Page 2: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What would the Botanical Butchers of Broadway do? What would they do?
~Apr. 1997
![Page 3: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Maybe something truly spectacular?
Botanical equivalent of “butt-crack” syndrome!
![Page 4: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
This is what I found!!
Jan. 2006~Apr. 1997
![Page 5: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
Is it hot in here? Or what?
![Page 6: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
I’m baaack!!!
• What human nature would not or could not do…
• Mother Nature is doing it!
• Climate Change will claim more trees as it gets hotter and drier over the next several decades.
![Page 7: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How to get there?
Human Nature
![Page 8: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How to get there?
Human Nature
![Page 9: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How to get there?
Mother Nature
![Page 10: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How to get there?
Mother Nature
http://www.weatherstock.com/
![Page 11: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How to get there?
T
Ppt
Mother Nature
ΔTCO2
![Page 12: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How to get there?
↑T
↑EC
↑ET
↑Rs
↓netPs
↓Ts
↓Ppt
Mother Nature↑Ts
↑ΔT
↑Tinjury
↑Disease
↓Ψsoil
↑CO2
↓Ps
![Page 13: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How to get there?
↑T
↑EC
↑ET
↑Rs
↓netPs
↓Ts
↓Ppt
Mother Nature↑Ts
↑ΔT
↑Tinjury
↑Disease
↓Ψsoil
↑CO2
↓Ps
![Page 14: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
One way or another!
![Page 15: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Climate Change
• Is it getting hotter?
• Is it getting drier?
• What will happen to my trees.
![Page 17: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Climate Change: Forests vs Grasslands
Current 2050
![Page 18: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Climate Change: Western Redcedar
Current 2050
![Page 19: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
Is it hot in here? Or what?
![Page 20: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/
New Mexico
Is it hot in here? Or what?
![Page 21: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Change in vegetation with climate change/ Aber et al. Biosci. 51(9):735:2001
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction ΔT = 2.8C
![Page 22: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Change in vegetation with climate change/ Aber et al. Biosci. 51(9):735:2001
Canadian Global Coupled Model ΔT = 5.2C
![Page 23: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Climate Change in the SW US
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Tem
per
atu
re (
C)
AZ - C
NM - C
AZ = 0.067x - 116.46R2 = 0.94
NM = 0.044x - 75.39R2 = 0.84
Global Temperature
![Page 24: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Top 26 warmest years61% in last 30 yrs
Rank Year oF 1 2006
55.012 1998 54.94 3 1934
54.91 4 1999 54.53 5 1921 54.49 6 1931 54.34 7 2007 54.38 1990 54.24 9 2001 54.23 10 1953 54.18 11 1954 54.13 12 2005 54.08 13 1987 54.08
Rank Year oF 14 1986 54.0815 1939 54.0716 1938 54.0117 1981 53.8818 1991 53.8719 2003 53.8620 2000 53.8421 1946 53.8122 1933 53.8123 2002 53.76 24 2004 53.6225 1994 53.6126 1941 53.57
http://weather.about.com/od/climatechange/a/HottestYears_2.htm
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s 1930s 1920s
![Page 25: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Top 3 most unusual periods??Mexal Records
• November 28, 1976– Two days of -17oF preceded by mild month– Lots of winter damage
• Summer 1980– Broke most records for daily high T in summer– Killed hundreds of people / millions of trees– Did not make the Top 26 hottest
• Summer 1994– Broke records set in 1980!!!– Only 25th hottest year on record!!!
• Summer 2006– El Paso, TX -- Rio Grande overflows its banks
![Page 26: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
There will be less water?Science Findings Issue 97/ Oct ‘07
1999 2015 2031 2047 2063 2079 2095
Year
-100
-60
-80
-40
-20
0
20
Central Rocky Mountains Pacific Northwest Southern Rocky Mountains Sierra Nevada
![Page 27: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Issues
• It’s gonna get hotter!!
• It’s gonna get drier!!
• Greater temperature fluctuations
• CO2 increase from 385 ppm in 2007 to 450 ppm by 2050
• What’s it mean to me???
![Page 28: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Piñon is moving up the hill/ after Ryerson 2006
0
20
40
60
80
100
6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500
Elevation (ft)
Piñon Mortality (%)Stocking (% Piñon )■,♦ = Northern
□, ◊ = Southwest (wh)
□, ◊ = Southcentral (gr)
![Page 29: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hardiness Zones are Changing/ Nat’l Arbor Day Foundation
http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm
![Page 30: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm
![Page 31: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Rule of Thumb
• A 1oF increase, increases ET by 1%
![Page 32: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Water Use Will Increase Albuq. Jour. Jan 17, 2008
• A 1oF increase will increase water use by 1% (0.42”) – 11,405 gal/ac/yr– 21,019,019 gal/yr!!
