Treasures of Arabic Morphology

From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

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From the

Treasures

of

Arabic Morphology

NOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has been published by Zam zam Publishers of Pakistan. Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and the publishers have retyped the contents pages with typing errors. If anyone is prepared to publish the book in a quality format, kindly contact the author at [email protected]. All comments and criticisms are welcome. Post your comments to the above email address.

Madrassah Inaamiyyah Camperdown - http://www.al-inaam.com/


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Title From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Author

Mouln Ebrhm Muhammad

First Edition

Safar 1427 A.H. March 2006

Published by Academy for Islamic Research Madrasah Inmiyyah P.O. Box 39 Camperdown 3720 South Africa

Tel +27 031 785 1519

Fax +27 031 785 1091

email [email protected]

Copyright 2006 Madrasah Inmiyyah

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Madrasah Inmiyyah, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah Inmiyyah, Camperdown, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.



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Contents

Introduction 10 Some Useful Terms 11 Arabic Terms 12 The Types of Words 14 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 15 Positive and Negative 15 Active and Passive 15 The Second Category of Verbs 16 Exercise 1 17 Types of Nouns 18 The Scales of Verbs 20 Exercise 2 22 The Categories of Triliteral Verbs 23 Exercise 3 25 The Perfect Active ( ) 26 Exercise 4 28 The Perfect Passive ( ) 29 Exercise 5 33 The Imperfect () 35 Exercise 6 38 The Imperfect Passive ( ) 39 Exercise 7 40 The ( !"# ) 41 Exercise 8 44 The ( $ ) 45 Exercise 9 49 The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis 50 Exercise 10 55 The Imperative (() 56 Exercise 11 61



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The Prohibition () 61 Exercise 12 65 The Derived Nouns ( )*+ ,-.) 66 The Active Participle (/01 2) 66 Exercise 13 68 The Passive Participle (1 2) 69 Exercise 14 70 The Elative (/1* 2) 71 Exercise 15 73 The ( !+ 1") 74 The Noun of the Instrument ( 3 2) 76 Exercise 16 78 The Adverb (4 2) 79 Exercise 17 81 The Intensive Adjective ( 5! 5") 82 Exercise 18 84 The Categories (6() of Verbs 85 The (6() of (78 9:9) 85 The First (6) 85 The Second (6) 86 The Third (6) 86 The Fourth (6) 87 The Fifth (6) 88 The Sixth (6) 88 Exercise 19 90 The (6() of (;< =>? 9:9) 91 Construction of the Derived Nouns 95 The Abbreviated Paradigm of each (6) 97 (


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Exercise 20 99 (/1A 6) 99 Exercise 21 101 ( B01 6) 101 Exercise 22 103 (1#@ 6) 103 Exercise 23 105 (*


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( 6:


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Rule 7 171 Rule 8 179 Rule 9 184 Rule 10 189 Exercise 43 193 Rule 11 193 Rule 12 194 Rule 13 195 Rule 14 196 Rule 15 199 Rule 16 199 Rule 17 202 Rule 18 203 Rule 19 204 Rule 20 205 Rule 21 206 Rule 22 207 Rule 23 208 Rule 24 209 Rule 25 210 Rule 26 212 Exercise 44 213 The Paradigms of (H) 214 Exercise 45 220 The Paradigms of ($() 221 Exercise 46 228 The Paradigm of (I> $() 229 Exercise 47 240 The Paradigms of (JK#) and (L1) 241 Exercise 48 250 Exercise 49 260 Exercise 50 271 Combination of (F) and (/*) 272 Exercise 51 283



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The Rules of (L0) 284 Rule 1 284 Rule 2 286 Rule 3 287 Rule 4 288 Rule 5 289 Exercise 52 290 Exercise 53 297 A Combination of (L0) , (F) and (/*) 301 Exercise 54 303 Special Meanings ( "MN ) of Each (6) 304 The ( "MN ) of ( 6 # ) 304 The ( "MN ) of ( 6 6 ) 304 The ( "MN ) of ( 6 O- ) 305 The ( "MN ) of ( 6 % ) 305 The Derived Categories 306 The ( "MN ) of ( 6


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The ( "MN ) of ( 6 /B1A ) 321 The ( "MN ) of ( 6 :


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Introduction

Arabic Morphology (PP PPB0) is a branch of Arabic Grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to learn this science in order to be proficient in the language. Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime importance in learning the language.

This is a comprehensive book dealing with all the important aspects of the subject. If a student has to study this book thoroughly, he would develop a very good foundation in this science and it would absolve him of the need to study any further books on the subject.

The Arabic names of morphologic terms have been adopted instead of the Urdu forms commonly found in the text books of Islamic seminaries. Thus I have used the

term ( FBQ G0) instead of ( PFB GP0). Similarly, instead of writing (RPP), the correct Arabic form of ( PP) has been used while the term (PP) is used instead of (PP) which is incorrect. This will enable the student to learn the correct Arabic terms from the initial stages of his learning.

Included also is a collection of rules of word-changes which affect many Arabic verbs and nouns. The rules have been clearly explained with examples and a step by step



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method as to how a word is changed from its original form to its present one.

It is hoped that this book will be beneficial for the students of Arabic Grammar and Morphology and simplify the path to understanding the intricacies of the language. mn.

For a detailed discussion on the name of this subject, whether it is called Morphology or Etymology, refer to Appendix A at the end of this book.

Some Useful Terms

Conjugation: A paradigm, class, or table of verb forms in such inflected languages as Latin and French, where elements are distinguished from each other by patterns of inflection relating to tense, person, number.1

Declension: A term used to describe the case system of nouns and other words.2

Inflection: The variation or change of form that words undergo to mark distinctions of case, gender, number, tense, person, mood, voice, comparison.3

Linguistics and Philology: The study of language.

Paradigm: pronounced (pa-ra-dime), in grammar, a set of all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (write, writes, wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model for all other words of the same type.4

1 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.

2 Ibid, p. 281.

3 Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.

4 The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.



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Arabic Terms

The following are some of the Arabic terms used frequently in this book. It would be advisable to learn them thoroughly as they are frequently used throughout the book.

Term Meaning

A diacritical point SP denoting the sound of a.

A diacritical point - TP denoting the sound of u.

A diacritical point - UP denoting the sound of i.

A diacritical point - VP that serves the purpose of joining two letters in pronunciation

A letter having a fathah, e.g. (W) A letter having a dammah, e.g. (XY) A letter having a kasrah, e.g. (UZ)

A letter having a sukn or jazm, e.g. ([\)

The three diacritical points, fathah dammah and kasrah are each called a harakah

A letter having a harakah, e.g. (W)



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! " The first root letter of a word, also referred to as consonant or radical, e.g. the () of (W]W*


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The Types of Words

Term Meaning Example

,-./ word 6`W*U 012-! noun a/X$W /324- verb /^W


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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Term Meaning Example !:; Intransitive does

not require an object [PPPU+[FW> - He is walking.

7! He is

opening the door.

Positive and Negative

Term Meaning Example >?@A positive D/Wb1W> He is doing. 6B negative D/Wb1W> &^ He is not doing.

The terms (R!H) and (1) are also used.

Active and Passive

Term Meaning Example 54 active tense the doer

of the action is known D/Wb1W> He is doing. CD passive tense the doer

of the action is not known

D/Wb1W> It is being done.



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The Second Category of Verbs

With regard to the root letters ( B". c) of a verb, they are of two types:

Term Meaning Example 9:9 3 root letters or triliteral WWW# 0 4 root letters or quadriliteral WH^[W

Each of these two types is further divided into two categories:

(1) (78) the () consists of root letters only, without any extra letters.

(2) (;< =>?) - the () has root letters plus extra letters.

This results in the following four categories:

Term Meaning Example 78 9:9 3 root letters only WWW#

;< =>? 9:9 3 root letters plus extra letters WdWW*[$U 78 0 4 root letters only WH^[W

;< =>? 0 4 root letters plus extra letters /^W[WWA



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Exercise 1

(1) Determine whether the following verbs have 3 root-letters or 4 root-letters.

(a) /^^(^ (b) WeW[W7 (c) WeWWM (d) W1^[0W (e) Wf^[K^

(2) What do the following terms mean:

Term Meaning

.

9:9

0

78

=>?;<



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Types of Nouns

(1) There are three types of nouns - (,-): [a] = , [b] g*+ and [c] =$ . (2) The ( =P verbal noun) is a word that indicates the occurrence of an action and is free of tense e.g. ( XP[h^) to assist.

(3) The ( g*P+) is a word derived from a verb e.g. ( `PU"W#) helper is derived from (WWW#). (4) The (=PP$) is neither a (=PP) nor a ( g*P+) e.g. (a/X$W) man.

(5) The (=PP) and the (g*PP+) also fall under the categories of (9:9), ( 0P), ( 7P8) and ( ;P< =P>?) like the (/PP


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[3] (78 0) e.g. (6`Wb)W0) scorpion [4] (;< =>? 0) e.g. ( UK\`j^[ ) - paper [5] (78 2k) e.g. (a/W$[1^W2) - quince [6] (;< =>? 2k) e.g. (N`[X!Q^[W0) a spider

(7) The scholars of morphology generally deal with the ( /PPA) occur in a ( /P


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The Scales of Verbs

The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usually consists of three letters called consonants or radicals. These consonants form a kind of skeleton which constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes may be added.

Arabic verbs are mostly triliteral, that is, they are constructed of three root letters. The simplest form of the verb is the third person masculine singular of the perfect

tense ( P /P1 P dPIl mP =P). In most dictionaries, all the words derived from a triliteral root are entered under the third person masculine singular form of the verb.

In Arabic, there are two main tenses, the perfect or past

tense (PP), denoting actions completed at the time to which reference is made; and the imperfect (PP), for incompleted actions, referring to the present or future tenses. The present and future tenses are thus expressed by

the imperfect form ( P). The imperative ( P.) may be considered a modification of the imperfect.

To indicate patterns or type-forms of verbs, the

grammarians use the three letters of the verb (/^PPW


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( 'W?P[U) or standard by which the root letters of a verb are determined. Accordingly, the word (WdPPW*^) is on the scale of (/^W) is on the scale of ( D/PXb1W>) and ( [dPX*bD() is on the scale of (b/Xb


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Exercise 2

(1) Determine the scales of the following verbs and what each letter represents. The first one has been done for you.

(a) (WWW#) C

8

5

E

The (') is the ( FBQ ,) (f) (W%X^) (g) (XdU[iW>) (h) (XdWpbmW>) (i) (^q^W2) (j) (WrWW2)



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The Categories of Triliteral Verbs

(FG! 6@;H ! )!*+)

(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah ( PPi*


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(5) The ( P ) of ( ^/PU) e.g. (XOWF[W> WOUFW2) and sometimes (D/Ub1W>) e.g. (XdU[iW> WdUW). (6) The ( P P) of ( ^/PX) e.g. (X%XbQW> W%X^). (7) The ( ) of all three scales is (/^UD). (9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six categories (6() of (78 9:9) which are as follows:

(XX[W> WWW#) ) 1( ( W> W6WWX6U[ ) )2 (

(X]W*b1W> W]W* WOUFW2) )4 (

(X%XbQW> W%X^) )5 ( (XdU[iW> WdUW) )6 (

(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to which category (6PP). It is based on (PP-) as heard from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are however certain guidelines which are as follows:

[a] If the verb belongs to the category of ( W]W*PP


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X]W*Pb1W>) the second or third letter will be from the ( P )B)5, e.g. ( Wpv^XdWpbmW> Wd ), (Dq^[W> ^q^W2), (XOWF[oW> WOWFW$).

