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Some Useful Terms to Recall…

Some Useful Terms to Recall…

Hypothesis-a testable prediction.Theory-a general explanation for a

broad range of data.Strong theories explain the broadest

range of data and incorporate many well-tested hypotheses.

Good theories also generate new hypotheses.

Hypothesis-a testable prediction.Theory-a general explanation for a

broad range of data.Strong theories explain the broadest

range of data and incorporate many well-tested hypotheses.

Good theories also generate new hypotheses.

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Some Useful Terms to Recall…

Some Useful Terms to Recall…

Natural Selection-the process by which individuals are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals.

Microevolution-change on a small scale--at the level of the nucleotide.

Macroevolution-large scale changes that are the result of microevolution and give rise to in such things as new species.

Natural Selection-the process by which individuals are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals.

Microevolution-change on a small scale--at the level of the nucleotide.

Macroevolution-large scale changes that are the result of microevolution and give rise to in such things as new species.

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Charles DarwinCharles DarwinThe man responsible for brining the

idea of evolution and natural selection to the forefront of science.

His book, The Origin of Species, presented his idea of descent with modification. Although parts were wrong, or

erroneous, the majority of it is correct. The errors were due mostly to the

limitations of science at the time.

The man responsible for brining the idea of evolution and natural selection to the forefront of science.

His book, The Origin of Species, presented his idea of descent with modification. Although parts were wrong, or

erroneous, the majority of it is correct. The errors were due mostly to the

limitations of science at the time.

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Darwin’s 2 Key Points Darwin’s 2 Key Points

1. He presented evidence that many species of organisms on Earth are descendents of ancestral species which were different from modern species.

2. He proposed a mechanism for this change--natural selection. The crux of natural selection is that populations will change over time as individuals become more fit for their environment.

1. He presented evidence that many species of organisms on Earth are descendents of ancestral species which were different from modern species.

2. He proposed a mechanism for this change--natural selection. The crux of natural selection is that populations will change over time as individuals become more fit for their environment.

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Our Current Understanding

Our Current Understanding

Our current definition of evolution is referred to as a change over time in the genetic composition of a population.

Eventually, enough change will accumulate in a population that it will constitute a new species.

Support for this theory is supported by science.

Our current definition of evolution is referred to as a change over time in the genetic composition of a population.

Eventually, enough change will accumulate in a population that it will constitute a new species.

Support for this theory is supported by science.

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The UproarThe Uproar

What made/makes the idea of Darwinism so abrasive at the time is that it challenged traditional beliefs of Western culture:

1. The Earth is only a few thousand years old.

2. All species which now exist have been here since the beginning.

Darwinism challenges worldview.

What made/makes the idea of Darwinism so abrasive at the time is that it challenged traditional beliefs of Western culture:

1. The Earth is only a few thousand years old.

2. All species which now exist have been here since the beginning.

Darwinism challenges worldview.

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DarwinDarwin

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Greek PhilosophersGreek Philosophers

Many Greek philosophers suggested that life may have evolved gradually.

However, one philosopher, Aristotle, had a great influence over Western science. His belief was that although different forms of life contained many similarities, they could be organized like rungs on a ladder in an order of increasing complexity--“scala naturae.” Each life on a rung was fixed and permanent.

Many Greek philosophers suggested that life may have evolved gradually.

However, one philosopher, Aristotle, had a great influence over Western science. His belief was that although different forms of life contained many similarities, they could be organized like rungs on a ladder in an order of increasing complexity--“scala naturae.” Each life on a rung was fixed and permanent.

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Greek PhilosophersGreek Philosophers

These philosophers’ ideas were congruent with the Old Testament’s view of life and its creation--each species was designed by God and was perfect.

Recognizing this, many scientists wanted to support it. Taxonomy, for example (Carolus Linnaeus) was founded for the greater glory of God.

His binomial system of nomenclature is still used today, eg. Homo sapiens.

These philosophers’ ideas were congruent with the Old Testament’s view of life and its creation--each species was designed by God and was perfect.

Recognizing this, many scientists wanted to support it. Taxonomy, for example (Carolus Linnaeus) was founded for the greater glory of God.

His binomial system of nomenclature is still used today, eg. Homo sapiens.

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As Time Went on…As Time Went on…

More and more scientists began looking at and examining the question of the age of the earth, and how we got here.

Notable scientists include: Jean Baptiste LamarckThomas MalthusJames HuttonCharles LyellGeorges Cuvier

More and more scientists began looking at and examining the question of the age of the earth, and how we got here.