• City has 1,843 irrigated acres – Parks & golf courses– Use 42”/ac/yr
Fire lines1%
Industrial1%
Institutional12%
Commercial29% Residential
57%
Water Use by Customer Class
![Page 33: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Water Use Will Increase
• What happens if I don’t want to or can’t increase my water budget by 1%?– Decreased plant quality – Decrease green area– Accept more disease– Accept more mortality
Quality of life
![Page 34: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Water Use by Trees /Craul p.216
y = 9.1167e0.0517x
R2 = 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Canopy Diameter (ft)
Water Use (gal/day)
![Page 35: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pecan Irrigation Requirements
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pecan-nonstressedPecan-maintenancePET (in)
Water (in/mo)
![Page 36: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Afghan Pine Irrigation Requirements
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pine-nonstressedPine-maintenancePET (in)
Water (in/mo)
![Page 37: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Las Cruces’ Tree Water Requirements
0
20
40
60
80Non-stressedMaintenanceSurvival
Water Use (in/yr)
After Sammis & Jerigan 1992
![Page 38: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Turf and Irrigation Affects Tilia cordata growth Stewart et al. HortSci 40(5):1529:2005
0
1
2
3
Mulch Buffalo-NS Buffalo-S Kentucky-NS
Kentucky-S
LA 2000
LA 2001
*
* *
*
Leaf Area (m2)
Turf Treatment NS = not stressedS = stressed
0
2
4
6
8
Mulch Buffalo-NS Buffalo-S Kentucky-NS
Kentucky-S
Diameter (mm)
![Page 39: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Rules of Thumb
• A 1oF increase, increases ET by 1%• To reduce water use—reduce canopy coverage
– Under nonstressed conditions, a full canopy uses the same amount of water, i.e. Kentucky bluegrass = pecan = mesquite, etc.
– Management issues: growing season, level of stress tolerance
• Rain is a good thing—don’t waste it! – Clean irrigation water (300 mg/L) adds about 1 ton of salt per
acre per year. Plants will use less than ½ of that.
![Page 40: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pest Outbreak Triangle/PNW,2000
![Page 41: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
“a condition of the plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning.”
Webster’s Dictionary
Definition of ‘Disease’
![Page 42: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
White Pine Blister Rust Spread
![Page 43: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sudden Oak Death
Joseph O'Brien
http://www.invasivespecies.gov
Oak sudden death = Phytophthora ramorum•84 susceptible species in US
•Calif. black oak•White fir•Calif. red fir•Coastal redwoods•Coast live oak•Douglas-fir•Madrone•Tanoak
•In 2005, spread to OR, WA, GA, LA, TN, SC•In 2006, found in 22 states
![Page 44: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Eriophyid mites on ash and smoke tree
Ramon Sias 0.01”
![Page 45: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
http://cals.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/t-tips/cultural/aleppo.htm
Aleppo Pine Blight (Coniferal chiggers)
Symptoms •Usually occur in the upper part of the tree in
December•Damage occurs several months earlier in the
hot, dry summer. •Needles turn grey then brown but continue to cling
to plump healthy branches until normal seasonal needle drop in the summer.
•Twigs and branches may die. •Water-soaked cankers can appear on branches,
which may split.
![Page 46: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Aleppo Pine Blight on Afgahn pine? (Coniferal chiggers)
![Page 47: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What are the critical parts of a tree?
Xylem
Bark
Cambium
![Page 48: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What’s Killing Your Trees
Ash tree problems
‘90
‘93‘94
‘00‘03
‘90
‘93
‘80‘68
![Page 49: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1994-itis in Raywood Ash
‘90
‘93
‘94
‘00
‘03
‘90
‘93
‘80‘68
![Page 50: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Factors Affecting Acclimation-Tissue
• Tolerant• Pinus pinea
– Shoots = - 40oC– Roots = -10oC
• Intolerant• Eucalyptus
camaldulensis– Shoots = -10oC– Roots = - 3oC
![Page 51: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mesquite Freeze Damage / April 2003
![Page 52: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What’s Killing Your Trees
Low Temperature Injury
J. Mexal
![Page 53: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SW Injury
Ash
Pine
Willow
E. Shannon
Pecan
![Page 54: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Global Warming Is Killing this Palm!
![Page 55: Trees in a Changing Environment Can we/they adapt fast enough? John Mexal Professor of Tree Necrology Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences New.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062804/56649d365503460f94a0ee7c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
SW Injury Protection
E. Shannon