[b] If the perfect (PP /PP1) is of the form ( ^/PU WOUFW2).

[c] If the perfect ( P /1) is of the form ( ^/PX W%X^).

Exercise 3 To which category (6PP) does each of the following verb belong:

(1) (DwW[!W> w^WW) (2) (XZX[*W> WZWWA) (3) (XWb1W> WU WdB^j^) (5) (XrU[W> WrWW2)

5 The ( )B ) are the following six letters:

(x y z y _ y y { y ,).



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The Perfect Active Tense ( )

(1) There are 14 word-forms ( 5PP") of the perfect tense ( PP /PP1). All three diacritical points or vowels ( NP) can be used on the ( PFBQ GP0) as is apparent from the above-mentioned six categories (6().

(2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect ( /P1 P) and Imperfect ( P /P1) conjugations with the third person (dPPPIl), followed by the second person (dj|) and finally the first person (BQ*).

(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural form is used for both the dual and plural.

(4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense. Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while the second three are for the feminine of the third person. The following six forms are for the second person, the first three being for the masculine and the second three for the feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.



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I?H7! 547! 67! 34 !

&'J ! (Word-form) Verb dIl m = /^W


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Exercise 4

Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense ( P

) in table form :

(a) ( B^l^XdUB[5W> Wd ) (b) (X]Wo[W> W]WoW#) (c) (D/X*b)W> /^W*K^) (d) (DwW[!W> w^WW) (e) (D/XM[=W> /^WMW7) (f) (XdX*bQW> WdW*^) (g) (XB^[W> WUBW0) (h) (XU[W> WUW#) (i) (X=Wi[oW> W=WiW$) (j) (D/W!b)W> /^U!K^)



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The Perfect Passive ( )

The (PP PP) is constructed from the ( PP P) in all triliteral verbs ( 7P8 P9:9). If we take the first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/^PPW


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I?H7! CDG! 67! 34 !

Word-form Verb singular masculine 3rd person /^UD<

dual masculine 3rd person UD


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6K7! 547! 67! 34 ! Verb Pronoun

W/^W


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6K7! CDG! 67! 34 !

Word-form Verb

dI5 /ÛD< W '!I5 BÛD< W '!I5 [DBUD< W !I5 [RBÛD< W '*!I5 W*BÛD< W N!I5 WbBUD< W dj WRbBUD< W

'!j WFX*bBUD< W '!j [X*bBUD< W !j URbBUD< W '*!j WFX*bBUD< W N!j hX*bBUD< W BQ* XRbBUD< W

5 O BQ* WbBUD< W

Note the Arabic terms used for the different word-forms in this table.



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Exercise 5

(a) Translate the following sentences:

)1( '^[D)b ^WK^ WXp )2( D'[D)b S,UDK )3( U[W[X*bQW W*W!W*^ WFXp )4( W*W!UBDj U'W*[U!b )5( 1XA WRbB^(^ WR[#(^ )6( ^QW ^U@ [X*bHUX [X*[#(^ )7( bBUb UR[!B^j^ UR[#(^W )8( 1^[+W*[XFb ^U@ hX*bHUX hX*[#(^ )9( W!^ W[UW X[iW# )10( [DQ^[K^ W[FU


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[6] ( ,-Q-R*2!; ) [7] ( .S-N% QB0 ) [8] ( s7 v@2I,-TR ) [9] ( d#v Cq2I,-NM ) [10] ( 21RU.KVM.:. )

(c) Are the following verbs () or (8)? [1] ('^U?W) [2] (WRbBU!DK) [3] (hXA[UD) [4] (W=XW) [5] (W#[=UDK)



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The Imperfect ()

The Imperfect () is formed by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the

letters (W[WA(^). The suffixes may either be ('), ('), (>) or just (').

After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has

('Q2), e.g. the () of (D/Wb1W>) has a sukn. The second letter can have any of the three harakt, depending on which category

(6) the verb belongs to.

In the indicative case (O), (D/Wb1WA), (D/Wb


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7! 34 !I?H7! 547! 8

Meaning Verb He is doing or he will do. D/Wb1W>

They (2 males) are doing or they will do. U'B^Wb1W> They (plural males) are doing or they will do. '^[DBWb1W>

She is doing or she will do. D/Wb1WA They (2 females) are doing or they will do. U'B^Wb1WA

They (plural females) are doing or they will do. WbBWb1W> You (1 male) are doing or you will do. D/Wb1WA You (2 males) are doing or you will do. U'B^Wb1WA

You (plural males) are doing or you will do. '^[DBWb1WA You (1 female) are doing or you will do. W[UBWb1WA You (2 females) are doing or you will do. U'B^Wb1WA

You (plural females) are doing or you will do. WbBWb1WA I am doing or will do. D/Wb


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6K7! 547! 87! 34 !

D/Wb1W> &^ U'B^Wb1W> &^ '^[DBWb1W> &^ D/Wb1WA &^ U'B^Wb1WA &^ WbBWb1W> &^ D/Wb1WA &^ U'B^Wb1WA &^ '^[DBWb1WA &^ W[UBWb1WA &^ U'B^Wb1WA &^ WbBWb1WA &^ D/Wb U'B^Wb1X> '^[DBWb1X> D/Wb1XA U'B^Wb1XA WbBWb1X> D/Wb1XA U'B^Wb1XA '^[DBWb1XA W[UBWb1XA U'B^Wb1XA WbBWb1XA D/Wb &^ U'B^Wb1X> &^ '^[DBWb1X> &^ D/Wb1XA &^ U'B^Wb1XA &^ WbBWb1X> &^ D/Wb1XA &^ U'B^Wb1XA &^ '^[DBWb1XA &^ W[UBWb1XA &^ U'B^Wb1XA &^ WbBWb1XA &^ D/Wb


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Exercise 6

(1) To which category (6PP) do each of the following verbs belong:

(a) (gDB gB^M) (b) (UB4> B^) (c) (=X!> =W!0) (d) (UB B^) (e) (D4> 4^#)

(2) What is the ( 5") of the following words: )1( G) #(,2N.24.O )3( '@ R1-VX.W ,% \ )4( R[-2,+ ,%[Ub1WU )5( >m,2NNV\.W )6( R=R?2$,+ ,%f< m )7( ,2RNX2K.W ,;,,+/ @ )8( ,2R4.K2.W'0



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The Imperfect Passive Tense ( )

The ( PP PP ) is constructed from the ( PP P) in all triliteral verbs ( 7P8 P9:9). If we take the first verb, namely the third person singular form, ( D/PWb1W>), a ( FP) is rendered to the first letter which is the ( P:0PP) sign of the imperfect tense. A ( PPi*). No matter what the ( P) of the ( PFBQ GP0) in the active tense is, in the passive tense, it will always be (_*1). Examples:

Active (54) Passive ( CD ) XX[W> XW[X> XOWF[W> XOWF[X> X6U[W> X6W[X>



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Exercise 7

(a) Translate the following into English:

)1( '^[DB^[X> p D/Wb1W> hFW0 D/^[X> &^ )2( XW!B X6W[+X> )3( XS.W XWFh W%[Wb D/^[~X> )4( Wb D/W*b)X>U WWWiXFb U< UQ^[ )5( ^QC [U< U=[U D'WB XWb1X> b/Wp

(b) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: [1] The door of the school is being opened. [2] He is being sent to Madnah. [3] The disbelievers will be defeated. [4] The car will be left on the road. [5] The book will be read today.

(c) Conjugate the following verbs into the ( PPP8):

)5( X_Wb1W>

)4( X%U?[W>

)3 (XDQ[+W>

)2 (XrX[W>

)1 (XOU$[W>



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The ( !"# )

The ( !"# ) are: (b'(^), ( ^[ ), ([^) and (b'v^U@). When they precede the ( / )2 (dIl w#~ = y D/Wb1WA )3 ( m = y D/Wb1WA )4 (BQ* = y D/Wb )2 (dIl m O} y '^[DBWb1W> )3 (dIl w#~ HA y U'B^Wb1WA )4 ( m HA y U'B^Wb1WA )5 ( m O} y '^[DBWb1WA )6 ( w#~ = y W[UBWb1WA )7 ( w#~ HA y U'B^Wb1WA

The following two words remain unchanged:



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)1 (dIl w#~ O} y WbBWb1W> )2 ( w#~ O} y WbBWb1WA

The word ([^) changes the positive imperfect tense ( R!H) to negative (1) with emphasis.

The paradigms of () the active tense and (8) the passive tense when used with the other particles, (b'(^), ([^) and (b'vÛ@) will be the same as was in the case of ([^). Examples:

[DBWb1W> b'(^

:^Wb1W> b'(^ /^Wb1W> b'(^

bDBWb1W> [^

[^:^Wb1W> /^Wb1W> [^

[DBWb1W> b'vÛ@ :^Wb1W> b'vÛ@ /^Wb1W> b'vÛ@

Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( /


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\O 34 ! 6$ ] 6K ! ='547! 3?^7!

/^Wb1W> [^ B^Wb1W> [^ [DBWb1W> [^ /^Wb1WA [^ B^Wb1WA [^ WbBWb1W> [^ /^Wb1WA [^ B^Wb1WA [^ [DBWb1WA [^ [UBWb1WA [^ B^Wb1WA [^ WbBWb1WA [^ /^Wb


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Exercise 8

(1) Conjugate the following verbs using (b'(^): )1( D/X[iW> )2( XYW[FW> )3( XDQ[+W> )4( W>XdWbB )5( X6Xb)W>

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ([^): )1( XDfb1W> )2( XO )3( X=X![W> )4( XUB[FW> )5( D/WF[W>



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The ( $ ) The ( $ ) are (b'U@), ([^), (hF^), (U[S. X%&^) and ( T,&^U[h). When they precede the ( / )2 (dIl w#~ = y D/Wb1WA )3 ( m = y D/Wb1WA )4 (BQ* = y D/Wb


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)2 ( w#~ O} y WbBWb1WA The word ([^) changes the positive imperfect tense ( R!H) to the negative perfect tense ( 1 ).

The paradigms of () the active voice and (8) the passive voice when used with (b'U@), (hF^), (U[S. X%&^) and ( T,&^U[h), will be the same as was in the case of ([^). Examples:

[DBWb1W> b'U@ :^Wb1W> b'U@ b/Wb1W> b'U@ bDBWb1W> hF^ :^Wb1W> hF^ b/Wb1W> hF^

DBWb1WU[ :^Wb1WU b/Wb1WU [DBWb1W> &^ :^Wb1W> &^ b/Wb1W> &^

The word (hF^) means not as yet. Thus (b/Wb1W> hF^) will mean he did not do as yet.

The (U[S. X%&^) enters all the word-forms of the passive tense (8). In the active tense (), it is only used in the third person (dIl) and first person (BQ*) word-forms.