Notable scientists include: Jean Baptiste LamarckThomas MalthusJames HuttonCharles LyellGeorges Cuvier

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Georges CuvierGeorges CuvierDeveloped the science of

paleontology while he studied layers of rock around Paris.

He noted that the deeper layers of rock contained fossils that were more dissimilar from current life.

From one stratum to the next, many characteristics disappeared and others formed. Thus, he concluded, extinctions must have been common throughout the history of life.

Developed the science of paleontology while he studied layers of rock around Paris.

He noted that the deeper layers of rock contained fossils that were more dissimilar from current life.

From one stratum to the next, many characteristics disappeared and others formed. Thus, he concluded, extinctions must have been common throughout the history of life.

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Georges CuvierGeorges Cuvier

Cuvier was staunchly opposed to the idea of gradualism. Rather, he advocated catastrophism--the idea that a local catastrophe such as a flood or drought was responsible for the changes observed in species--their extinction. As these organisms were wiped out, new species repopulated the region.

Cuvier was staunchly opposed to the idea of gradualism. Rather, he advocated catastrophism--the idea that a local catastrophe such as a flood or drought was responsible for the changes observed in species--their extinction. As these organisms were wiped out, new species repopulated the region.

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James HuttonJames Hutton

In contrast to catastrophism, Hutton proposed the idea of gradualism--slow, cumulative, continuous change results in profound change.

His examination of the geological features of Earth allowed him to propose parallels between the Earth and life.

In contrast to catastrophism, Hutton proposed the idea of gradualism--slow, cumulative, continuous change results in profound change.

His examination of the geological features of Earth allowed him to propose parallels between the Earth and life.

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Charles LyellCharles Lyell

Lyell, a great geologist, incorporated Hutton’s ideas into a theory called uniformitarianism--which states that the same processes of the past are taking place today at the same rate.

Hutton was a horrible writer.He wrote The Principles of Geology.

Lyell, a great geologist, incorporated Hutton’s ideas into a theory called uniformitarianism--which states that the same processes of the past are taking place today at the same rate.

Hutton was a horrible writer.He wrote The Principles of Geology.

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Jean Baptist de LamarckJean Baptist de Lamarck

Lamarck is often remembered for his erroneous interpretation for how evolution occurs--inheritance of acquired characteristics.

However, he has made many useful contributions to science.For example, he was the first scientist

to propose the idea that evolutionary change can explain the fossil record.

Lamarck is often remembered for his erroneous interpretation for how evolution occurs--inheritance of acquired characteristics.

However, he has made many useful contributions to science.For example, he was the first scientist

to propose the idea that evolutionary change can explain the fossil record.

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Jean Baptist de LamarckJean Baptist de Lamarck

Lamarck compared current species with fossil forms and chronicled an older to younger line of descent from fossil to living species.

His 2 principles:Use and disuse.Inheritance of acquired

characteristics.

Lamarck compared current species with fossil forms and chronicled an older to younger line of descent from fossil to living species.

His 2 principles:Use and disuse.Inheritance of acquired

characteristics.

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Jean Baptist de LamarckJean Baptist de LamarckLamarck also held the belief that an

innate drive to be more complex was responsible for the observed change in organisms.

This idea was rejected by science in favor of Darwin’s idea of natural selection. However, Darwin initially also believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics--later refuted by science.

Lamarck also held the belief that an innate drive to be more complex was responsible for the observed change in organisms.

This idea was rejected by science in favor of Darwin’s idea of natural selection. However, Darwin initially also believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics--later refuted by science.

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Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

His essay on human population growth had an important influence on Darwin.

He observed that food supplies at the time were increasing linearly while the population was increasing exponentially.

Thus, at some point people were going to die from disease, famine, and/or war.

Human population couldn’t continue like this forever.

His essay on human population growth had an important influence on Darwin.

He observed that food supplies at the time were increasing linearly while the population was increasing exponentially.

Thus, at some point people were going to die from disease, famine, and/or war.

Human population couldn’t continue like this forever.

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Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Darwin applied the main ideas of this paper to all populations.

Darwin observed that all organisms produce more offspring than can survive.

Thus, all populations must be limited by their environment.

So, what is this limit? What governs it?

Darwin applied the main ideas of this paper to all populations.

Darwin observed that all organisms produce more offspring than can survive.

