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Transport

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"Transportation" redirects here. For other uses, see Transportation (disambiguation).

Ximen Stationof the Taipei Metroin Taiwan

eople walking in front of the!ulk carrierBWFjord

French"ational oliceuse several modes of transport, each with their distinct advantages

art ofa serieson

Transport

Modes

#nimal$powered

#viation%a!le

&uman$powered

ipelineShip

Space'ail'oad
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#mw-head%23mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#mw-head%23mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#p-search%23p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximen_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Rapid_Transit_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_pr%C3%A9parant_l%27arriv%C3%A9e_d%27une_manifestation.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_pr%C3%A9parant_l%27arriv%C3%A9e_d%27une_manifestation.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BW_Fjord_an_Glameyer_Stack_2007-12-15.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BW_Fjord_an_Glameyer_Stack_2007-12-15.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taipei_MRT_Shimen_station.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taipei_MRT_Shimen_station.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#mw-head%23mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#p-search%23p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximen_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Rapid_Transit_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transport


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Lists

Transport topics

Transport portal

vde

Transportor transportationis the movement of people and goodsfrom one location toanother( Modes of transportincludeair, rail, road,water, ca!le,pipeline, andspace( The field

can !e divided intoinfrastructure, vehicles, and operations(

Transport infrastructure consists of the fi)ed installations necessary for transport, and may !e

roads, railways,airways, waterways, canalsandpipelines, and terminals such as airports,

railway stations,!us stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots *including

fueling docks and fuel stations+, and seaports( Terminals may !e used !oth for interchange of

passengers and cargo and for maintenance(

ehicles traveling on these networks may include automo!iles,!icycles,!uses, trains,trucks,

people, helicopters, and aircraft( -perations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, andthe procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies( .n the transport

industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can !e either pu!lic or private, depending

on the country and mode(

assenger transport may !epu!lic, where operators provide scheduled services, orprivate(

Freight transport has !ecome focused on containeri/ation, although!ulk transportis used for

large volumes of dura!le items( Transport plays an important part in economic growth and

glo!ali/ation, !ut most types cause air pollutionanduse large amounts of land( While it is

heavily su!sidi/ed !y governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic

flow, and restrain ur!an sprawl(

Contents

0hide1

2 Mode

o 2(2 &uman$powered

o 2(3 #nimal$powered

o 2(4 #ir

o 2(5 'ail

o 2(6 'oad

o 2(7 Water
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3Human-poweredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Animal-powered%23Animal-poweredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Air%23Airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Rail%23Railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Road%23Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Water%23Water


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o 2(8 -ther

3 9lements

o 3(2 .nfrastructure

o 3(3 ehicles

o 3(4 -peration

4 Functiono 4(2 assenger

o 4(3 Freight

5 &istory

6 .mpact

o 6(2 9conomic

o 6(3 lanning

o 6(4 9nvironment

7 See also

8 "otes

;i!liography

< 9)ternal links

[edit] Mode

Main article:Mode of transport

# mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle, infrastructure

and operation( The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several modes,

with the latter case !eing called intermodal or multimodal transport( 9ach mode has its

advantages and disadvantages, and will !e chosen for a trip on the !asis of cost, capa!ility,

route, and speed(

&uman$powered transportremains common in developing countries(

[edit] Human-powered

Main article:&uman$powered transport
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Other%23Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Elements%23Elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Infrastructure%23Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Vehicles%23Vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Operation%23Operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Function%23Functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Passenger%23Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Freight%23Freighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#History%23Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Impact%23Impacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Economic%23Economichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Planning%23Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Environment%23Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Notes%23Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Bibliography%23Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherpa_carrying_woods.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Other%23Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Elements%23Elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Infrastructure%23Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Vehicles%23Vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Operation%23Operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Function%23Functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Passenger%23Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Freight%23Freighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#History%23Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Impact%23Impacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Economic%23Economichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Planning%23Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Environment%23Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Notes%23Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#Bibliography%23Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#External_links%23External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_transport


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&uman powered transport is the transport of people and=or goods using humanmuscle$power,

in the form of walking, runningandswimming(Modern technologyhas allowed machinesto

enhance human$power( &uman$powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost$saving,

leisure,physical e)erciseandenvironmentalism( &uman$powered transport is sometimes the

only type availa!le, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessi!le regions( .t is considered an

ideal form ofsustaina!le transportation(

#lthough humans are a!le to walk without infrastructure, the transport can !e enhanced

through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as

!icyclesandinline skates( &uman$powered vehicles have also !een developed for difficult

environments, such as snow and water, !ywatercraft rowingandskiing> even the air can !e

entered withhuman$powered aircraft(

[edit] Animal-powered

Main article:#nimal$powered transport

#nimal$powered transport is the use ofworking animalsfor the movement of people and

goods( &umans may ride some of the animals directly, use them aspack animalsfor carrying

goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sledsor wheeled vehicles( #nimals are

superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity> prior to the .ndustrial

'evolution they were used for all land transport impractica!le for people, and they remain an

important mode of transport in less developed areas of the world(

[edit] Air

Main article:#viation

#n#ir France#ir!us#42lands at?ondon &eathrow #irport

#fi)ed$wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier$than$air craft where movement

of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift( The term is used to distinguish from

rotary$wing aircraft,where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift(

#gyroplaneis !oth fi)ed$wing and rotary$wing( Fi)ed$wing aircraft range from small trainers

and recreational aircraft to large airlinersand military cargo aircraft(

Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for liftand an area for landing(