If any of the ( $ ) precede a ( /


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FBQ) is a ( B ), the ( B ) is deleted. Examples:

( 5:)

Example of

() Example of

( [^ U%[W> [^ W[W> [^ hF^ X[=W> hF^ U%[W> hF^ W[W> hF^

. %& X[=WU U%[WU W[WU ,& X[=W> &^ U%[W> &^ W[W> &^

Hereunder follow the paradigms of ( /


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21, ] 6K ! 87! 6$547!

b/Wb1W> [^ B^Wb1W> [^ [DBWb1W> [^ b/Wb1WA [^ B^Wb1WA [^ WbBWb1W> [^ b/Wb1WA [^ B^Wb1WA [^ [DBWb1WA [^ [UBWb1WA [^ Wb1WA [^B^

WbBWb1WA [^ b/Wb


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Exercise 9

(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ([^): )1( X%XbQW> )2( XOW[FW> )3( XDQ[+W> )4( XdWbBW> )5( X6Xb)W>

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (. %&): )1( XXob1W> )2( XO^[W> )3( X=X![W> )4( XUB[FW> )5( D/WF[W>



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The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis (;## =[Ubqh* X%&^) The Energetic Forms

(1) To create emphasis in the meaning of ( /


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)2 (hDBWb1W^ P dIl m O} y '^[DBWb1W> )3 ('B^Wb1W*^ P dIl w#~ HA y U'B^Wb1WA )4 ('B^Wb1W*^ P m HA y U'B^Wb1WA )5 (WA hDBWb1W*^ P m O} y '^[DBWb1 )6 (hUBWb1W*^ P w#~ = y W[UBWb1WA )7 ( w#~ HA y U'B^Wb1WA _'B^Wb1W*^

(4) The (L) of the ( HA) is retained while the ( B)9 '#) itself becomes (Q), e.g. ('B^Wb1W^). (5) The () of (m O}) and the () of (w#~ =) are also deleted. The ( F) before the () and the (s) before the () are retained, e.g. (hDBWb1W^) and (hUBWb1W*^). (6)In the (w#~ O}) word-forms, an (L) is inserted between the ( #' ) of (O}) and the ( B)9 '#) so that three nns do not occur in one place. This will occur in the following two word-forms:

)1 ('WbBWb1W^ P dIl w#~ O} y WbBWb1W> )2 ('WbBWb1W*^ P w#~ O} y WbBWb1WA

(7) The ( B)9 '#) itself is (Q) in these two words. In short,



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the ( B)9 '#) is (Q) after (L) and (_*1) in the other instances.

(8) The ( 11M '#) is similar to the ( B)9 '#) except in the ( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms. The ( 11M '#) is only used in those words where there is no (L) before ( B)9 '#) and these are eight word-forms.

Once ( B)9 '#) and ( 11M '#) enter a ( /


Page 53

6$ '^H ! K ! ] ='\ ! %547! 87!

hB^Wb1W^ 'B^Wb1W^ hDBWb1W^ hB^Wb1W*^ 'B^Wb1W*^ 'WbBWb1W^ hB^Wb1W*^ 'B^Wb1W*^ hDBWb1W*^ UBWb1W*^h

'B^Wb1W*^ 'WbBWb1W*^ hB^Wb


Page 54

6$ '_! K ! ] ='\ ! %547! 87!

[B^Wb1W^

[DBWb1W^ [B^Wb1W*^

[B^Wb1W*^

[DBWb1W*^ [UBWb1W*^

[B^Wb


Page 55

Exercise 10

(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ( PB)9 'P#) in the active and passive tenses:

)1( XdDB[iW> )2( XOW[FW> )3( XDQ[+W> )4( XdWbBW> )5( X6Xb)W>

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using ( P11M 'P#) in the active and passive tenses:

)1( XUB[FW> )2( XO )3( X=X![W> )4( XUB[oW> )5( D/WF[W>



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The Imperative (()

The ( P P( imperative second person) is constructed from the ( /


Page 57

(7) The ( PPB PP) at the end is deleted. Examples: ([X0[=WA) becomes (X[7D(). ([U[WA) becomes (U%[U@). (W+[WA) becomes (W[MU@).

(8) The imperative of the first and third persons ( PP( BQ*PP dPPI5) is formed by adding a (%&) at the beginning of ( P /P


Page 58

547! 9!

b/Wb1WU B^Wb1WU [DBWb1WU

W*Ub/Wb1 B^Wb1W*U WbBWb1WU b/Wb


Page 59

'^H ! K ! ] 547! 9!

hB^Wb1WU :^Wb1WU' hDBWb1WU hB^Wb1W*U

Wb1W*U:^' 'WbBWb1WU hB^Wb


Page 60

'_! K ! ] 547! 9!

[B^Wb1WU [DBWb1WU [B^Wb1W*U [B^Wb


Page 61

Exercise 11

Conjugate the imperative (PP() of the following verbs in the active and passive forms first and then conjugate them using the (=q* %&) and (=q* '#):

)1( D/U[5W> )2( D/XM[=W> )3( XdU[iW> )4( D/W[oW> )5( DW![W>

The Prohibition ()

(1) The particle (&^) is used before ( P /P


Page 62

547! 6DK !

b/Wb1W> &^ Wb1W> &^:^

[DBWb1W> &^ b/Wb1WA &^ Wb1WA &^:^

WbBWb1W> &^ b/Wb1WA &^

WA &^Wb1:^ [DBWb1WA &^ [UBWb1WA &^

Wb1WA &^:^ WbBWb1WA &^ b/Wb &^ Wb1X> &^:^

[DBWb1X> &^ b/Wb1XA &^ Wb1XA &^:^

WbBWb1X> &^ b/Wb1XA &^ :^Wb1XA &^ [DBWb1XA &^ [UBWb1XA &^

Wb1XA &^:^ WbBWb1XA &^ b/Wb


Page 63

'^H ! K ! ] 547! 6DK !

hB^Wb1W> &^ Wb1W> &^:^'

hDBWb1W> &^ hB^Wb1WA &^

Wb1WA &^:^' 'WbBWb1W> &^ hB^Wb1WA &^

Wb1WA &^:^' hDBWb1WA &^ hUBWb1WA &^

Wb1WA &^:^' 'WbBWb1WA &^ hB^Wb &^ hB^Wb1XA &^

Wb1XA &^:^' 'WbBWb1X> &^ hB^Wb1XA &^

Wb1XA &^:^' XA &^hDBWb1

hUBWb1XA &^ Wb1XA &^:^'

'WbBWb1XA &^ hB^Wb


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'_! K ! ] 547! 6DK !

[B^Wb1W> &^

[DBWb1W> &^ [B^Wb1WA &^

[B^Wb1WA &^

[DBWb1WA &^ [UBWb1WA &^

[B^Wb


Page 65

Exercise 12

(1) Conjugate the prohibition (PP) of the following verbs in the active and passive forms first and then

conjugate them using the (=q* %&) and (=q* '#): )1( XOWF[oW> )2( XeX[W> )3( XdU[iW> )4( D/W[oW> )5( DW![W>

(2) What is the ( 5") of the following verbs?

)1( 'WbBXM[=W> &^ )2( [W*X!b9(^ &^ )3( 'W=Xb1W# &^ )4( [UW[FXA &^ )5( 'W[W[oWA &^ )6( Wp[WA &^hX )7( 'W#[=W[+WA &^ )8( hX!^[W> &^



Page 66

THE DERIVED NOUNS ( )*+ ,-.)

The following six nouns are derived from the verb:

)1 ( /01 2)2 ( 1 2)3 ( /1* 2)4 ( 1 !+ )5 ( 3 2)6 (4 2

The Active Participle (/01 2)

The active participle (/01 2) indicates the person or being from whom the action emanates, e.g. (O`UW2) a person who listens.

In 3-root letter verbs (78 9:9), the (/01 2) is formed by adding an (L) after the first letter, rendering a (s) to the second letter and (>A) to the final letter. Thus, (/^W


Page 67

&'J ! 3$ ! 1! m = a/U0


Page 68

Exercise 13

Conjugate the (/01 2) of the following verbs: )1( XOWF[oW> )2( XeX[W> )3( XdU[iW> )4( D/W[oW> )5( XOW[FW> )6( D/U[5W> )7( D/XM[=W> )8( X_W[oW> )9( X=Xb1W> )10( DW![W>



Page 69

The Passive Participle (1 2)

The passive participle (1 2) is that entity on which the action occurs, e.g. (_`[X*b1W) the thing which is opened. It is formed by adding a (_*1 %) at the beginning, a () after the second letter and (>A) at the end. The first root letter ( B"() becomes (2) while the second one becomes (%F). The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the

(/01 2). Like the (/01 2), it also has six word-forms.

&'J ! C47! 1! m = a[Xb1W m HA [Xb1W&^U' m O} '^[D[Xb1W w#~ = a ^[Xb1W w#~ HA U'W*^[Xb1W w#~ O} [Xb1W&^N`



Page 70

Exercise 14

Conjugate the ( 1 2 ) of the following verbs:

)1( XUBb4W> )2( X6UmbQW> )3( XB^[W> )4( X=W[+W> )5( DW![W> )6( D/U[5W> )7( D/XM[=W> )8( XdU[iW> )9( D/W[oW> )10( XOW[FW>



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The Elative (/1* 2)

The (/1* 2) is a derived noun that indicates the comparative or superlative degree e.g. (D/Wb


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&'J ! 3' ! 1! m = D/Wb


Page 73

Exercise 15

Conjugate the (/1* 2) of the following verbs:

)1( X%XbQW> )2( D/XF[oW> )3( XX[iW> )4( XX[+W> )5( DW![W> )6( D/U[5W> )7( D/XM[=W> )8( XdU[iW> )9( D/W[oW> )10( XOW[FW>



Page 74

The ( !+ 1")

The ( 1" !+ ) is a derived noun referring to the permanent quality of an entity, e.g. (a/[UFW$) beautiful. The (/01 2) on the other hand describes a temporary quality e.g. (OÙW2) listening at the moment. A person will only be referred to as

(6ÙW) if the quality of (6[W) emanates from him whereas the attribute of (a/[UFW$) applies to a person all the time.The ( 1" !+) is always intransitive (%&) even though it may be constructed from a transitive verb (=*). Hence the difference between (OÙW2) and (O`[UFW2) is that (OÙW2) indicates a being listening at the moment while (O`[UFW2) indicates a being which permanently has the quality of listening even though there may

be no object. Therefore one can say (WWB^^ OÙW2), but to say (WWB^^ O`[UFW2) is incorrect. The ( !+ 1") has six word-forms like the (/01 2). For the dual and plural forms, changes are made to the end as in the (/01 2).

Hereunder follows the paradigm of the ( 1" !+ ):



Page 75

&'J ! D?Q ( m = `WW m HA WWWU' m O} '^[XWW w#~ = a WWW w#~ HA U'W*WWW w#~ O} N`WWW

The ( !+ 1") is used on many scales for which there is no rule. It is based on (-) as heard from the Arabs. Sometimes a (), () or () is inserted after the second alphabet, e.g. (`WoX), (`[DKW), (L`[>UW). Sometimes the root-form remains intact but a change occurs in the harakt, e.g. (d`[W"), (d`XX$), (`b1U"). Some of the more common scales are listed hereunder.

Scale Example Meaning a/W


Page 76

aW


Page 77

The paradigm including the dual and plural cases is as follows:

Scales Examples a/Wb1U `W[U U'B^Wb1U U'WW[U D/U01^W XU"WW a B^Wb1U asWW[U

UU'W*B^Wb1 U'WAWW[U D/U01^W XU"WW aWb1U `W[U U'^Wb1U U'WW[U D/[U01^W X[U"WW

Sometimes the underived noun (=$) is used to denote an instrument. Different scales are used for this purpose but there is no rule for arriving at a particular scale. Examples:

(\`bq


Page 78

Exercise 16

(a) Conjugate the ( 2 3 ) of the following verbs:

)5 (W4^W#

)4 (WrWj^ )3 (W7WW )2 (WW^ )1 (W]W*


Page 79

The Adverb (4 2)

The (4 2) is a derived noun that indicates the place or time of the action. If the word indicates the place of the action, it

is called ('Q ) and if it indicates the time of the action, it is called ('? ). It is made by adding a (_*1 %) at the beginning of the root letters. It has two scales, namely (a/Wb1W) and (a/Ub1W). If the () is (G _*1) or (G %F) or ( K#J ), the (4 2) will be on the scale of (a/Wb1W), e.g. (]`W*b1W), (`W[W) and ([W). If the () is (G Q) or (H), the (4 2) will be on the scale of (a/Ub1W), e.g. (6Ù[W) and (OÙK[W).

