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FHWA NY DIVISION BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

NYSDOT PIN# 9500.61

NEW YORK STATE ROUTE 17/INTERSTATE 81 INTERCHANGE

CITY OF BINGHAMTON AND TOWN OF DICKINSON

BROOME COUNTY, NEW YORK

May 2007

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UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION

NEW YORK STATE

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

ASTRID C. GLYNN, Acting Commissioner ELIOT SPITZER, Governor

M:\1604600 NYSDOT 17-81\Envr-Plan\Biological Assessment\ESA.ShortBA.final_051507.doc

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FHWA NY Division Biological Assessment

A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION: NY 17/I-81 Interchange Improvements Broome County, New York NYSDOT REGION 9 - Binghamton Route: NY 17/I-81

[Township, Range, and Section] N/A

NYSDOT PIN No. 9500.61

This biological Assessment is prepared for the Federal Highway Administration’s compliance obligations

under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.

Introduction

This Biological Assessment (BA) has been prepared in accordance with the Endangered

Species Act, section 7, cited in 16 USC 1536. Its purpose is to review the proposed NY

17/I-81 Improvements in sufficient detail to determine the potential effects that the action

may have on listed species and/or critical habitat. The analysis contained herein serves to

ensure the FHWA and NYSDOT that the proposed action will not threaten the continued

existence of any threatened or endangered species listed under section 4 of the

Endangered Species Act BA.

The endangered or threatened species considered in this document are:

bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Threatened - reclassified threatened on July 12,

1995; originally listed endangered on February 24, 1967.

Candidate and proposed species within the project action area are:

Candidate Species

None (New England Cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis); occurs east of the Hudson

River)

Proposed Species

None (statewide)

Critical Habitat

As of the date that this Biological Assessment was completed, piping plover (Charadrius

melodus) habitat occurring on Long Island and near the great Lakes was the only habitat

listed in New York listed as critical. Therefore, listed critical habitat was not of concern

for this project.


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Project Description

The project provides improvements, based on context sensitive design, to address

geometric and operational deficiencies that negatively affect motorist safety on the

directional three-leg NY 17/I-81 Interchange and associated roads and bridges located in

both the city of Binghamton and town of Dickinson, Broome County (see Figure II-1,

Project Location Map, Appendix A).

Appendix A also contains two large sheets that present existing conditions and proposed

improvements; they should be referred to when reading the remainder of this document,

especially when noted to do so.

Refer to the Proposed Improvements Sheet, located in Appendix A to this document,

which illustrates the project’s limits and proposed improvements discussed in the next

two paragraphs:

The western project limit on NY 17 (S.H. 68-8 Johnson City-Binghamton; S.H. 64-5

Chenango River to Mygatt Street) is approximately 1,350 meters west of Mygatt Street at

RM 17-9107-2000. The northern project limit on I-81 (S.H. 64-1 Interstate Rte. 505

Bevier Street Extension-Hinmans Corners; S.H. 64-4 Interstate Rte 505 Chenango River

to Bevier Street Extension) ends at the pedestrian bridge over I-81 at RM 81I-9101-3003.

The eastern project limit on the NY 17/I-81 overlap section (S.H. 63-24 Binghamton

State Hospital to Chenango River) is approximately 270 meters east of Broad Avenue at

RM 81I-9101-2016. The project includes work on approximately 2.8 kilometers of NY

17, 0.8 kilometers of I-81 and 1.7 kilometers of the NY 17/I-81 overlap section.

