Trees and Forests. Ecosystem An area of living and non living components which form an environment.
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Transcript of Trees and Forests. Ecosystem An area of living and non living components which form an environment.
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Trees and Forests
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Ecosystem An area of living and non living
components which form an environment.
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Conks
A type of fungi that looks like shelves growing out of a tree. They are indicators that the tree is sick.
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Fungus
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Lichens The organism resulting from the
relationship between an alga and a fungus
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Layers of the forest
Upper Canopy
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Upper Canopy Plants- leaves and branches of tallest
trees
Animals- owls, eagles
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Understorey (Middle) Plants- smaller trees and larger shrubs
Animals- insects, squirrels, woodpeckers, and many birds.
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Underbrush or Shrubbery Layer Plants- ferns, wildflowers
Animals- butterflies, mice, weasels, deer, skunks, rabbits
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Forest Floor Plants- leaf litter, mushrooms, soil, moss,
flowers, tree roots
Animals- insects, salamanders, toads, millipedes
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Food Chains!
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Nutrient Cycle The chemicals or minerals that plants
and animals need to grow.
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As consumers animals cannot make their own food of use the nutrients directly from the soil.
That is where plants and the nutrient cycle come in.
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Water Cycle
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Photosynthesis The process by which a tree produces its
own food (sugar).
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For photosynthesis to occur a plant needs: CO₂ carbon dioxide what
humans/animals breathe out H₂0 water from the ground Sun (light energy)
These 3 combine in a chemical process which takes place in the leaves of the plants and produces...
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O₂ oxygen What we need to breathe C₆H₁₂0₆ sugar What the plants need to
eat to live.
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CO₂ + H₂0 + light energy = O₂ + C₆H₁₂0₆ Photo from notebook.
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Parts of the tree Crown Roots Trunk/ Stem
Outer bark Phloem Cambium Sapwood Heartwood
http://www.aucoeurdelarbre.ca/en/from-root-to-crown/
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What is a tree?1. Must be perennial (lives for more than
2 years). 2. Must have a self supporting trunk. 3. Trunk must be made of woody
material.
Anything else is a shrub.
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Coniferous Trees Cone bearing trees. Needle shaped leaves which are green
all year long.
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Deciduous Trees Usually have leaves (except for the
needle leaf tree tamarack). Produce either flowers or catkins (scaly
structures that contain seeds that fall off the tree).
Leaves are flat, green blades which fall off in the autumn.
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Examples of each? http://www.abtreegene.com/trees.html
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Parts of the Leaf
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Leaf Classification 1. Type
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2. Arrangement on branch
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Needle Arrangements
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Margins
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4. Shape:
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Bark
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Tree Shapes
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Branching Patterns
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Tree Cookies....Mmmmmmmm.... Not!
http://www.idahoforests.org/cookie1.htm
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1. Center ring- tree is born. 2. Broad, evenly spaced rings- plenty of moisture
and light, tree grows rapidly. 3. Wider rings on one side- something pushing on
one side preventing growth. 4. Narrow rings- crowded by other trees, competing
for nutrients. 5. Tree scar- forest fire or mechanical damage. Fire
damage= darkened area. 6. Wider rings- more nutrients7. Tree damage- dead branches, torn bark.8. Narrow rings- drought. 9. Narrow rings- insect attack.10. Tree is harvested.
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Use of Trees 2 of each from each category in your
notes
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Reforestation- the building of a new forest by planting or reseeding.
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Regeneration The process of growing back what has been lost.
1. Natural regeneration- seeds fall to the forest flow and geminate.
2. Direct seeding- cones and seeds are gathered and sown from tractors.
3. Planting seedlings- small trees that are grown in nurseries and taken out and planted.