The paradigm including the dual and plural forms is as follows:

]` 'KHO =! D/U01^W Wb1W:Û' a/Wb1W scale X]UA1^W U'WiW*b1W ]`W*b1W example

The (4 2) is often constructed from the underived noun (=$) on the scale of (a B^Wb1W) to indicate an excess of that object in that place, e.g.



Page 80

(asW=W2bW) a place of many lions - derived from (=`W2(^) lion, (a WW![W) a place of many predators - derived from (O`X!W2) predator,

(a Wf^[!W) a place of many ducks - derived from (`[fU) duck.

There are certain words, which according to the rule should have

a ( i*


Page 81

(a B^WibQX) antimony bottle, from (a/[iD) - antimony. The scale of (a ^WD


Page 82

The Intensive Adjective ( 5! 5")

The ( 5! 5") is a noun that indicates excess in meaning of the verbal noun e.g. (6`hW) one who hits a lot. The difference between ( 5! 5") and (/1* 2) is that in ( 5! 5"), the excess meaning is limited to itself without taking others into

consideration whereas in the (/1* 2), the excess in meaning is in comparison to others. Hence (=hFWiX [U X6W[(^) or (U%[)^b X6W[(^) is in comparison to others while (6`hW) is not in comparison to anyone.

In the ( 5! 5"), there is no difference in gender. Sometimes a (s) is added for excess in meaning, e.g. (a WBW0 a/X$W) a very learned man, (a WBW0 as(^W[U) - a very learned woman.

When (a/[U


Page 83

( " 5! 5 ):

Scale Example Meaning a/U


Page 84

Exercise 18

(A) Translate the following sentences into Arabic: (1) He is very agile. (2) This book is very strange. (3) The principal awards many prizes. (4) Ab Bakr is very truthful. (5) She is a big eater. (6) Allh is very knowledgeable. (7) The king was a shedder of blood. (8) The student is very cautious. (9) His mother is very patient. (10) The mujhid is extremely brave.

(B) What is the scale of the following ( 5! "): )1( `h!W$ )2( aWb1U )3( U"g`[>= )4( a Wh


Page 85

The Categories (6() of Verbs The (6() of (78 9:9)

You have already learnt that the verbs of (78 9:9) three root-letter verbs have six categories (6() plural of (6).

The First (6): ( WWW# XX[W> ) (D/Xb1W> /^W


Page 86

The Second (6) : ( W6WW X6U[W> ) (D/Ub1W> /^W


Page 87

WFUBQ^b) or ( WFUBQ^b X%&^) is from the ( )B ), will be from (]*< 6). The abbreviated paradigm of this (6) and the remaining (6() is similar to the above-mentioned examples.

The Fourth (6) : ( WOUFW2 W>XOWF[ ) (D/Wb1W> /^U


Page 88

The Fifth (6) : ( W%X^ W>X%XbQ ) (D/Xb1W> /^XU^ WX W%X^X[hW [%XbD( X;[U X[q^b^ %`[XbQW X;[U X[4 [%XbQWA &^ X;[W0

U/[Ub1h* D/Wb


Page 89

from this (6). However, verbs that are (H)9 or (L1)10 have been used, e.g. (DUW> ^UW) and ([UBW> WUW). The verb (WdUW) has also been used with a ( i*).

9 A word having a () or () as the ( ,< FBQ ).

10 A word having two ( B ).

XdW[iX> WdUX W d`U2W WX WdUW6`[X[iW WX


Page 90

Exercise 19

Conjugate the following verbs as done above:

)1( WdW*^ )2( W]W!W2 )3( WUBW0 )4( WUW# )5( /^WFW )6( WLXW )7( WXW )8( WdB^l^ )9( WOWW )10 (W6WWp



Page 91

The (6() of ( >? 9:9;< = ) The Derived Forms of the Triliteral Verb

Arabic is extremely rich and copious in derived forms which extend or modify the meaning of the root form of the verb, giving many exact shades of meaning. This is a common feature of Semitic languages and perhaps it reaches its pinnacle in Arabic.

Derived forms are made by adding letters before or between the

root letters of the simple verb. Accordingly, (WWW#), which is the root, means to help. From this verb the following verbs are derived with differing meanings:

Verb Meaning

WW"W# to support

WhWWA to try to help

WW"WWA to render mutual assistance

WWW*[#U( to come to someones aid

WW[W*[2U( to ask for assistance

Another example of derived verbs is (/^W*K^) which means to kill. When extra letters are added to this root, the following meanings are achieved.



Page 92

Verb Meaning

/^h*K^ to massacre

/^WAK^ to combat, battle

/^W*W*bKU( to fight with one another

/^W*b)W*[2U( to risk ones life

Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have

only one (like h6v^ to drive away) or two (like WLWWM to sink), while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.

Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms

are used, e.g. ( WdhAW - to arrange).

The (6() of (;< =>? 9:9) are twelve in total. They are formed by adding extra letters to the ( /1) of ( 9:978). Upto a maximum of three extra letters can be added to a verb, thus bringing the maximum number of letters of a verb to six (root letters plus extra letters).

Seven of these (6() have (/" s?) at the beginning while five do not have. Besides (78 9:9), every letter with a ( ) will become (%F) in the ( ) except for the



Page 93

penultimate letter which will be (Q). The (2) will remain as it is,

e.g. (WdUX*[$D(), (WU[X*[2D().

When (W) or (&^) are used in the (1 ), the (/" s?) will not be pronounced as will the (L) of the (W) and (&^), e.g. (WdWW*[$ W), (WUfD1[# &^).



Page 94

The 12 (6() of (;< =>? 9:9) are as follows:

)* Example Extra Letters 3( ! a /C.4V-A W%Wb(^ ( Of) s? /32'-4V.O WhW" C no hamza

/,.$,R /^WAK^ no hamza

/C.4-V-A WdWW*[$U@ N y ( /" s? /C.4-2B-A Wf^1^[#U@ ' y ( /" s? /C,-4V-A hWF[U@ E y ( /" s? /3b4,.O /^h!)^WA C y N no hamza

/3R$,.O /^W)^WA y N no hamza

/C.4V-2-A WW[W*[2U@ N y \ y ( /" s? -4V-A/C.42' WW[W+[MU@ y ( /" s?

/C,2'-4V-A h%Wp[7U@ E y y ( /" s? /C!c-4V-A v^hB^[$U@ C y ( /" s?



Page 95

Construction of the Derived Nouns

To construct the (/01 2) of any (6) besides (78 9:9), the ( ) is modified by adding a (%F %) at the beginning and making the penultimate letter (Q) if it is not already (Q). Examples:

X%UbQX> %`UbQX XWX> `WX D/UA)^X> a/UA)^X

The (1 2) is like the (/01 2) except that the penultimate letter is (_*1). Examples:

X%UbQX> %`WbQX XWX> `hWX D/UA)^X> a/WA)^X

The (4 2) of these (6() is used on the scale of the (1 2). There is neither ( 3 2) nor (/1* 2) in these (6(). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( 3 2),



Page 96

the words (U;UW) are added to the (=) for this purpose, e.g. (X6WU*[$Ub U;UW) the means of refraining.

To express the (/1* 2), the word (=W(^) is used before the (6 =), e.g. (WU*[$U@ =W(^) more refraining. Words like (XH^b(^), (/K^(^) etc. can also be used.



Page 97

The Abbreviated Paradigm (5" ") of Each (6)

C4A )* ^ %`WbQX WX W%UbD(W %`UbQX WX W%Wb(^ X[q^b

[%UbQXA &^ X;[W0 X[hW [%Ub(^ X;[U

The sign of ( 6PP PPX%Ubq^ ) becomes ( X%UPbQX>). The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern.

The detailed paradigms of this verb are provided hereunder.

11 A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any

letter.



Page 98

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^X>[%UbQ U[%UbQX X%UbQX> W%Wb(^ bQX> &^WU UWUbQX WUbQX>U' WWb(^

XUbQX> &^[ UXUbQX[ XUbQX>'^[ XWb(^[ [%UbQXA &^ U[%UbQX* X%UbQXA WWb(^[R WUbQXA &^ UWUbQX* WUbQXAU' WWb(^W* [UbQX> &^W U[UbQXW [UbQX>W W[Wb(^ [%UbQXA &^ [%Ub(^ X%UbQXA WR[Wb(^ WUbQXA &^ WUb(^ WUbQXAU' [Wb(^WFX*

[XUbQXA &^ XUb(^[ [XUbQXA'^ [Wb(^[X* [UUbQXA &^ UUb(^[ [UUbQXAW [Wb(^UR WUbQXA &^ WUb(^ WUbQXAU' [Wb(^WFX* [UbQXA &^W (^[UbW [UbQXAW [Wb(^hX* [%UbTD( &^ [%UbTDqU X%UbTD( [Wb(^XR [%UbQX# &^ [%UbQXU X%UbQX# [Wb(^W

/PP01 PP2 : y a PPWUbQX y '^[PPXUbQX y U'PPWUbQX y %`UPPbQXN`WUbQX y U'W*WUbQX .



Page 99

Exercise 20

Conjugate the following verbs:

)1 ( WB^[$(^)2 ( W=W[(^)3 ( WW[(^)4 ( /^W2[(^)5 (WW![M(^

3'4O )* WXU[WA XhWX> WX"W `WX WXU[WA XWX> WhW"

[WXA &^ X;[W0 X[hW [W" X;[U X[q^b^ `hWX

The sign of (/1A 6) is the tashdd of the ( FBQ G0) in the () and ( () without a (N) preceding the ( ,< FBQ). The ( :0) of this (6) is also always (%F). The (=) of this (6) is also used on the following scales: ( W


Page 100

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^[WX> XU[W XWX> WhW" &^


Page 101

Exercise 21


)1 ( WBW2)2 ( /^h!K^)3 ( Wh+W)4 ( Wh=K^)5 (Wrh=W"

$ )* [U X[q^b^ a/WA)^X WX /^UA[DKW a/UA)^X WX /^WAK^ X;

b/UA)^XA &^ X;[W0 X[hW b/UAK^

The sign of ( B01 6) is the (s=I L) after the ( FBQ ,


Page 102

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^b/UA)^X> Ub/UA)^X )^X>D/UA /^WAK^ &^:ÛA)^X> U:ÛA)^X :ÛA)^X>U' :^WAK^ &^[DBUA)^X> U[DBUA)^X [DBUA)^X>'^ DBWAK^[ &^b/UA)^XA Ub/UA)^X* D/UA)^XA B^WAK^[R &^:ÛA)^XA U:ÛA)^X* :ÛA)^XAU' B^WAK^W* &^bBUA)^X>W UbBUA)^XW X>bBUA)^W WbBWAK^

b/UA)^XA &^ b/UAK^ D/UA)^XA WRbBWAK^ &^:ÛA)^XA :ÛAK^ :ÛA)^XAU' bBWAK^WFX* &^[DBUA)^XA [DBUAK^ DBUA)^XA['^ bBWAK^[X* &^[UBUA)^XA [UBUAK^ UBUA)^XA[W bBWAKÛR &^:ÛA)^XA :ÛAK^ :ÛA)^XAU' bBWAK^WFX* &^bBUA)^XAW bBUAK^W bBUA)^XAW bBWAK^hX* &^b/UAK^D( b/UAK^DqU D/UAK^D( bBWAK^XR &^b/UA)^X# Ub/UA)^X D/UA)^X# bBWAK^W

/01 2 : y a/UA)^X:ÛA)^X y U' DBUAP)^X y '^[ PBÛA)^X y a BÛA)^X U'PW* yUA)^X:^ N`.