Alternative D7 has been selected as the preferred alternative, and the proposed

improvements would be implemented throughout two construction phases. In addition to

the Phase 1 and 2 improvements discussed in the following paragraphs, there are two

interchange options proposed under Alternative D7 to replace the Mygatt Street exit

ramp, one of which would be constructed during Phase 1: (1) Alternative D7 – Phase 1,

LaGrange Street Interchange and (2) Alternative D7 – Phase 1, Prospect Street

Interchange; and four interchange options under Alternative D7 for Interchange 4, one of

which would be constructed during Phase 2: (1) Alternative D7 – Phase 2, Interchange 4

Cloverleaf, (2) Alternative D7B – Phase 2, Interchange 4 Full Diamond, (3) Alternative

D7C – Phase 2, Interchange 4 Partial Diamond/Cloverleaf, and (4) Alternative D7D –

Phase 2, Interchange 4 Diamond with Loop Ramp in Northeast Quadrant.

Refer to the Existing Conditions Sheet located in Appendix A to this document, in

comparison with the Proposed Improvements Sheet, in order to follow the description of

improvements proposed during each phase of construction in the next two paragraphs:

The object of improvements that would be implemented during Phase 1 is to address

geometric and operational deficiencies associated with the subject portion of NY 17, so

that it meets interstate standards and can be designated as Interstate 86, and to replace the

two bridges that carry NY17/I-81 over the Chenango River with bridges designed based


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on current engineering standards and practices. Portions of NY 17; I-81; the NY17/I-81

overlap section and associated direct connect ramps; the exit ramps at Interchange 72 on

NY 17; and the entrance and exit ramps at Interchange 4 on the NY 17/I-81 overlap

section would be reconstructed and added to during Phase 1. Other work conducted

during Phase 1 would include: replacing a portion of a viaduct with an embankment

section and reconstructing US 11, from Bevier Street to its approach into the city of

Binghamton; improvements to LaGrange Street and Mygatt Street, if the LaGrange Street

Interchange option is selected over the Prospect Street Interchange to replace the NY 17

WB off ramp to Mygatt Street; and widening NY 7 under Interchange 4 Alternatives

D7B, D7C, and D7D, if one is selected. The following bridge work would occur during

Phase 1: reconstruction of NY 17 Bridge over Mygatt Street (BIN 1063249); construct

two bridges to replace the two bridges that carry NY 17 and I-81 over US 11 and the

Chenango River (BINs 1031181, 103182, 103118A, 103118B); and replacement of the

NY 17 eastbound/I-81 southbound and NY 17 westbound/I-81 northbound bridges over

Chenango Street (BINs 1013061 and 1013062). Additionally, a new bridge on NY 17

would be required during Phase 1 if the Prospect Street Interchange option is selected

over the LaGrange Street Interchange option to replace the Mygatt Street exit ramp from

NY 17 westbound.

The object of improvements implemented during Phase 2 is to address motorist safety by

eliminating geometric or operational deficiencies at locations were motor vehicle

accidents frequently occur between the NY 17/I-81 Interchange and the project’s

eastern/southern limits. Improvements under Phase 2 include: constructing a bridge to

carry the NY 17 eastbound lane over the Chenango River; constructing a bridge to carry

the NY 17 westbound on ramp from Interchange 4 over the Chenango River; eliminate

the bridges that carry the ramps to and from NY 7 northbound (BINs 101307A, 101307B,

101307C, and 101307D); infilling portions of a viaduct west of NY 7 and east of NY 7,

to the Canadian Pacific Rail Yard. The remainder of the viaduct that carries the NY 17/I-

81 overlap section over the Canadian Pacific Rail Yard and Broad Avenue (BINs

1013071 and 1013072) would either be rehabilitated and widened or reconstructed and

widened.

In short, the purpose of the project is to improve motorist safety on the roads associated

with the NY 17\I-81 overlap section. All roadway improvements will occur on or

immediately adjacent to the roadway’s existent alignment and footprint. The existent

bridges that carry NY 17/I-81 over the Chenango River and other area roadways have

reached the end of their service life and would be replaced by new bridges located

immediately adjacent to the existing ones. Two additional bridges would carry each of

NY 17’s opposing lanes over the Chenango River. However, the overall bridge-area

footprint created by the replacement bridges, including the addition of the two new

bridges related to NY 17 eastbound lane and NY 17 westbound on ramp, is not much

different relative to the footprint of the existent bridges; the new bridge-area footprint,

based on the proposed improvements, would not increase more than approximately 40

meters from either side of the existent bridge-area footprint. Widening of the corridor

necessary to resolve existent geometric deficiencies along NY 17’s opposing lanes, where


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they bend around Mount Prospect, would require cutting further into the side of Mount

Prospect, beyond what was cut when NY 17 was originally constructed.

