Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high

valued tree crop for Africa

D. Ofori, M. Munjuga, E. Asaah, Zac. Tchoundjeu, T. Peprah, R. Jamnadass, T. Simons

ICRAF Seminar – 15th January 2013

Uses of Allanblackia spp.

Region Community Oil Medicine Shade TimberBA A. KwahuBA A. Kyenkyenhene + +BA K. Adjeikrom + +ER Kyebi Apapam +

ER K. Adadientem +WR Bisaaso +WR Nkrankrom +WR Kamaso + +WR Manso Amenfi + +

Production levels120 fruits /tree40 kg of seeds/tree12 kg oil/tree

Oil propertiesHigh content of stearic and oleic

acidsBegins to melt > 35oCRequires less processing

Demand for Allanblackia oilHuge market for Allanblackia oilReceived EU certification as safe in

foodCurrent demand exceeds 100,000

t/yearUnilever ≈ 30,000- 40,000 t/yrCurrent supply is only about 210t oil/yr

Wild harvesting unsustainableNeed for domestication

PPP - Novella partnership SNV: Facilitation of stakeholder collaborationUNILEVER: Funding & market development ICRAF: Domestication (selection, propagation &

germplasm conservation), Novel International: Supply chain, marketing,

multiplication and distribution IUCN: Best practices for biodiversity conservationFarmers: Production in smallholder agroforestry

systemsNARS RSSDA, FORM GhanaMSBP, MTU, SLUNutriswish

Main components of AB domestication

Sensitization and encouragement of farmers to participate in AB domestication

Range-wide germplasm collection, development of propagation methods and gene conservation

Ecology, abundance and sustainable harvesting

Integration of AB in farming systems and Agroforestry development

Facilitate development of marketing networks and supply chain

Sensitization of farmers

12

3

4 5

Participatory tree domestication

Farmer participation in survey to identify and selection of good mother stocks

Boosts up the interest of farmers to implement domestication programmes

Female flowers

Male flowers

Reproductive biology

•Real genetic differences?•Quality of oil?•Quantity of oil?

Variation in fruit shape

Diversity in fruit size – 58 trees selected

AFS 1

AFS 3AK 1

AK 2

ASN 11

ASN 12

ATB 1AWA 2

AY 1

B 1

B 10B 11

B 13

B 17

B 19

B 20

B 21

B 22

B 23

B 24

B 4

B 6B 9

BMK 13BS 1

D 6

DB 12

DB 2

DB 4

DB 9

DM 1DM 2

DM 4

GB 10

GB 11

GB 12

GB 34

K 2

K 5

KW 1

KW 2LAHO 5

LAHO 1

LAHO 2

LAHO 3LAHO 4

MA 1

MA 4

MH 1

MH 2

MH 3

MH 4

MH 5

MN 1

MN 3

MN 4

N 2

NB 1

NB 1

NB 3

NEN 11

NEN 14

NEN 16

NEN 18NEN 19

NEN 20

NEN 21

NEN 22

NEN 23

NEN 24

NEN 25

NEN 26

NEN 27

NEN 28

NEN 29NEN 30

NEN 4

NEN 6

NEN 9

NK 2

NK 6NK 7

NK 9

NZA 1

NZA 11

NZA 12

NZA 2NZA 24

NZA 26

NZA 3

NZA 31

NZA 40

OT 1

OT 3

OT 5

OT 7

SA 1

SA 2

SA 48

TIA 1

TIA 13

TIA 14

TIA 17TIA 2

TIA 3

TIA 4

TIA 6

TIA 7

TIA 9

WA 2

WA 4

WA 6

WAMK 1

WAMK 11

WAMK 14

WAMK 15

WAMK 2

WAMK 3

WAMK 4

WAMK 5

WAMK 6

WAMK 7

WAMK 8

WAMK 9

WH 1

WR 11

Axis 1

Axi

s 2

Oil content as index for plus tree selection

Correlation to:Flower colour?Fruit shape?

Germination on nursery bed (24 months)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

Accessions

% G

erm

inat

ion

Testa removed vrs intact seeds(12 months)

0

510

15

2025

30

3540

45

% G

erm

inat

ion

Accessions

Testa removed

Intact seeds

Germination in polythene bags

Seed germination in polythene bags

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time (months)

% g

erm

inat

ion

Black

Plain

Environmental conditions on seed germination in Tanzania (longuza. - 25-35 oC; Kwamkoro – 16-25 oC)

Germination of seed sections

Treatment  (90 days results)   

Rooting and shooting

Rooting only

Total dead/Not germinated

% germinated

Proximal sections ( in black polythene material)

89 - 111 45

Proximal sections ( in plain polythene material)

131 - 69 66

Proximal sections (in plain polythene material further placed in black polythene

- - - -

Longitudinal sections ( in black polythene material)