Page 103

Exercise 22


)1 ( WdK^W)2 ( W=WpW)3 ( WO


Page 104

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

7! 6547!

&^[Uf1^[W> [Uf1^[WU XUf1^[W> Wf^1^[#U@ &^WUf1^[W> UWUf1^[W WUf1^[W>U' Wf^1^[#U@ &^[XUf1^[W> U[XUf1^[W [XUf1^[W>'^ Xf^1^[#U@[ &^[Uf1^[WA [Uf1^[W*U XUf1^[WA Wf^1^[#U@[N &^WUf1^[WA UW*WUf1^[ WUf1^[WAU' Wf^1^[#U@WA &^[Uf1^[W>'^ U[Uf1^[W'^ [Uf1^[W>'^ [f^1^[#U@'^

[Uf1^[WA &^ [Uf1^[#U@ XUf1^[WA [f^1^[#U@WN &^WUf1^[WA WUf1^[#U@ WUf1^[WAU' [f^1^[#U@WFXA &^[XUf1^[WA XUf1^[#U@[ XUf1^[WA['^ [f^1^[#U@[XA &^[UUf1^[WA UUf1^[#U@[ UUf1^[WA[>W [f^1^[#U@UN &^WUf1^[WA WUf1^[#U@ WUf1^[WAU' [f^1^[#U@WFXA &^[Uf1^[WA'^ [Uf1^[#U@'^ [Uf1^[WA'^ [f^1^[#U@hXA &^[Uf1^[#S^( U[Uf1^[#S^q XUf1^[#S^( [f^1^[#U@XN &^W#[Uf1^[ U[Uf1^[W XUf1^[W# [f^1^[#U@W#

/P01 2 : `PUf1^[X y WPUf1^[X y U' XPUf1^[X y '^[ WPUf1^[X y asWUf1^[X y U'WAWUf1^[X N`.



Page 105

Exercise 23


)1 ( WWQ^[#U@)2 ( WLW+Q^[#U@)3 ( WdB^)^[#U@)4 (W[#U@ W=)^)5 (WWW[#U@

C4! )* WX WdUX*[$D(W d`UW*[oX WX WdWW*[$U@

[dUW*[oWA &^ X;[W0 X[hW [dUW*[$U@ X;[U X[q^b^ d`WW*[oX

The sign of (*


Page 106

(2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to (v) and then the rule of (%l7@) is applied to the ( FBQ ,


Page 107

(1) The () is changed to () and the rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. (WB^W*bU@) changes to (WB^jU@). (2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (WB^f^bU@). (3) The () is changed to () and the rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. (WB^W*bU@) changes to (WB^U@).

If the ( FBQ ,


Page 108

Rule 4

If the ( FBQ G0) of (*


Page 109

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^[dUW*[oW> U[dUW*[oW W*[oW>XdU WdWW*[$U@ &^W!UW*[oW> UW!UW*[oW W!UW*[oW>U' W!WW*[$U@ &^[X!UW*[oW> UX!UW*[oW[ X!UW*[oW>['^ [X!WW*[$U@ &^[dUW*[oWA U[dUW*[oW* XdUW*[oWA W!WW*[$U@[R &^W!UW*[oWA UW!UW*[oW* W!UW*[oWAU' W!WW*[$U@W* &^W>[!UW*[oW U[!UW*[oWW [!UW*[oW>W [!WW*[$U@W &^[dUW*[oWA [dUW*[$U@ XdUW*[oWA [!WW*[$U@WR &^W!UW*[oWA W!UW*[$U@ W!UW*[oWAU' [!WW*[$U@WFX* &^[X!UW*[oWA X!UW*[$U@[ X!UW*[oWA['^ [!WW*[$U@[X* &^[U!UW*[oWA U!UW*[$U@[ U!UW*[oWA[W [!WW*[$U@UR &^W!UW*[oWA W!UW*[$U@ W!UW*[oWAU' [!WW*[$U@WFX* &^[!UW*[oWAW [!UW*[$U@W [!UW*[oWAW [!WW*[$U@hX* &^[dUW*[$(^ U[dUW*[$q^ XdUW*[$(^ [!WW*[$U@XR &^[dUW*[oW# U[dUW*[oW XdUW*[oW# [!WW*[$U@W

/P01 2 : `dPUW*[oX y PW!UW*[oX y U' PX!UW*[oX y '^[ PW!UW*[oX y a W!UW*[oX y U'W*W!UW*[oX N`.



Page 110

Exercise 24


)1 ( WOWFW*[$U@)2 ( /^WFW*[U@)3 ( W%WW*[U@)4 ( WOWFW*[2U@)5 (/^W5W*[U@

/C,-4V-A )* hWF[U@ [UWF[U@ WF[U@ hWF[U@ X;[U X[q^b^ WF[iX WX

[UWF[iWA &^ WF[iWA &^ hWF[iWA &^ X;W0 X[hW

The sign of (:


Page 111

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^hWF[iW> UhWF[iW WF[iW> U@hWF[ &^hWF[iW> UhWF[iW hWF[iW>U' hWF[U@ &^WF[iW>[ UWF[iW[ WF[iW>['^ WF[U@[ &^hWF[iWA UhWF[iW* WF[iWA hWF[U@[N &^hWF[iWA UhWF[iW* hWF[iWAU' hWF[U@WA &^[UWF[iW>'^ U[UWF[iW'^ [UWF[iW>'^ [WWF[U@'^

&^hWF[iWA hWF[U@ WF[iWA [WWF[U@WN &^hWF[iWA hWF[U@ hWF[iWAU' [WWF[U@WFXA &^WF[iWA[ WF[U@[ WF[iWA['^ [WWF[U@[XA &^WF[iWA[ WF[U@[ WF[iWA[>W [WWF[U@UN &^[iWAhWF hWF[U@ hWF[iWAU' [WWF[U@WFXA &^[UWF[iWA'^ [UWF[U@'^ [UWF[iWA'^ [WWF[U@hXA

&^(^hWF[ q^UhWF[ (^WF[ [WWF[U@XN &^W#hWF[i WUhWF[i W#WF[i [WWF[U@W#

/P01 2 : PWF[iX y hPWF[iX y U' PWF[iXT y '^[ ShPWF[iX y ashWF[iX y U'WAhWF[iX N`.



Page 112

Exercise 25


)1 ( h7W[2U@)2 ( hW[MU@)3 ( hW!blU@)4 ( h1^["U@)5 (hW[U@

/3b4,.O )* /^!D)XAW a/!)^W*X WX /^h!)^WA X;[U X[q^b^ a/h!)^W*X WX

b/h!)^W*WA &^ X;W0 X[hW b/h!)^WA

The sign of (/C1A 6) is the tashdd of the ( FBQ G0) and (N) precedes the ( FBQ ,


Page 113

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^b/h!)^W*W> Ub/h!)^W*W D/h!)^W*W> /^h!)^WA &^:^h!)^W*W> U:^h!)^W*W :^h!)^W*W>U' :^h!)^WA &^DBh!)^W*W>[ UDBh!)^W*W[ DBh!)^W*W>['^ WADBh!)^[ &^b/h!)^W*WA Ub/h!)^W*W* D/h!)^W*WA B^h!)^WA[R &^:^h!)^W*WA U:^h!)^W*W* :^h!)^W*WAU' B^h!)^WAW* &^bBh!)^W*W>W UbBh!)^W*WW bBh!)^W*W>W bBh!)^WAW &^b/h!)^W*WA b/h!)^WA D/h!)^W*WA bBh!)^WAWR &^:^h!)^W*WA :^h!)^WA :^h!)^W*WAU' bBh!)^WAWFX* &^DBh!)^W*WA[ DBh!)^WA[ DBh!)^W*WA['^ bBh!)^WA[X* &^UBh!)^W*WA[ UBh!)^WA[ UBh!)^W*WA[W bBh!)^WAUR &^:^h!)^W*WA :^h!)^WA :^h!)^W*WAU' bBh!)^WAWFX* &^bBh!)^W*WAW bBh!)^WAW bBh!)^W*WAW bBh!)^WAhX* &^b/h!)^WA(^ Ub/h!)^WAq^ D/h!)^WA(^ bBh!)^WAXR &^b/h!)^W*W# Ub/h!)^W*W D/h!)^W*W# bBh!)^WAW

/01 2 : a/!)^W*X y:^!)^W*X y U'DB!)^W*X y '^[ PB^!)^W*X y a B^!)^W*X y U'PW*:^!)^W*X N`.



Page 114

Exercise 26


)1 ( WBWWA)2 (W%h=)^WA) 3 ( WBQ^WA)4 ( WdhoWWA)5 (WBWWA

/3R$,.O )* :X^)WA D/W)^W*W> /^W^)WAXAW a/U^)W*X WX /^U[D) a/W^)W*X WX


Page 115

Rule 2

If the ( FBQ ,


Page 116

!6DK547! 547! 9! 87!547!

67!547!

&^b/W)^W*W> Ub/W)^W*W D/W)^W*W> /^W)^WA &^)^W*W>:^W U:^W)^W*W :^W)^W*W>U' :^W)^WA &^DBW)^W*W>[ UDBW)^W*W[ DBW)^W*W>['^ DBW)^WA[ &^b/W)^W*WA Ub/W)^W*W* D/W)^W*WA B^W)^WA[R &^:^W)^W*WA U:^W)^W*W* :^W)^W*WAU' B^W)^WAW* &^bBW)^W*W>W UW*WbBW)^W bBW)^W*W>W bBW)^WAW &^b/W)^W*WA b/W)^WA D/W)^W*WA bBh!)^WAWR &^W)^W*WA:^ :^W)^WA :^W)^W*WAU' bBW)^WAWFX* &^DBW)^W*WA[ DBW)^WA[ DBW)^W*WA['^ bBW)^WA[X* &ÛBW)^W*WA[ UBW)^WA[ UBW)^W*WA[W bBh!)^WAUR &^:^W)^W*WA :^W)^WA :^W)^W*WAU' bBW)^WAWFX* &^bBW)^W*WAW bBW)^WAW bBW)^W*WAW bBW)^WAhX* &^b/W)^WA(^ Ub/W)^WAq^ D/W)^WA(^ bBW)^WAXR &^b/W)^W*W# Ub/W)^W*W D/W)^W*W# bBW)^WAW

/01 2: a/U)^W*X y:Û)^W*X y U'DBU)^W*X y '^[BÛ)^W*X y a BÛ)^W*X y U'W*:Û)^W*X N`.