Construction activities necessary to replace existent bridges and add the two new NY 17

bridges over the Chenango River is the activity that is impacting the environment which

leads to the concerns about the listed species.

Even though the bald eagle is proposed for delisting federally by the United States Fish

and Wildlife Service by the end of June 2007, the bald eagle is State listed threatened and

is also protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which prevents taking, killing, or

possessing migratory birds, including nests or eggs unless permitted by other regulations.

At this time, there are no recommendations about actions that could be taken to avoid

potential impacts to the bald eagle in relation to the proposed project other than

consulting with the New York Natural Heritage Program and/or DEC’s Region 7

Endangered Species Unit every 90 days, or at least once a year, throughout the project’s

construction period, in case any records of bald eagle nest sites or habitat in Broome

County critical to the species’ survival are added to State databases. In the event that a

nest site or critical habitat is identified in Broome County, the effect of the proposed

project should be revaluated based on information pertaining to the new record, unless, of

course, the project has been completed.

Species Descriptions:

The Natural History of the Bald Eagle, a diurnal bird of prey:

Bald eagles have evolved to inhabit sprawling forested areas along coasts, rivers, and

large lakes that support populations of large fish, such as salmonids, the bald eagle’s

dietary staple. Bald eagles are very opportunistic, however, and will eat any species of

fish that they find or cease, especially when found dead, or weakened and vulnerable.

But, their diet also includes other carrion, and ceased prey, such as: small mammals,

usually rabbits; and waterfowl and seabirds-usually only successful in capturing injured

or weakened ones (Ehrlich et al. 1998 and NYNHP 2006). Additionally, the bald eagle is

a kleptoparasite of osprey (Pandion haliaetus), whereby an osprey that has ceased itself a

fish is pursued until the osprey feels threatened and releases the fish from its talons and

the bald eagle retrieves the fish, then either consumes it or brings it back to its nest to

feed to its offspring (Pettingill, Jr. 1985 and NYNHP 2006). Bald eagles are also known

to pirate prey or carrion from other birds by intimidating them with their size and power

(Ehrlich et al. 1998 and NYNHP 2006).

Bald eagles typically reach sexual maturity by the fourth or fifth breeding season after

fledging, the period between which they are referred to as sub-adults (NYNHP 2006).

Mature bald eagles of the opposite sex form strong, long-lasting monogamous pair bonds.

A bonded pair will mate with one another for life, until one of the pair dies, in which case

the surviving bird may establish a new bond with another bird of the opposite sex

(NYNHP 2006). A bonded pair will establish and maintain a territory that usually

occupies an area between one to two square miles near a large body of water that


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supports fish, within which a nest is built or an old nest of another similar species is

renovated and used; nests and the surrounding territory are maintained and reused for

many years by the same pair of bald eagles (Pettingill, Jr.). Some bald eagle pairs

alternate the use of two nests sites within their territory from year to year (NYNHP

2006). A bonded pair of bald eagles will defend their territory against predators, and

other eagles, sometimes ending in injury or death to either the defender or the intruder

Nye et al. 2006). In general, bald eagles are non-migratory and maintain their territories

year-round.

Nests are commonly built in the crotch of a large tree, anywhere from 30 to 60’ above the

ground. Usually, the tallest and largest tree of all the trees growing in a bonded pair’s

territory is selected as the nest-site. Large sticks and vegetation are used to construct the

nest, which is then lined with finer materials. Bald eagles will also build nests on cliffs

ranging from 10 to 180’ in elevation (Ehrlich et al. 1998 and Pearson 1936).