Thus, all populations must be limited by their environment.

So, what is this limit? What governs it?

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Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

In 1831, the boat left England to chart the poorly known coastlines of S. America.

When the crew was charting the coastline, Darwin was ashore collecting specimens and making observations.

In 1831, the boat left England to chart the poorly known coastlines of S. America.

When the crew was charting the coastline, Darwin was ashore collecting specimens and making observations.

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Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

Darwin, recall, was deeply impressed by the work of Lyell. His belief in Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism was solidified when he witnessed a huge earthquake while in S. America. This firsthand witnessing of Chilean coastline rising several feet as a result of the quake got him thinking.

Darwin, recall, was deeply impressed by the work of Lyell. His belief in Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism was solidified when he witnessed a huge earthquake while in S. America. This firsthand witnessing of Chilean coastline rising several feet as a result of the quake got him thinking.

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Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

Further exploration and his finding of marine fossils high up in the Andes mountains enabled him to understand how similar earthquakes over a long period of time could result in such change.

He was now realizing that the physical evidence wasn’t supporting traditional view.

Further exploration and his finding of marine fossils high up in the Andes mountains enabled him to understand how similar earthquakes over a long period of time could result in such change.

He was now realizing that the physical evidence wasn’t supporting traditional view.

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Geological ChangeGeological Change

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MovieBe patient, it

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Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

Darwin’s Ride on the HMS Beagle

These ideas really sparked Darwin’s interest and when he arrived at the Galapagos he was intrigued by what he saw. Many of the species of animals he observed existed no where else in the world.

He did not notice the significance of any of these observations until he returned home to England.

These ideas really sparked Darwin’s interest and when he arrived at the Galapagos he was intrigued by what he saw. Many of the species of animals he observed existed no where else in the world.

He did not notice the significance of any of these observations until he returned home to England.

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Darwin’s IdeaDarwin’s Idea

Evolution by natural selection is centered on one key idea: that individuals have traits that better suit them to their environment are more likely to survive.

Those who survive will reproduce and pass these traits onto their offspring.

Evolution by natural selection is centered on one key idea: that individuals have traits that better suit them to their environment are more likely to survive.

Those who survive will reproduce and pass these traits onto their offspring.

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Alfred Russel WallaceAlfred Russel Wallace A young British naturalist named Alfred Russel Wallace

did beat him to it. While studying in the East Indies, Wallace sent a paper

to Darwin for review and the paper basically said the same thing as Darwin’s did.

Fortunately for Darwin, Wallace greatly admired him and gave him full credit for the development of the theory of natural selection.

A young British naturalist named Alfred Russel Wallace did beat him to it.

While studying in the East Indies, Wallace sent a paper to Darwin for review and the paper basically said the same thing as Darwin’s did.

Fortunately for Darwin, Wallace greatly admired him and gave him full credit for the development of the theory of natural selection.

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4 Main Steps in Darwin’s Theory

4 Main Steps in Darwin’s Theory

1. Overproduction-all populations produce more offspring than can possibly survive.

2. Variation-variation exists within populations. This leads to the survival of the species over time.

1. Overproduction-all populations produce more offspring than can possibly survive.

2. Variation-variation exists within populations. This leads to the survival of the species over time.

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4 Main Steps in Darwin’s Theory

4 Main Steps in Darwin’s Theory

3. Selection-having particular traits make individuals more or less likely to survive--and hence, produce more or less offspring.

4. Adaptation-over time, traits which improve survival and reproduction become more common in a population.

3. Selection-having particular traits make individuals more or less likely to survive--and hence, produce more or less offspring.

4. Adaptation-over time, traits which improve survival and reproduction become more common in a population.

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Darwin’s TheoryDarwin’s Theory

Darwin’s theory explains why living things vary, and why they seem to have a form that fits their function.

Each population of species changes due to the selective pressures on it.

These selective pressures come from competition and the environment.

Darwin’s theory explains why living things vary, and why they seem to have a form that fits their function.

Each population of species changes due to the selective pressures on it.

These selective pressures come from competition and the environment.

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Darwin’s TheoryDarwin’s Theory

Darwin’s theory is an explanation that tied together many different areas of science.Fossils, biogeography, developmental

biology, anatomy, and biochemistry.Even today scientists continue to

use technological advances to support the theory.

Darwin’s theory is an explanation that tied together many different areas of science.Fossils, biogeography, developmental

biology, anatomy, and biochemistry.Even today scientists continue to

use technological advances to support the theory.