Page 117

Exercise 27


)1 ( ^W7WiWA)2 ( /^WA)^WA)3 ( WrW1^WA)4 ( WWp4^WA)5 (WAWW"W

/C.4V-2-A )* W*[W> WW[W*[2U@ W[U*[2U@ XW[W*[X> WU[X*[2D(W `U[W*[X WX


Page 118

!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^[U[W*[W> U[U[W*[W XU[W*[W> WW[W*[2U@ &^WU[W*[W> UWU[W*[W WU[W*[W>U' WW[W*[2U@ &^XU[W*[W>[ UXU[W*[W[ XU[W*[W>['^ XW[W*[2U@[ &^[U[W*[WA UU[W*[W*[ XU[W*[WA WW[W*[2U@[N &^WU[W*[WA UWU[W*[W* WU[W*[WAU' WW[W*[2U@WA &^[U[W*[W>'^ U[U[W*[W'^ [U[W*[W>'^ [W[W*[2U@'^

&^[U[W*[WA [U[W*[2U@ XU[W*[WA [W[W*[2U@WN &^WU[W*[WA U[W*[2U@^ WU[W*[WAU' [W[W*[2U@WFXA &^XU[W*[WA[ XU[W*[2U@[ XU[W*[WA['^ [W[W*[2U@[XA &ÛU[W*[WA[ U[W*[2U@[ UU[W*[WA[>W [W[W*[2U@UN &^WU[W*[WA U[W*[2U@^ WU[W*[WAU' [W[W*[2U@WFXA &Û[W*[WA['^ [U[W*[2U@'^ [U[W*[WA'^ [W[W*[2U@hXA &^[U[W*[2(^ U[U[W*[2q^ (^XU[W*[2 [W[W*[2U@XN &^[U[W*[W# U[U[W*[W XU[W*[W# [W[W*[2U@W#

/01 2 :Ù[W*[X y U[W*[X y U'^XU[W*[X y '^[WU[W*[Xas y WU[W*[X y U'WAU[W*[X N`^.



Page 119

Exercise 28


)1 ( WW[iW*[2U@)2 ( /^W!b)W*[2U@)3 ( WB^[W*[2U@)4 ( W=W[+W*[2U@)5 (W%W=[W*[2U@

/C.42'-4V-A )* `U[W+[X WX WW[W+[MU@ [U[W+[MU@ ; .

[U[W+[WA &^ ;0

The sign of (aW[Ub


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!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^[U[W+[W> U[U[W+[W XU[W+[W> WW[W+[MU@ &^WU[W+[W> UWU[W+[W WU[W+[W>U' WW[W+[MU@ &^XU[W+[W>[ UXU[W+[W[ XU[W+[W>['^ XW[W+[MU@[ &^[U[W+[WA U[U[W+[W* XU[W+[WA WW[W+[MU@[R &^WU[W+[WA UWU[W+[W* WU[W+[WAU' WW[W+[MU@W* &Û[W+[W>h UU[W+[Wh W+[W>U[h W[W+[MU@h &^[U[W+[WA [U[W+[MU@ XU[W+[WA [W[W+[MU@WR &^WU[W+[WA U[W+[MU@^ WU[W+[WAU' [W[W+[MU@WFX* &^XU[W+[WA[ XU[W+[MU@[ XU[W+[WA['^ [W[W+[MU@[X* &ÛU[W+[WA[ UU[W+[MU@[ WAUU[W+[[W [W[W+[MU@UR &^WU[W+[WA U[W+[MU@^ WU[W+[WAU' [W[W*[2U@WFXA &Û[W+[WAh U[W+[MU@h U[W+[WAh [W[W+[MU@hX* &^[U[W+[M(^ U[U[W+[Mq^ XU[W+[M(^ [W[W+[MU@XR &^[U[W+[W# U[U[W+[W XU[W+[W# W[W+[MU@h

/01 2 :Ù[W+[X y WU[W+[X y U'XU[W+[X y '^[WU[W+[X a yWU[W+[X y U'W*U[W+[X N`^.



Page 121

Exercise 29


)1 ( W6W7[W=[U@)2 ( W]^[B^[U@)3 ( Wg^[B^[MU@

-A )*/C,2'-4V [UWp[7U@ %Wp[7U@ h%Wp[7U@ ; . %Wp[=X WX h%Wp[7U@

[UWp[=WA &^ %Wp[=WA &^ h%Wp[=WA &^ ;0

The sign of (aB^[Ub


Page 122

!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^h%Wp[=W> Uh%Wp[=W %Wp[=W> h%Wp[7U@ &^hWp[=W> UhWp[=W hWp[=W>U' hWp[7U@ &^Wp[=W>[ UWp[=W[ Wp[=W>['^ Wp[7U@[ &^h%Wp[=WA Uh%Wp[=W* %Wp[=WA hWp[7U@[R &^hWp[=WA UhWp[=W* hWp[=WAU' hWp[7U@W* &^[FUWp[=W>W U[FUWp[=WW [FUWp[=W>W U@W[FWWp[7

&^h%Wp[=WA h%Wp[7U@ %Wp[=WA [FWWp[7U@WR &^hWp[=WA hWp[7U@ hWp[=WAU' [FWWp[7U@WFX* &^Wp[=WA[ Wp[7U@[ Wp[=WA['^ X*[FWWp[7U@[ &^[Wp[=WA Wp[7U@[ [Wp[=WAW [FWWp[7U@UR &^WAhWp[= hWp[7U@ hWp[=WAU' [FWWp[7U@WFX* &^[FUWp[=WAW W[FUWp[7U@ [FUWp[=WAW [FWWp[7U@hX*

&^h%Wp[7(^ Uh%Wp[7q^ %Wp[7(^ [FWWp[7U@XR &^h%Wp[=W# Uh%Wp[=W %Wp[=W# [FWWp[7U@W

/01 2 : %Wp[=X y[=XhWp y U'Wp[=X y '^[hWp[=X y a hWp[=X y U'W*hWp[=X N`.



Page 123

Exercise 30


)1 ( h6W[U@)2 ( hNWFbU@)3 ( hWF[2U@)4 (hWF[U@

/C!c-4V-A )*

B^[8 WX v^hB^[$U@ ^& ;0 bvB^[$U@ ; . avbvB^[oWA

The sign of (ahUb


Page 124

!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^W>bvB^[o UbvB^[oW DvB^[oW> v^hB^[$U@ &^v^B^[oW> Uv^B^[oW v^B^[oW>U' v^hB^[$U@ &^DvB^[oW>[ UDvB^[oW[ DvB^[oW>['^ DvhB^[$U@[ &^bvB^[oWA UbvB^[oW* DvB^[oWA v^hB^[$U@[N &^v^B^[oWA UW*v^B^[o v^B^[oWAU' v^hB^[$U@WA &^bvB^[oW>'^ UbvB^[oW'^ bvB^[oW>'^ bvhB^[$U@'^

bvB^[oWA &^ bvB^[$U@ DvB^[oWA bvhB^[$U@WN &^v^B^[oWA vB^[$U@^ v^B^[oWAU' bvhB^[$U@WFXA &^WADvB^[o[ DvB^[$U@[ TDvB^[oWA['^ bvhB^[$U@XA[ &^UvB^[oWA[ UvB^[$U@[ UvB^[oWA[>W bvhB^[$U@UN &^v^B^[oWA vB^[$U@^ v^B^[oWAU' bvhB^[$U@WFXA &^bvB^[oWA'^ '^bvB^[$U@ '^bvB^[oWA bvhB^[$U@hXA &^bvB^[$(^ UbvB^[$q^ (^DvB^[$ bvhB^[$U@XN &^bvB^[oW# UbvB^[oW W#DvB^[o bvhB^[$U@W#

/01 2 :X avB^[o yv^B^[oX y U'DvB^[oX y '^[v^B^[oX y asv^B^[oX U'WA yvB^[oX N`^.



Page 125

Exercise 31

(A) Conjugate the following verbs:

)1 ([MU@ ^hW )2 ( ^hB^[0U@

(B) What is the ( 5") of the following words: )1 (DvB^[oX'^[ )2 (Uv^B^[oW' )3 ( &^UUjB^[WA[ )4 (j^hW[Xa )5 (vB^[$U@^ )6 (hX*bjhW[MU@ )7 (WbjhB^[0U@ )8 (XN[WWF[U@ )9 (U'hAWFbQW> )10 (&^ [UWF[WA'^



Page 126

Four-Root letter Verbs

The (6() of (0)

/,,24, )* e F 6$* ; . `H^[W!X WX WUH[X W `UH[W!X WX WH^[W

[UH[W!XA &^ ;0 [UH[W

The sign of (a B^B^[), (XWX>), (D/UA)^X>), (XUH[W!X>). If the ( /1) has less than or more than four letters, the ( :0) will be (_*1), e.g. (XX[W>), ( W*[oW>XdU ), (D/W)^W*W>).

Four-root letter verbs are of three types:

(1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. (WW$[WA) to translate.

(2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. (Wl^[l^)



Page 127

to gargle, (WW*[FWA) to stammer.

(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination of roots, e.g. (^W=[FW) to say Al-hamdulillh, (/^WF[W) to say Bismillh.

Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.



Page 128

!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 7!547! 6

&^[UH[W!X> U[UH[W!X XUH[W!X> WH^[W &^WUH[W!X> UWUH[W!X WUH[W!X>U' WH^[W &^XUH[W!X>[ UXUH[W!X[ XUH[W!X>['^ XH^[W[ &^[UH[W!XA [UH[W!X* XUH[W!XA WH^[W[N &^WUH[W!XA UWUH[W!X* WUH[W!XAU' WH^[WWA &^[UH[W!X>'^ U[UH[W!X'^ [UH[W!X>'^ [H^[W'^

[UH[W!XA &^ [UH[W XUH[W!XA [H^[WWN &^WUH[W!XA UH[W^ WUH[W!XAU' XA[H^[WWF &^XUH[W!XA[ XUH[W[ XUH[W!XA['^ [H^[WXA[ &^W!XAUUH[[ UUH[W[ UUH[W!XA[>W [H^[WUN &^WUH[W!XA UH[W^ WUH[W!XAU' [H^[WWFXA &^'^[UH[W!XA [UH[W'^ [UH[W!XA'^ [H^[WhXA &^[UH[WD( U[UH[WDq XUH[WD( [H^[WXN &^[UH[W!X# U[UH[W!X XUH[W!X# [H^[WW#

/01 2 : `UH[W!X yWUH[W!X y U'XUH[W!X y '^[WUH[W!X y asWUH[W!X y U'WAUH[W!X N`^.



Page 129

Exercise 32


)1 ( WeW[W7 )2 ( WQ^[W0 )3 ( WW[MW )4 ( W\W=[Wp )5 (Wf^[K^

(B) What is the ( 5") of the following words: )1 ( &^[eU[W=XA )2 (`Q^[WX )3 ( &^UU=[W=XA[ )4 (bU?bW )5 (\`U=[WX )6 ('^[XUf[)^X> )7 ([X*[K^[


Page 130

The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs

f' =W 6$* */3N24,.O )

^& ;0 b/W[WWA ; . a/U[WW*X WX /^W[WWA b/W[WW*WA

The sign of (a/DB[1^WA 6) is the extra (N) before the four root letters.

Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.