Bald eagles tend to occupy areas that are not affected by human activities (e.g., boating;

areas used by pedestrians; and urbanized areas) throughout their entire annual life cycle

(Buehler et al. 1991). However, the effects of human activities on bald eagle behavior

have been widely studied, and the findings show that individual bald eagles respond

differently to different types of human activities relative to space, time, and the stage of

the species’ annual life cycle that the bird is in. For example, bald eagles are more

responsive toward pedestrians than a passing automobile, and the type and level of the

response may depend on whether the bald eagle is perched on a tree limb or on the

ground (Stalmaster and Kaiser 1998 and Nye 1994). Additionally, bald eagles exhibit a

lower tolerance toward human activities when they are nesting (Stalmaster and Kaiser

1998). It is suspected that bald eagles reared in or near urbanized areas can be more

tolerant of human activities than those reared in remote areas or areas secluded from

human activities.

The Bald Eagle Relative to New York State and Broome County

As part of NYSDEC’s bald eagle restoration plan, prepared in 1975, a list of all bald

eagle nest sites ever recorded in NYS was compiled. The list consisted of 80 known nest

sites, including records of nest sites from the 1800’s, which were then rated for their

potential to be reoccupied, relative to habitat conditions at the time the list was compiled,

as the bald eagle population increased (Nye et al. 2006). NYSDEC decided that 40 of the

80 nest sites had excellent to good potential to be reoccupied by bonded pairs, the other

40 were rated as having poor potential. In 2006 NYSDEC recorded 112 breeding pairs

occupying territories throughout New York State during an annual breeding survey (Nye

et al. 2006). Based on the 2006 breeding survey results, most of the prime nesting

territories in New York State are occupied or competed for, and will continue to be in the

coming years. At some point, however, bald eagles in new York State will have to

compete for nesting habitat that is secondary in quality, which would require a nesting

pair of eagles that are tolerant of human activity or they would be forced to disperse to

areas located in bordering states that provide prime bald eagle nesting habitat, such as

Pennsylvania, Ohio, and those comprising New England.


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Bald eagles nest throughout all of New York State, but information provided by NYNHP

revealed that most of the known nest sites occur in the central region of the Adirondack

Mountains and along the Hudson River corridor and the upper Delaware River corridor,

including the West Branch Delaware in Delaware County, which borders Broome

County. Reports of bald eagles nesting in Broome County are unknown at this time, but

some of the known nest sites are located near the Broome/Delaware county line.

Even though the number of bald eagles inhabiting New York State is increasing, habitat

loss and habitat alteration pose a significant threat to their subsistence, especially in

relation to suitable wintering and nesting areas (NYNHP 2006 and Nye et al. 2006).

Urban sprawl is also a threat to the species, for it prefers relatively undisturbed forested

areas near wetlands or large bodies of water that support fish. Urban areas or areas

associated with human activity are not likely to provide nesting or wintering habitat

(NYNHP 2006).

In general, bald eagles are not migratory; however, breeding bald eagles inhabiting the

northeast, including New York State, are, more often than not, forced to migrate from

their breeding territories during the winter to open water when the water body in their

nesting territory becomes covered with ice. Large bodies of water in New York State that

remain open throughout the winter during most years have been identified as traditional

bald eagle wintering areas. However, the actual number of bald eagles at any given

wintering area in any given year is dependant upon annual and seasonal climatic

variations and habitat conditions and the overall regional bald eagle population, including

the number of breeding pairs, unpaired adults, and sub-adults (Nye et al. 2006). Sub-

adults and non-breeding adults may migrate to open water anywhere in the State during

the winter. Designated important bald eagle wintering areas in New York State occur

along: the upper Delaware River; the Saint Lawrence River; the lower Hudson River; and

the Sacandaga River, a tributary of the Hudson River (NYNHP 2006). Nye et al. 2006

cites the Mongaup River, a tributary of the Delaware River, as an important wintering

area, too. Important bald eagle wintering areas do not occur in Broome County.