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FossilsFossilsQuickTime™ and a

TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Pakicetus (50 mya)

Ambulocetus (49 mya)

Dorudon (40 mya)

http://www.eyefetch.com/image.aspx?ID=421377 by Brandur

A Minke Whale (now)

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BiogeographyBiogeography

Biogeography is the study of the locations of organisms in different parts of the world.

Studying the movement of landforms along with the types and locations of fossils and living organisms is a way scientists use biogeography to make connections to the past.

Biogeography is the study of the locations of organisms in different parts of the world.

Studying the movement of landforms along with the types and locations of fossils and living organisms is a way scientists use biogeography to make connections to the past.

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Developmental BiologyDevelopmental Biology

Looking at the ways organisms develop while in utero is called embryology.

Many structures can be seen in embryos that may not be present in the organism when born. Inferences can be made from such studies.For instance, all vertebrate embryos have

tails during development.

Looking at the ways organisms develop while in utero is called embryology.

Many structures can be seen in embryos that may not be present in the organism when born. Inferences can be made from such studies.For instance, all vertebrate embryos have

tails during development.

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AnatomyAnatomyLooking at different bodily

structures shows that many animals share numerous anatomical features.

These are called homologies.

Looking at different bodily structures shows that many animals share numerous anatomical features.

These are called homologies.All tetrapods have the same 5-digit limb structure which indicates these mammals all share a common ancestor.

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The Strengths and Weaknesses of Darwin’s

Idea

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Darwin’s

IdeaStrengths: He had a lot of

evidence, he had a mechanism for evolution, and he recognized the importance of diversity.

Weaknesses: He knew little about genetics and could not explain the mechanism of inheritance.

Strengths: He had a lot of evidence, he had a mechanism for evolution, and he recognized the importance of diversity.

Weaknesses: He knew little about genetics and could not explain the mechanism of inheritance.

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Darwin’s Theory UpdatedDarwin’s Theory Updated

Since Darwin’s time, many discoveries (especially in genetics) have added to the theory.

Many parts of the theory have been modified, parts have been added, but mostly it has been supported.

The tying together of many branches of science to support Darwin’s theory is called the modern synthesis.

Since Darwin’s time, many discoveries (especially in genetics) have added to the theory.

Many parts of the theory have been modified, parts have been added, but mostly it has been supported.

The tying together of many branches of science to support Darwin’s theory is called the modern synthesis.

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Studying EvolutionStudying Evolution

The things that need to be understood when studying evolution are microevolution, macroevolution, and the way they influence speciation.

The things that need to be understood when studying evolution are microevolution, macroevolution, and the way they influence speciation.

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SpeciesSpecies

A species is a population of individuals that can reproduce with one another and produce viable, fertile offspring.

A species is a population of individuals that can reproduce with one another and produce viable, fertile offspring.

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Microevolutionary Processes

Microevolutionary Processes

Five major processes affect the kinds of genes that exist in a population from generation to generation.1. Natural selection-fit individuals survive.2. Migration-the movement of individuals.3. Mate choice-choosing a mate determines

which traits get passed on.4. Mutation-change the numbers and types of

alleles.5. Genetic drift-random events change the

numbers of alleles.

Five major processes affect the kinds of genes that exist in a population from generation to generation.1. Natural selection-fit individuals survive.2. Migration-the movement of individuals.3. Mate choice-choosing a mate determines

which traits get passed on.4. Mutation-change the numbers and types of

alleles.5. Genetic drift-random events change the

numbers of alleles.

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Macroevolutionary Processes

Macroevolutionary Processes

These are the tools which result in/explain the formation of a new species.Convergent evolution-two different species from

different areas come to look remarkably similar.Coevolution-two different organisms evolve together. Adaptive radiation-as niches open, individuals move

into them and come to form a new species.Extinction-when the members of a lineage die off.Gradualism-slow change in which small changes add

up to very large changes.Punctuated equilibrium-the apparent stasis of a

species marked by the sudden appearance of a new one.

These are the tools which result in/explain the formation of a new species.Convergent evolution-two different species from

different areas come to look remarkably similar.Coevolution-two different organisms evolve together. Adaptive radiation-as niches open, individuals move

into them and come to form a new species.Extinction-when the members of a lineage die off.Gradualism-slow change in which small changes add

up to very large changes.Punctuated equilibrium-the apparent stasis of a

species marked by the sudden appearance of a new one.