Trees as flood sensors
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Transcript of Trees as flood sensors
![Page 1: Trees as flood sensors](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011722/58e840f31a28ab4b158b5105/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Maison des Sciences de l’Homme – Alpes | Université de Grenoble | June 27-30, 2016
TREES AS FLOOD SENSORS
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Source: Greg Brooks, Geological Survey of Canada
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THE RIGHT TREESIN THE RIGHT LOCATIONS
CAN PROVIDE RELIABLE AND PRECISE INSIGHTS
INTO THE OCCURRENCE AND MAGNITUDE OF PAST FLOODS.
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TO TREES, RIVERS ARE HAZARDS
Source: Joe Zeleznik, North Dakota State University
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IN WHAT MANNER DO RIPARIAN TREES PRESERVE EVIDENCE OF PALEOFLOODS?
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3TILTING OR UPROOTING BY HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
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2ANATOMICAL SIGNATURES WITHIN TREE RINGS
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1SCARRING DUE TO IMPACT OR ABRASION
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
DENDROCHRONOLOGY
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12
EARLYWOOD
LATEWOOD
ONE GROWTH RING
CONIFER
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HOW MANY (COMPLETE) TREE RINGS
ARE VISIBLE IN THIS MICROPHOTOGRAPH?
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HOW MANY (COMPLETE) TREE RINGS
ARE VISIBLE IN THIS MICROPHOTOGRAPH?
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Source: Daniel Griffin, University of Minnesota
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1871 1872 1873 1874
Source: Daniel Griffin, University of Minnesota
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NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO
Source: Daniel Griffin, University of Minnesota
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CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK
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Source: Sarah Appleton, University of Minnesota
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1809 1811 181218081807
Source: Sarah Appleton, University of Minnesota
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TREE-RING DATING IS NOT CONDUCTED BY SIMPLY COUNTING LAYERS (RINGS), BUT BY MATCHING PATTERNS ACROSS DOZENS OR HUNDREDS OF TREES.
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TREE-RING DATING IS NOT CONDUCTED BY SIMPLY COUNTING LAYERS (RINGS), BUT BY MATCHING PATTERNS ACROSS DOZENS OR HUNDREDS OF TREES.
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IN WHAT MANNER DO RIPARIAN TREES PRESERVE EVIDENCE OF PALEOFLOODS?
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1SCARRING DUE TO IMPACT OR ABRASION
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ROBERT SIGAFOOS (1920-1995) UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
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A SHARP BLOW TO A TREE TRUNK, WHETHER MADE BY A LAWN MOWER,
BY A BASEBALL BAT IN THE HANDS OF A SMALL BOY, OR BY DEBRIS CARRIED BY HIGH WATER,
WILL CRUSH, AND THUS KILL, THE LIVING TISSUES BENEATH THE BARK
AND THE WOOD.
“ ”Sigafoos, 1964
Botanical evidence of floods and flood-plain deposition
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Source: Mark’s Postcards from Beloit
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IMPACT OR ABRASION SCARS
Source: Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas , University of Bern
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Source: Brian Luckman, University of Western Ontario
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Source: NDSU Ag Comm
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MISTASSINI RIVER, QUÉBEC
Source: Jeff Dumais
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Source: Annie Lagadec
MISTASSINI RIVER, QUÉBEC
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A SCAR-HEIGHT CHRONOLOGY WAS COMBINED WITH HYDRO-CLIMATIC DATA TO IDENTIFY CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO TRIGGERING ICE JAMS.
Source: Lagadec et al., Hydrological Processes, 2015
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HIGH-GRADIENT RIVERS
Source: Uday Kunwar Thapa, University of Minnesota
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2ANATOMICAL SIGNATURES WITHIN TREE RINGS
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QUERCUS
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√
24
OAK TREE RINGS (NORMAL ANATOMY)
18
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OAK TREE RINGS (ANATOMY DISRUPTED BY FLOODING)
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11
THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
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199715
Source: Greg Brooks, Geological Survey of Canada
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42
SUBFOSSIL OAKS IN THE RED RIVER
Source: Erik Nielsen, Manitoba Geological Survey
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QUERCUS MACROCARPA (MICHX.) GROWING ALONG THE RED RIVER, MANITOBA, CANADA,
CONTAIN AN ANATOMICAL SIGNATURE RELATED TO
HIGH-MAGNITUDE 19TH-CENTURY FLOODS.
“ ”St. George and Nielsen, 2000
Geology
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FLOOD RINGS EXTENDED THE EVENT RECORD FOR THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH BACK TO THE MID-1600S.
Source: St. George and Nielsen, The Holocene, 2003
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PHENOLOGY
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FLOODING CAUSES OAKS TO FORM NARROW EARLYWOOD VESSELS, BUT ONLY IF IT OCCURS AFTER BUDSWELL OR INTERNODE EXPANSION.
Source: Copini et al, , Frontiers in Plant Science, in press
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Source: Wikipedia contributor Shannon1
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
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BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS, MISSISSIPPI
Source: Ma#hew Therrell, University of Alabama
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3TILTING OR UPROOTING BY HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
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Source: Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas , University of Bern
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PALEODISCHARGE ESTIMATES
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
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Source: Ballesteros et al., Journal of Hydrology, 2015
TILTED TREES GROWING IN FLOODPLAINS EXHIBIT REACTIONS CAUSED BY FLOOD, AND THEIR STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR MAY BE LINKED TO FLOW CONDITIONS.
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TAGUS RIVER, SPAIN
Source: Flickr user dailymatador
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MECHANICAL MODELS ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE THE OBSERVED TREE DEFORMATION, BUT ALSO CONSISTENTLY UNDERESTIMATE PEAK DISCHARGE.
Source: Ballesteros et al., Journal of Hydrology, 2015
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10
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THE GLOBAL TREE-RING NETWORK INCLUDES DATA FROM THOUSANDS OF LOCATIONS, BUT MOST (ALL?) OF THESE TREES ARE NOT AFFECTED BY FLOODING!
Source: St. George, Past Global Changes Magazine, 2014
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THE RIGHT TREESIN THE RIGHT LOCATIONS
CAN PROVIDE RELIABLE AND PRECISE INSIGHTS
INTO THE OCCURRENCE AND MAGNITUDE OF PAST FLOODS.
![Page 62: Trees as flood sensors](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022011722/58e840f31a28ab4b158b5105/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Source: Ballesteros-Cánovas et al., Progress in Physical Geography, 2015
PALEOFLOOD STUDIES BASED ON TREE RINGS ARE STILL FEW, AND HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY IN EUROPE, CANADA, AND THE UNITED STATES.
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THE HISTORY OF PAST FLOODS, NOT THE HISTORICAL IDEALIZATION OF THEIR FUTURE POSSIBILITIES,
IS THE UNDERSTANDABLE BASIS UPON WHICH PEOPLE
MAY BE GUIDED TO EFFECTIVE ACTION.
“ ”Baker et al., 2002
The Scientific and Societal Value of Paleoflood Research
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THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH
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1826
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THE FORTS NOW STAND LIKE
A CASTLE OF ROMANCE IN THE MIDST OF
AN OCEAN OF DEEP CONTENDING CURRENTS,
THE WATER EXTENDING FOR AT LEAST A MILE BEHIND THEM…
“ ”
Francis Heron of the Hudson’s Bay Company May 1826
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1826
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