Bald eagles can be observed anywhere in the State outside of a pairs nesting territory or a

traditional wintering area, including Broome County, at any given time, as adults search

for mates and territories and sub-adult birds disperse from their natal territories and non-

breeding adults look for areas not already occupied by a bonded pair that can sustain their

biological needs, or when bald eagles throughout the state migrate to traditional wintering

areas (NYNHP 2006 and Authors Personal Observation). Bald eagles that are moving

about the state outside of nesting territories are considered transients.

The Relationship Between Bald Eagles and Habitat Affected by the Project

As of the date of this report there were no records of known bald eagle nest sites

occurring in Broome County. Data contained in NYS Breeding Bird Atlases from 1980

to 1985 and 2000 to 2005 confirmed that there were no known records of eagles nesting

in the immediate project area or the rest of Broome County during those time periods.


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The project area is not located in or near any of the important bald eagle wintering areas

noted herein. Therefore, this BA only considers the project’s effects on the bald eagle in

relation to non-breeding habitat. However, if a nest site is confirmed in Broome County,

as a result of consultation with DEC and/or NYNHP, between the time when the project

commences and ends, the effect of the project on the bald eagle may need to be

revaluated, depending on the proximity of a nest site in relation to the project area.

Bald eagles observed in or near the project area are considered transients and are either

sub-adults dispersing from natal territories, non-breeding adults seeking areas that are not

occupied by other eagles and that can support their biological needs, or eagles migrating

to traditional wintering areas.

Fishes inhabiting the Chenango River provide a source of food for bald eagles, and

transient bald eagles are likely to hunt for them in or near the project area, depending on

the level of human activity associated with area parks and residential and commercial

land uses, at any given time, and the individual bald eagle’s tolerance to the activity.

Additionally, ospreys are common to the area and provide opportunities for bald eagles to

steal food from them. The environment affected by the proposed project, therefore,

provides foraging habitat for transient bald eagles and serves as a corridor that leads to

more suitable wintering and nesting habitats occurring in the Southern Tier, specifically

rural areas along the Chenango River, north of Binghamton; rural areas along the

Susquehanna River, to the southeast and southwest of Binghamton; the West Branch

Delaware River, an important bald eagle nesting area and wintering; and into the state of

Pennsylvania, which is just south of Binghamton.

Indirect, Cumulative, Interrelated, Interdependent Effects (state and

private actions)

The City of Binghamton’s Comprehensive Plan identifies several sites adjacent to or

contiguous with the project area that are favorable for new development. The former

Anitec site, located in the city of Binghamton’s First Ward, west of the NY 17/I-81

Interchange, is one site that is being considered for redevelopment. The North Riverfront

District is another area with potential for development and is located in the northern

portion of Binghamton along the Chenango River, from Eldredge Street, north to the NY

17/I-81 overlap section, east to NY 7, Brandywine Avenue/NY 7. The Comprehensive

Plan recommends establishing a new neighborhood center in the vicinity of Binghamton

Plaza and expanding Cheri A. Lindsey Memorial Park. Another area available for

development is located east of NY 7, from Frederick Street north to Bevier Street. Just to

the southeast of Interchange 4 is the former site of Stow Manufacturing and NYSDOT’s

Frederick Street Equipment Management Shop. These properties are likely to be put to

another use in the future.

The Binghamton Metropolitan Greenway Study (BMGS) and the Local Waterfront

Revitalization Program (LWRP) both propose construction of multi-use paths along the

east and west banks of the Chenango River through the project area and recommend


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creating a connection for bicyclists and pedestrians between Cheri A. Lindsey Memorial

Park and Otsiningo Park.

