Travel Costs Lecture 16 October 27, 2004 12-706 / 73-359.
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Transcript of Travel Costs Lecture 16 October 27, 2004 12-706 / 73-359.
Admin / Announcements
Early Course EvalsMidsemester Grades Done (80% A/B
- else C,D) Done to encourage you to keep working
hard
Value - travel time savings
Many studies seek to estimate VTTS Can then be used easily in CBAs
Book reminds us of Waters 1993 (56 studies) Many different methods used in studies Route, speed, mode, location choices Results as % of hourly wages not a $ amount Mean value of 48% of wage rate (median 40) North America: 59%/42%
Government Analyses
DOT (1997): Use % of wage rates for local/intercity and personal/business travel Personal: 50% for local, 70% intercity Business: 100% for all trips These are the values we will use in class
Income levels are important themselves VTTS not purely proportional to income Waters suggests ‘square root’ relation E.g. if income increases factor 4, VTTS by 2
Office of Secretary of Transportation, “Guidance for the Valuation ofTravel Time in Economic Analysis”, US DOT, April 1997.
Government Analyses
Typically 40-60% of hourly rate in CBAsUS (FHA) 60% - Canada 50%Again, travel versus leisure important
Wide variation: 1:1 to 5:1!Income levels are important
themselves VTTS not purely proportional to income Waters suggests ‘square root’ relation E.g. if income increases factor 4, VTTS by 2
Introduction - Congestion
Congestion (i.e. highway traffic) has impacts on movement of people & goods Leads to increased travel time and fuel costs Long commutes -> stress -> quality of life Impacts freight costs (higher labor costs) and
thus increases costs of goods & services http://tti.tamu.edu/inside/hdv/programs/ama/
mobility/study/report.stm (TTI report)
Literature Review
Texas Transportation Institute’s 1999 Annual Mobility Report 15-year study to assess costs of congestion Average daily traffic volumes Binary congestion values
‘Congested’ roads assumed both ways
Assumed 5% trucks all times/all roads Assumed 1.25 persons/vehicle, $12/hour Assumed roadway sizes for 3 classes of roads Four different peak hour speeds (both ways)
Results
An admirable study at the national level
In 1997, congestion cost U.S. 4.3 billion hours of delay, 6.6 billion gallons of wasted fuel, thus $72 billion of total cost
New Jersey wanted to validate results with its own data
New Jersey Method
Used New Jersey Congestion Management System (NJCMS) - 21 counties total
Hourly data! Much more info. than TTI report
For 4,000 two-direction linksFreeways principal arteries, other arteries
Detailed data on truck volumes Average vehicle occupancy data per county,
per roadway type Detailed data on individual road sizes, etc.
Level of Service
Description of traffic flow (A-F) A is best, F is worst (A-C ‘ok’, D-F not)
Peak hour travel speeds calculated Compared to ‘free flow’ speeds A-C classes not considered as congested D-F congestion estimated by free-peak speed
All attempts to make specific findings on New Jersey compared to national
http://www.njit.edu/Home/congestion/
Definitions
Roadway Congestion Index - cars per road space, measures vehicle density Found per urban area (compared to avgs) > 1.0 undesirable
Travel Rate Index Amount of extra time needed on a road
peak vs. off-peak (e.g. 1.20 = 20% more)
Definitions (cont.)
Travel Delay - time difference between actual time and ‘zero volume’ travel time
Congestion Cost - delay and fuel costs Fuel assumed at $1.28 per gallon VTTS - used wage by county (100%) Also, truck delays $2.65/mile (same as TTI)
Congestion cost per licensed driver Took results divided by licenses Assumed 69.2% of all residents each county
Details
County wages $10.83-$23.20 per hour
Found RCI for each roadway link in NJ Aggregated by class for each county
Effects
Could find annual hours of delay per driver by aggregating roadway delays Then dividing by number of drivers
Total annual congestion cost $4.9 B Over 5% of total of TTI study 75% for autos (190 M hours, $0.5 B fuel
cost) 25% for trucks (inc. labor/operating cost) Avg annual delay per driver = 34 hours