Page 131

!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^b/W[WW*W> Ub/W[WW*W D/W[WW*W> /^W[WWA &^:^W[WW*W> U:^W[WW*W :^W[WW*W>U' :^W[WWA &^DBW[WW*W>[ UDBW[WW*W[ DBW[WW*W>['^ DBW[WWA[ &^ b/W[WW*WA Ub/W[WW*W* D/W[WW*WA B^W[WWA[R &^:^W[WW*WA U:^W[WW*W* :^W[WW*WAU' B^W[WWAW* &^bBW[WW*W>W UbBW[WW*WW bBW[WW*W>W WbBW[WWA

b/W[WW*WA &^ b/W[WWA D/W[WW*WA bBW[WWAWR &^W[WW*WA:^ :^W[WWA :^W[WW*WAU' bBW[WWAWFX* &^TTDBW[WW*WA[ DBW[WWA[ TTDBW[WW*WA['^ X*bBW[WWA[ &ÛBW[WW*WA[ UBW[WWA[ UBW[WW*WA[W bBW[WWAUR &^:^W[WW*WA :^W[WWA :^W[WW*WAU' bBW[WWAWFX* &^WW*WAWbBW[ WbBW[WWA WbBW[WW*WA bBW[WWAhX* &^(^b/W[WWA Uq^b/W[WWA TD/W[WWA(^ bBW[WWAXR &^b/W[WW*W# UWb/W[WW* D/W[WW*W# bBW[WWAW

/01 2 : a/U[WW*X y:Û[WW*X y U'DBU[WW*X y '^[BÛ[WW*Xy a BÛ[WW*X y U'W*:Û[WW*X N`.



Page 132

Exercise 33


)1 ( WdWpbmWFWA)2 ( /^W[WWA)3 ( WrW=[#W?WA)4 ( WW*[W!WA)5 (WB^[WFWA

/Cd-4V-A )* UW+bKU@ ; . UW+b)X WX hWW+bKU@ [U[W+bKU@ UW+bKU@ h

[U[W+b)WA &^ UW+b)WA &^ hUW+b)WA &^ ;0

The sign of (aBUb


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!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^hUW+b)W> UhUW+b)W UW+b)W> hWW+bKU@ &^hUW+b)W> UhUW+b)W hUW+b)W>U' hWW+bKU@ &ÛW+b)W>[ UUW+b)W[ UW+b)W>['^ WW+bKU@[ &^hUW+b)WA UhUW+b)W* UW+b)WA hWW+bKU@[N &^hUW+b)WA UhUW+b)W* hUW+b)WAU' hWW+bKU@WA &^[U[W+b)W>'^ U[U[W+b)W'^ [U[W+b)W>'^ '^[WWW+bKU@

hUW+b)WA &^ W+bKU@hU UW+b)WA [WWW+bKU@WN &^hUW+b)WA hUW+bKU@ hUW+b)WAU' [WWW+bKU@WFXA &ÛW+b)WA[ UW+bKU@[ UW+b)WA['^ XA[WWW+bKU@[ &ÛW+b)WA[ UW+bKU@[ UW+b)WA[>W [WWW+bKU@UN &^hUW+b)WA hUW+bKU@ hUW+b)WAU' [WWW+bKU@WFXA &^[U[W+b)WA'^ [U[W+bKU@'^ [U[W+b)WA'^ [WWW+bKU@hXA

&^hUW+bK(^ UhUW+bKq^ (ÛW+bK [WWW+bKU@XN &^hUW+b)W# UhUW+b)W W#UW+b) [WWW+bKU@W#

/01 2 : UW+b)X yW+b)XhU y U'UW+b)X y '^[hUW+b)X y ashUW+b)X U'WA yhUW+b)X N`.



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Exercise 34


)1 ( /WiWF[U@)2 ( 'q^WFbjU@)3 ( hf^WFbKU@)4 ( hW*1^[U@)5 (hWW[U@

/C,2K-4V-A )* U@ XgU+[#W[!W> WgW+[#W[U@ ;0 [gU+[#W[U@ ; . g`U+[#W[!X WX


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!6DK547! 547! 9! 547! 87! 547! 67!

&^[gU+[#W[!W> U[gU+[#W[!W XgU+[#W[!W> WgW+[#W[U@ &^)Û+[#W[!W> U)Û+[#W[!W )Û+[#W[!W>U' )^W+[#W[U@ &^D)U+[#W[!W>[ UD)U+[#W[!W[ W[!W>D)U+[#['^ T^)W+[#W[U@[ &^[gU+[#W[!WA U[gU+[#W[!W* XgU+[#W[!WA )^W+[#W[U@[R &^)Û+[#W[!WA U)Û+[#W[!W* )Û+[#W[!WAU' )^W+[#W[U@W* &^b)U+[#W[!W>W Ub)U+[#W[!WW b)U+[#W[!W>W b)W+[#W[U@W &^[gU+[#W[!WA [gU+[#W[U@ WAXgU+[#W[! b)W+[#W[U@WR &^)Û+[#W[!WA )Û+[#W[U@ )Û+[#W[!WAU' b)W+[#W[U@WFX* &^D)U+[#W[!WA[ D)U+[#W[U@[ D)U+[#W[!WA['^ b)W+[#W[U@X*[ &Û)U+[#W[!WA[ U)U+[#W[U@[ U)U+[#W[!WA[W b)W+[#W[U@UR &^)Û+[#W[!WA W[U@)Û+[# )Û+[#W[!WAU' b)W+[#W[U@WFX* &^b)U+[#W[!WAW b)U+[#W[U@W b)U+[#W[!WAW b)W+[#W[U@hX* &^[gU+[#W[(^ U[gU+[#W[q^ (^XgU+[#W[ b)W+[#W[U@XR &^[gU+[#W[!W# U[gU+[#W[!W W#XgU+[#W[! b)W+[#W[U@W

/01 2 :[#W[!X gÙ+ y)Û+[#W[!X y U'D)U+[#W[!X y '^[)Û+[#W[!X y a )Û+[#W[!X y U'W*)Û+[#W[!X N`.



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Exercise 35

(A) Conjugate the following verbs:

)1 ( Wf^[#W[MU@ )2 ( W_W=[B^[U@ )3 ( WQ^[#W[0U@ )4 ( W]f^[B^[2U@ )5 (/^W[#W[U@

(B) What is the ( 5") of the following words: )1 ( &^b/U[#W[iWA )2 (XU'WiUf[B^[ )3 ([UQ[#W[0q^U )4 (N`WW=[B^[!X )5 (W[Ff^[#W[MU )6 ([UU=[B^[U@ )7 (U'W*B^U[#W[iX )8 ([X)^[#Wb


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Other Derived Forms

The ()!*+) of (g f' =W 6@;@)

There are two categories of (6() here: (1) (78 0 giB) (2) (=>? 0 giB)

The first category (78 0 giB) has seven (6(): (1) ( /e,,24,) the () is repeated, e.g. ( a PW!W!bBW$) to don a shawl.

X;D1[>U[WA : [dU!bBW$ ; . d`U!bBWoX WX WdW!bBW$

[dU!bBWoXA &^ ;0

(2) (/ee, .24,) there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (a ^W[W2) to don a trouser.

X;D1[>U[WA :W[W2 DU[WX> ^W[W2 bU[W2 ; . aU[WX WX


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X;D1[>U[WA :Wf^[W" XUf[WX> Wf^[W" [Uf[W" ; . `Uf[WX WXU[WA : [UbBK^ ; . `UbB)^X WX WWbBK^ [UbB)^XA &^ ;0

(7) (/,24,) there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (asWbBK^) to



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make someone don a hat.

X;D1[>U[WA : WX WUbBDKW bB)^X WX WbBK^UbB)^XA &^ ;0 UbBK^ ; . bB)^X

(WbBK^) was originally ( WbBK^W ). ([UbB)^X>) was originally (XUbB)^X>). (sWbBK^) was originally ( WWbBK^). These changes will be discussed later.

The second category - (=>? 0 giB) has three groups: (1) (a/DB[1W* giB) (2) (aB^[Ub


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after the (), e.g. (`Df[W+WA) to be a satan.

(4) (/3R$2,.O) the extra letters are (N) before the () and a () after the (), e.g. (6`X[WoWA) to don socks.

(5) (/3RK24,.O) the extra letters are (N) before the () and a (') after the (), e.g. (`XbB)^WA) to don a trouser.

(6) (/3R4V..O) the extra letters are a (N) and a (%) before the (), e.g. ( WFWA`DQ[ ) to be poor.

(7) (0IN24,.O) the extra letters are a (N) before the () and a (N) after the (), e.g. (N`Xb1WWA) to behave like a devil.

(8) (h324,.O) the extra letters are a (N) before the () and a () after the (), e.g. (bB)^WA) to don a hat.

The conjugation of these (6() should be done like (/^W[WWA), while the last one, namely, (/[1^WA) is like ( bBK^[UbB)^X> ).

The second group, (aB^[Ub


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/") are extra, e.g. (\`W[UbKU@) to walk with the chest and neck protruding out.

X;D1[>U[WA : ; . `U[Wb)X WX WW[WbKU@[U[Wb)WA &^ ;0 [U[WbKU@

(2) (i",2K-4V-A) The () after the (), the (') after the () and the (/" s?) are extra, e.g. (,)^[UB[2U@) to lie on ones back.

X;D1[>U[WA :)[B^[2U@ Ug[B^[2U@ ; . g[B^[X WX B^[WA &^ ;0 Ug[

The (=) of this (6) (,)^[UB[2U@) was originally (`)^[UB[2U@). The () was changed to a (s?).

The third group - (aBUbU[WA : h=UpWbU@ ; . =UpWbQX WX h=WpWbU@[7U=[pWbQWA &^ =UpWbQWA &^ h=UpWbQWA &^ ;0 [7U=[pWbU@ =UpWbU@



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In all the word-forms of this (6), (%l7@) has been applied and the changes are similar to those of (hWW+bKU@).

Exercise 36

What is the word-form ( 5") of the following words and which (6) are they from:

)1 ( '^[DBU[WW*X )2 ( '^[7U=[pWbQWA &^ )3 ( XLW>[W+W*WA )4 ( W[U[WoXA )5 (f^[W+W*W#X )6 ([U)[B^[2(^ )7 ([UU[WbKU@ )8 (W[AWb1WWA )9 ([WbB)^WA )10 ([RWf^[W+WA



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The Seven Categories

With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven categories, namely:

L1 y L0 y F y JK# y $( y H y ]i" Definitions

Term Meaning Example

]i" A word whose root letters do not have a (s?), ( PB P)13 or two letters of the same type

WWW#

H A word having a ( PB P) in the ( FBQ ,


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1) The term (/PP*) refers to any verb that contains a ( B ). 2) If there is a ( PB ) in the ( PFBQ ,P P$() eg (WW).

9) If the ( PFBQ %&) has a (), it is called ( JKP#) eg



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( W7W0 ). 10) If the ( FBQ %&) has a (), it is called ( IP> JKP#) eg (WW).

11) If the ( FBQ ,


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18) If the () and the first () and the () and the second () are the same letters, it is called ( 0P L0P) e.g. (^W?bW).

Exercise 37

Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:

)1 ( X[XoW> )2 ( WUW )3 ( hU=W> )7 ( m^WM(^ )8 ( W%UW )9 ( WXFW> )10 (WUW2



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The Rules of (F) Rule 1: It is permissible to change a (s?PP), that is alone and (2) to correspond to the previous ( ). That is,

(a) after a (;i*Uv).

n n n n n

Rule 2 If a hamzah mutaharrik ( s?PPZPPi* ) appears before a ( s?P) that is ( P2), it becomes necessary to change the (2) letter to the corresponding ( B ).