82 51 67 41

Longitudinal sections ( in plain polythene material)

95 60 73 48

Proximal sections (sown in sand) Nil Nil 200 Nil

Longitudinal sections (sown in sand)

Nil Nil 200 Nil

Whole seed in black polythene material

48 68 84 24

Whole seed placed in plain polythene material

51 78 71 26

Whole seeds in plain polythene material in black

32 69 99 17

Distal sections (in plain polythene)

  127 73 Nil

Distal sections (in black polythene polythene)

  106 94 Nil

Top soil AB soil0

5

10

15

20

25

Effect of source of soil on growth and development of Allanblackia seedlings; a = differences in height (cm) growth and b = differences in leaf size and colour. Trees labeled 1 were grown in soil under Allanblackia tree and be without soil from Allanblackia tree.

1

1

2

2

Effect of growth media (18 months)

0 cm2 7.5 cm2 12.5cm2 25 cm2 50 cm20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

30

38

52

60.4

Leaf area (cm2)

% R

oo

tin

g

Propagation by cuttings

Propagation by cuttings

Reject

Accept and plant

Effect of shade on rooting

Tissue culture

Tissue culture – Effect of different media

Type of media No. of explants Survival rate %Anderson’s medium 18 22.22Whites medium 18 27.78Murashige and skoog 18 33.33Preece medium 18 55.56Quoirin & Lepoivre 18 61.11Gamborg 18 61.11Driver & Kiniyuki 18 66.67Lloyde & McCown (WPM)

18 88.87

Grafting

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Wedge Side

Methods of grafting

% G

raft

ing

succ

ess

1 2 3 5 7 90

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Graft-success of A. floribunda under evergreen tree cover

Budding ST-Al ST-NPP

Weeks after grafting%

of

gra

ft s

ucc

ess

Decentralized distribution pathways

Research nursery

RRC

Satellite nurseryField planting

Rural Resource

Centre

satellite nursery

farmer’s fields

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

Local commercial nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

satellite nursery

Goal is to ensure proper exchange and delivery of germplasm to farmers

farmer’s fields

Flowering and fruiting age of A. floribundaType of

germplasm

Year

planted

No.

planted

Age (yrs) %

flowered

and date

%

fruited

and

date

Seedlings 2005 48 7 11 % 0%

Cuttings 2006 48 6 0% 0%

Grafts 2007 55 5 33 % 18%

Marcots 2010 16 2 0% 0%

Flowering male AB tree of seedling origin

6 young AB fruits on graft

Current status of AB flowering & fruiting, Mbalmayo, Cameroon

Mother block in Ghana

Mother block

ProgenyDate planted

No. planted

No. flowered

No. fruited

fruits per plant

AFS1 Jun-08 12 0 0TIA3 Jun-08 12 0 0NE 19 Jun-08 12 0 0NE 6 Jun-08 12 1 1 2AFS3 Jun-08 12 3 0APS1 Jun-08 12 2 0WA4 Jun-08 12 0 0NE14 Jun-08 12 2 1 3WANK 3 Jun-08 12 2 0WA 6 Jun-08 12 3 1 2

Genebank of A. parviflora -Ghana

Progeny Date planted No. planted No. flowered

No. of fruits

Sex

KA 14 2007 6 1 2 FemaleSA 34 2007 6 1 3 FemaleAKO 3 2007 6 3 MaleKAP16 2007 6 1 5 FemaleMH1 2007 6 1 1 FemaleK 5 2007 6 1 1 FemaleB13 2007 6 1 22 FemaleB4 2007 6 1 18 FemaleNK2 2007 6 1 7 FemaleN2 2007 6 1 1 FemaleB16 2007 6 1 79 FemaleN2 2007 6 1 MaleAP5 2007 6 1 Male AKO 3 2007 6 1 MaleK8 2007 6 1 Male

Flowering and fruiting of A. parviflora

Genebank Of A. stuhlmanii - Tanzania

Marketing◦ Novel International

formed to develop supply chain and coordinate market development

◦ Market assurance◦ Size of potential

market

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Sudan

AlgeriaLibya

Mali

Chad

Niger

Congo DR

Egypt

Angola

EthiopiaNigeria

South Africa

Namibia

Mauritania

Zambia

Tanzania

Kenya

Mozambique

Botswana

Morocco

Congo

Zimbabwe

Gabon

Ghana

Guinea

Uganda

Central African Republic

Tunisia

Senegal

Burkina Faso

Eritrea

Liberia

Sierra Leone

Djibouti

Swaziland

Country boundary

Country with study sites# Species location point

Key

Lakes

Allanblackia oil mill - Tanzania

Further workTissue cultureMechanical coat removalLink of morphology to oil quality and

quantitySeed and seedling distribution systemGrowth architecture of different

propagule typesDevelopment of planting modelsFlowering and fruiting dynamics

Thank you very much for your attention