The Chenango River, Cheri A. Lindsey Memorial Park, and the US 11 entrance into the

city of Binghamton are three features within the project area that provide an opportunity

for environmental enhancement under NYSDOT’s Environmental Initiative. The vision

for Binghamton’s waterfront, as described in the Draft LWRP, dated October 2002, is to

utilize the waterfront and improve the quality of life for Binghamton’s residents and

visitors. The City recognizes that the waterfront is currently an underutilized and “under-

realized” asset within the community. It is further recognized that any development

considered for the City’s waterfront should focus on developing the land surrounding the

Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers to increase use and improve accessibility.

The NY 17/I-81 bridges over the Chenango River will be replaced requiring construction

of new substructures within and along its banks. In accordance with the BMGS, a goal

for the Binghamton metropolitan area is to construct a greenway system of pedestrian and

multi-use trails along the banks of the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. A long-term

goal of the plan is to extend the multi-use trail known as the Chenango River Promenade

from Clinton Street north to Bevier Street and Otsiningo Park. The proposed

substructures for the NY 17/I-81 bridges over the Chenango River will be designed and

constructed so as not to impede future construction of a continuous multi-use trail along

the east or west bank of the river. In addition, the substructures should be designed with

textures and treatments that enhance and/or complement the waterfront area.

The second feature within the project area that provides an opportunity for environmental

enhancement is the Cheri A. Lindsey Memorial Park located on the eastern border of the

Chenango River just south of NY 17/I-81 Interchange. This 13.77-acre park has a variety

of recreational facilities including an outdoor swimming pool, a playground, a baseball

diamond, a basketball court, and a skateboard park. The park also provides places for

picnicking and access to the Chenango River for fishing. The Bevier Street bridge

provides the only connection between Cheri A. Lindsey Memorial Park and other

recreational facilities on the east side of the river to the trail systems and recreational

facilities on the west side. However, Broome County is currently conducting a project

(PIN 9752.68) to rehabilitate the Bevier Street Bridge, which includes widening both

sides of the bridge to accommodate bicycle lanes and sidewalk.

Considering the current state of urbanization of the area surrounding the project site and

the current level of human activity associated with it, the effect of the proposed actions

discussed in this section as a result of increased human activity on New York State’s bald

eagle population is expected to be indiscernible. Bald eagles that are tolerant of human

activity would continue to use the area as transients; those that do not would still use the

area as a corridor, but would probably spend less time in the area looking for areas in the

region that are secluded from human activity.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The above information allows an effect determination to be made in regards to the bald

eagle.


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Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

It is recommended to the FHWA, that the NYSDOT project PIN No. 9500.61 will have

No Effect on the bald eagle, a federally protected species. This recommendation is made

based upon and supported by the following information:

An urban area heavily influenced by human activity, including commercial and

residential areas; and parks and associated recreational activities, especially walking and

bicycling, encompasses the project site. Urban areas or areas associated with human

activity are not likely to provide nesting or wintering habitat (NYNHP 2006).

As of the beginning of the 2007 avian breeding season, there were no known records of

bald eagles nesting in or near the project area, and most likely the rest of Broome County.

The only area near the project site that a pair of bald eagles could possibly use to nest is

located on top of Mount Prospect (1,428’ AMSL), between the NY 17/I-81 Interchange

and the Ely Park Golf Course, but it is surrounded by land uses associated with levels of

human activity that bald eagles do not usually tolerate, especially when they are nesting.

Bald eagles are not expected to nest near the project area during either of the construction

phases, unless a breeding pair of eagles highly tolerant of human activity is comfortable

in the area, in which case the construction activity associated with the project probably

would not stop them from nesting there. Bald eagles observed in the project area are

transients and are not dependant upon the area for nesting or wintering habitats; if bald

eagles were ever to nest in or near the project area, their presence would be obvious.