Examples



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^(WW becomes WW WUbD becomes WU[D #WbU becomes #WF[>U .

n n n n n

Rule 3 (3.1) It is permissible to change a ( s?P) that is ( _P*1) and is preceded by a ( F) to a (). Example

W~X$a' becomes a'WX$ W~X$a' is the plural of W~X$W#a which means a perfume holder.

(3.2) It is permissible to change a ( s?P) that is ( _P*1) and is preceded by a (s) into a (). Example `^U becomes `WU .

n n n n n

Rule 4 (4.1) If two ( ?PPs )s are (ZPPi*) and one of them is ( PQ), then it is permissible to change the second ( s?P) into a (). Example



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Û@a h can also be read as a hFU>^ . If there are two ( s?P)'s which are ( ZPi*) and none of them are (PPQ), then it is necessary to change the second (s?) into a ().

Examples

i) (^(^X%U7 will be read as X%U7W^ ii) (^D(D/ will be read as D/WD(

(,W$) originally was ( W$aPU> ) ( /P0< P2 of S,PW$). The () which comes after ( =PI LP) will change into a ( s?P). It becomes ( PUIW$Pa ). Now there are two ( s?P ZPi*) and one of them is ( PQ) . The second ( s?P) changes into a () becoming (ÙIPPW$) (according to the rule of a PPU^ - rule 4.1). (ÙIPPW$) can also be written as [X>U,PPW$. The ( FPP ) on the () is /PP)9 (difficult to pronounce). Therefore it is removed and ( PPPUIW$P[[ ) remains. Now due to (GPP2 PPF*$@) (the coming together of two [ P2] letters), the ( P2 ) is deleted.



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We are left with UIW$P[ which can also be read as ,W$ .

Step by Step

W$aPU> aUIW$ (`UIW$) ( U,W$ [X> ) ( U,W$ [[> ) W$ [UI (,W$)

n n n n n

Rule 5 If a ( s?P) comes after the () or () that are =Ps and =Is or if a ( s?P) comes after the () of ( 5PA P2), it is

permissible to change the (s?PPP) into the letter that precedes it and then (%PPl7@) (incorporation of one letter into another) is made.

Example of () s=I s= Xa I^[Xb) XasW[Xb) ashXb)X

The word ( Xa I^[Xb) ) is the (1 2) of (D(Wb)W> (^WK^). Example () s=I s= a ^[UfWM a W[UfWM a hUfWM.



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Example of 5A 2 `U[


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( s?P) after the ( LP) of /P01 and it is before a (). It changes to ( P*1 P>) and the () changes to ( LP). The word becomes (W>f^WM).

NOTE: This law is compulsory ($).

Step by Step

f^WMU>a ,U,f^WM f^WM`UI W>f^WM n n n n n

Rule 7 If a ( s?P) is ( ZPi*) and it comes after a ( P2) that is not a ( {=PI {=) nor is it ( 5PA ) , then the ( P) of the (s?) is given to the letter preceding it.

This law is permissible ($). Examples

1) In the word ( D/^P[W>), the ( P) of the ( s?P) is given to the (\) and the (s?) is then deleted. It becomes (D/WW>). 2) In the words W]PB^b


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( W]B^b< W=K^ ). 3) In the words X{PWM(^ [PU[W> the ( P) of the ( s?P) is transferred to the () and the (s?PP) is then deleted. It becomes (X{WM WU[W>).

n n n n n

Rule 8 The rule of (D/^PP[W>) is compulsorily applied to all the ( ( P< ) (verbs) of ( WPW> ) and ( WPX> ) ( P P8).

Example

In ( [W>(^X ) the ( Pi* ).

NOTE:

It is permissible to apply this rule to the ( N)*PP+ ,P-) (derived nouns) too. The ( F = ) can be read as ( [W ) or (W). The ( 2) can be read as (as[U) or ( WUas ). The ( Pi*


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then the (s?) is removed leaving ( WUas ). The (1 2) can be read as (UI[W) or (UW).

n n n n n

Rule 9 If a ( ZPi* s?P) is preceded by a ( ZPi*) letter, then both ( PP>K GPP GPPd ) and (=PP GPP GPP) are both permissible.

9.1 ( P>K G Gd ) is to read the ( s?P) between its ( eP|) and the (e|) of the ( B ) corresponding to its (hamzas) . 9.2 ( =P GP G) is to read a letter between its ( eP|) and the (ePP|) of the ( PPB PP ) corresponding to the preceding ( ). (G G) is also known as /A.

Examples

When (G G) is made on the word (^q^W2), then in both ( G Gd>K ) and ( =P) the ( eP|) will be that of ( s?P) and (L). In the word ( WUPW2) if ( dP>K GP GP) is made, then the



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(e|) will be between (s?) and (). If ( =P GP GP) is made, then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (L). In the word ( X~^W% ) if (d>K G G) is made, then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (). If ( =P GP GP) is made then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (L).

(9.3) If there is a ( PPi* s?PP) after (LPP), it is permissible to apply (d>K G G) only. ( GP =P GP ) is not permissible in this case.

Examples

[1] In the word (S,hDK), the (s?) is (_*1). Therefore the (s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and the (L). [2] If (T,hDK) is read with a ( F), the (s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and (). [3] If (U,hDK) is read with a (s), the (s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and ().



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Rule 10

If a (%1*2@ s?) comes before a (s?) as in the word ([X*[#(^(^), then it is permissible to apply the rule of (X%U7W(^) (Rule 4). Thus, ([X*[#(^(^) will be read as ( (^W[X*[# ) . It is also permissible to make ( /PA), whether ( dP>K) or (=). It is also permissible to bring an (L) between the two (s?)s and read it as ([X*[#(^).

n n n n n

Exercise 38

(1) Apply rule no.1 to the following words:

)1 ( W\bqW&^)2 ( `bU


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The Orthography15 of the Hamzah

The following rules are general guidelines with regards to how a hamzah is written: (a) Hamzah is invariably written over or under an alif at the beginning of a word, e.g. (WW(^), (WUD() and (a'W[#U@). (b) When the initial hamzah is followed by an alif of prolongation (long vowel LP ), the latter is replaced by a madd over the initial alif, e.g. (Ù) for (Ù(^). (c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semi-consonant ( PPB PP) corresponding to the vowel ( ) of the preceding letter. Examples:

(XXbqW>), (XW[~X>), (W~DfW), (XRbUfWM)

(d) Where the previous consonant has a ('QPP2), the hamzah tends to be written over the semi-consonant

( B ) coinciding with its own vowel ( ). Examples:

(a[X~[W), (a BÛ[2(^), (W%q^W) This rule is applied for ( P /P1) instead of (c) above. Thus, ( W\X~PW) is written with a () and ( WUPW2) with a () without dots.

15 the correct spelling



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The Paradigms of (F) ! :DNj2k,\V ! e ..J.B )* "

Dv[XMbqPW WPX m^UMD(W amUM WX m^WM(^ U'm^PWMbqW amPWMbqW X;P[U X[4 bmXMbqWA &^ X;[W0 X[hW bmXM X;[U X[q^b^

PUMW U'm^PW[U amW[U X;[U D ^bW DmUMW U'WAm^PW[U asm^PW[U W Dm DmPWM X;P[U U/[PUb1h* D/PWbm^P[MD( m^[MD( X;[U Dwh#W~XFbW DmUMW(^W '^[DmWM U'm^WM

N`W>m^[MD(

Analysis of the changes

(1) The ( P() of this ( 6P) is ( bmPXM) which is an exception from the normal method of constructing the ( P(). ( bmPXM) was originally (bmXM[D(). (2) Similarly, the (PP() of (D/PPDbW> /^PP^(^) is (b/PPD). It is necessary to delete the (s?) from both (bmXM) and (b/D). (3) In the verb, ( XXbqPW> WPW(^), it is permissible to delete the hamzas and to retain them. Therefore, both ([PPX) and ([PPX[D() are correct to use. If the verb is used at the beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the



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(s?), e.g. it is stated in a hadth, (UsB^hU [DW7^[(^ [XX). (4) If the verb is used in the middle of the sentence, then most often the hamzah is retained, e.g. The Qurnic verse, (UsB^hU WB^[p(^ [Xb(W). (5) In the word-forms of ( P P) of this ( 6P), besides the singular first person ( BQ*P =P), the rule of (\`b(W) has been applied. The same rule applies to the (1 2) and (4 2). (6) The rule of (`bU) applies in the ( 3 2). (7) The rule of (\`[~PPX) applies in the (PP PP) except for the singular first person (BQ* =). (8) In the singular first person ( BQ*P =P) of ( P

) and the (/1* 2), the rule of () applies. (9) In the plural ( OP}) of ( /P1* P2), the rule of (X%U7W(^) applies.

(10) In the singular first person of the (PP PP), the rule of (WU[D() applies.



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Exercise 39

(a) Conjugate the following verbs: )1 (/^^(^ )2 (WW(^

(b) What is the paradigm of the ( PP8 PP) of (W6W7(^)? (c) What is the paradigm of the ( PP PP() of (WW(^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the (PP PP) of (S^/^(^)? (e) How has the word (XU2W(^) changed from its original?

R2,\V ! e .).. )* " ! :D [2(^ XU2bqW> WW2(^ X[q^Pb^ `[PX2bqW WPX WU2D(W `U2 WXW[2D( W `W2D( W U'W>W[2D( W[2D( X;[U Dwh#W~XFbW XU2W(^W



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(1) The changes of this ( 6P) are similar to those of ( mPM( mPMq>) except for the imperative ( P() ( [PU[>U@) where the rule of (a'WF[>U@) applies. (2) The other (6PP() of (7PP8 PP9:9) follow the same pattern.

Exercise 40

Conjugate the following verbs: )1 (W9^(^ )2 (WU(^

(b) What is the paradigm of the (PP PP) of (WU(^)? (c) What is the paradigm of the (8 () of (W;^(^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of (WU(^)? (e) How has the word ([XU[>U@) changed from its original?



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R.-2W-lV ,! e C4A )* " ! :D [>U@ X[q^b^ `WFWA[X WXU@ XWFWA[X> WUFXA[D(W `UFWA[X WXU@ XUFWAbqW> WWFW*

`WFWA[X X;[U X[4 [UFWAbqWA &^ X;[W0 X[hW [UFW*[>U@ X;[U


(1) The rule of ( a'PWF[>U@) applies in the ( P P), ( () and (=). (2) The rule of (WU[D() applies in the ( ). (3) The rule of (\`b(W) applies in the ( ). (4) The rule of (\`[~PPX) applies in the (PP PP), (/01 2), ( 21 ) and (4 2).

N!,j2'-2lV ,! e C4A )* " ! :D WX '^v^bqW*[2U@

W*[WA &^ X;[W0 X[hW b'UvbqW*[2U@ X;[U X[q^b^ a'v^bqW*[Xa'v^bqW*[X X;[U X[4 b'Uvbq


(1) Conjugate all the verbs of ( ;P< =P>? P9:9 6() like the conjugations of (m^WM(^) and (WWFW*[>U@).



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Exercise 41

Conjugate the following verbs: )1 (WLW#bqW*[2U@ )2 (WWFW*bIU@ )3 (q^[#U@Wj^

(b) What is the paradigm of the (PP PP) of (WU(^)? (c) What is the paradigm of the (8 () of (W;^(^)? (d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of (WU(^)? (e) How has the word ([XU[>U@) changed from its original?

Discussion of ( F G )

(1) The rule of ( GP GP) or ( /PA) applies to all the verbs of ()

Treasures of Arabic Morphology

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Transcript of Treasures of Arabic Morphology