Although bald eagles occur in the area during winter, the habitat affected by the proposed

project is not recognized as an important bald eagle wintering area. Therefore, the

project would not have an adverse effect on wintering habitat critical to the subsistence of

New York State’s bald eagle population.

All other improvements, including the LaGrange Street and Prospect Street Interchanges,

the four Interchange 4 alternatives, and the additional minor cut into Mount Prospect, are

not a concern for having an adverse effect on bald eagles because they would affect areas

on the route’s existent alignment, or immediately adjacent thereto, where urbanization

and its associated human activities do not provide nesting habitat or habitat critical to the

survival of bald eagles in New York State.

It is expected that bald eagles would continue to use the area affected by this project

much like they do today once the project is completed, if the construction activity affects

eagles at all, since the post project conditions will be similar to the landscape’s current

state.

Field Work Involved

The level of field work involved with this B.A. was minimal because of the urbanized

setting, the various levels of human activity in or near the project area, the author’s


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knowledge and familiarity of the project area, and the premise that bald eagles observed

in the project area are transients and not dependant upon the area for nesting or wintering

habitats; if bald eagles were ever to nest in or near the project area, their presence would

be obvious.

Fieldwork involved a site visit to classify plant communities and to evaluate the habitat as

it relates to bald eagles inhabiting New York State.

M-J made an attempt to contact NYSDEC’s Endangered Species Unit for comment on

this B.A., but a response was never received.

Preparers Contact:

This Biological Assessment was prepared by:

McFarland-Johnson, Inc.

Donald J. Lockwood, Environmental Scientist

49 Court Street, Metrocenter

PO Box 1980

Binghamton, NY 13902-1980

Telephone: 607-723-9570 ext. 253

Fax: 607-723-4979

E-Mail: [email protected]


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Literature Cited

Buehler, D.A., et al. 1991. Effects of Human Activity on Bald Eagle Distribution on the

Northern Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:282-290.

Ehrlich, Paul R., Dobkin, David S., and Wheye, Darry L. 1988. The Birder’s Handbook:

A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds, The Essential

Companion to Your Identification Guide. Simon & Schuster Inc., New York,

New York. 785 pp.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2006. Online Conservation Guide for Haliaeetus

leucocephalus. Available from: http://www.acris.nynhp.org/guide.php?id=6811.

Accessed April 19th, 2007.

Nye, P.E., D. Mildner, and E. Leone. 1994. An Assessment of the Status of Bald Eagles

on Iona Island, New York and Recommendations for their Management.

Nye, P., Van Arsdale, S., Joule S., and Allen, M. 2006. New York State Bald Eagle

Report: 2006. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 625

Broadway, Albany, New York. 33 pp.

Pearson, Gilbert T, editor-in-chief. 1936. Birds of America. Garden City Books, Garden

City, New York. Part II – Pages 80-81.

Pennsylvania Game Commission. 2006. Threatened Species – Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus

leucocephalus). Available from:

http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/cwp/view.asp?a=486&q=152498. Accessed April

19th 2007.

Pettingill, Jr., Olin Sewall. 1985 Ornithology: in Laboratory and Field. Fifth Edition.

Academic Press, Inc., San Diego California. 403 pp.

Stalmaster, Mark V. and Kaiser, James L. 1998. Effects of Recreational Activity On

Wintering Bald Eagles. Wildlife Monographs No. 137. The Wildlife Society,

Inc. 46 pp.


A

APPENDIX A

Figure II-1, Project Location Map

Proposed Improvements Sheet

Existing Conditions Sheet

PROJECT LOCATION MAP

DATE: 7/04 FIGURE: II-1

P.I.N. 9500.61 – NY 17/I-81 Interchange CITY OF BINGHAMTON, TOWN OF DICKINSON

BROOME COUNTY, NEW YORK

NOT TO SCALE

PROJECT

LOCATION

M:\1537400\hwy\reports\figures\location map.doc

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