The ma@ority of aircraft also need an airportwith the infrastructure to receive maintenance,

restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers( While

the vast ma@ority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capa!le of take off and

landing on ice, snow and calm water(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_skateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_skateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft_rowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft_rowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroplanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroplanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(soaring)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-guga.arp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_skateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft_rowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-powered_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroplanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(soaring)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport


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The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket( %ommercial @ets can

reach up to


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.nterstate Bnear ;erkeley, %alifornia, Enited States(

# road is an identifia!le route, way orpath!etween two or moreplaces(051'oads are typically

smoothed,paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel> 061though they need not !e, and

historically many roads were simply recogni/a!le routes without any formal constructionor

maintenance(071.nur!an areas, roads may pass through acityorvillageand !e named as

streets, serving a dual function as ur!an space easementand route(081

The most common road vehicle is the automo!ile> a wheeledpassenger vehicle that carries its

ownmotor( -ther users of roads include!uses, trucks,motorcycles,!icyclesandpedestrians(

#s of 3BB3, there were 6 !uses allow for more

efficient travel at the cost of reduced fle)i!ility( 01'oad transport !y truck is often the initial

and final stage of freight transport(

[edit] Water

Main article:Ship transport

#utomo!ile ferry in %roatia

Water transport is the process of transport awatercraft, such as a!arge,!oat, shipor sail!oat,

makes over a !ody of water, such as a sea,ocean,lake,canalor river( The need for !uoyancy

unites watercraft, and makes the hulla dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and

appearance(

.n the 2


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;ridges, such as Colden Cate ;ridge, allow roads and railways to cross !odies of water

[edit] Inrastru!ture

Main article:.nfrastructure

.nfrastructure is the fi)ed installations that allow a vehicle to operate( .t consists of !oth a

way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance( For rail, pipeline, road and ca!le

transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must !e !uilt up( #ir and water craft are a!le to

avoid this, since the airwayand seawaydo not need to !e !uilt up( &owever, they reAuire

fi)ed infrastructure at terminals(

Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can

!e transferred from one vehicle or mode to another( For passenger transport, terminals are

integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each modeDs

advantages( For instance, airport rail linksconnect airports to the city centers and su!ur!s(The terminals for automo!iles areparking lots, while !uses and coaches can operates from

simple stops(0241For freight, terminals act as transshipmentpoints, though some cargo is

transported directly from the point of production to the point of use(

Thefinancingof infrastructure can either !epu!licorprivate( Transport is often a natural

monopolyand a necessity for the pu!lic> roads, and in some countries railways and airports

are funded through ta)ation( "ew infrastructure pro@ects can involve large spendings, and are

often financed through de!t( Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as

landing fees at airports, ortoll pla/ason roads( .ndependent of this, authorities may impose

ta)eson the purchase or use of vehicles(

#eugeot 3B7participating in the World 'ally %hampionship

[edit] "ehi!les

Main article:ehicle

# vehicle is any non$living device that is used to move people and goods( Enlike the

infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders( ehicles that do not operate

on land, are usually calledcrafts( Enless !eing pulled !y a ca!le or muscle$power, the vehicle

must provide its own propulsion> this is most commonly done through a steam engine,

com!ustion engine, electric motor, a@et engineor arocket, though other means of propulsion

also e)ist( ehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement> this is most

commonly done through wheels,propellersandpressure(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_rail_linkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transshipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_206http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_206http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peugeot_206_WRC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peugeot_206_WRC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoldenGateBridge_BakerBeach_MC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_rail_linkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-12%23cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transshipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_enterprisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monopolyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_206http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure


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ehicles are most commonly staffed !y a driver( &owever, some systems, such aspeople

moversand some rapid transits, are fullyautomated( Forpassengertransport, the vehicle must

have a compartment for the passengers( Simple vehicles, such as automo!iles, !icycles or

simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a driver(

[edit] Operation

.ncheon .nternational #irport,South orea

rivate transport is only su!@ect to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle

themselves( For pu!lic transport and freight transport, operations are done throughprivate

enterpriseor !y governments(The infrastructure and vehicles may !e owned and operated !y

the same company, or they may !e operated !y different entities( Traditionally, many

countries have had a national airlineand national railway( Since the 2


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# local transit !us operated !y #%T.-"in%an!erra,#ustralia

[edit] $assen%er

Main articles: Traveland u!lic transit

assenger transport, or travel, is divided intopu!licandprivate transport( u!lic is scheduled

services on fi)ed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the ridersdesire( The latter offers !etter fle)i!ility, !ut has lower capacity, and a higher environmental

impact( Travel may !e as part of dailycommuting, for!usiness, leisureor migration(

Short$haul transport is dominated !y the automo!ile and mass transit( The latter consists of

!usesin rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in

larger cities( ?ong$haul transport involves the use of the automo!ile, trains, coachesand

aircraft, the last of which have !ecome predominantly used for the longest, including

intercontinental, travel(.ntermodal passenger transportis where a @ourney is performed

through the use of several modes of transport> since all human transport normally starts and

ends with walking, all passenger transport can !e considered intermodal( u!lic transport may

also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hu!,such as a!usor railway station(

Ta)is and ;uses can !e found on !oth ends of u!lic Transport spectrum, whereas ;uses

remain the cheaper mode of transport !ut are not necessarily fle)i!le, and Ta)is !eing very

fle)i!le !ut more e)pensive( .n the middle isGemand responsive transportoffering fle)i!ility

whilst remaining afforda!le(

.nternational travelmay !e restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa

reAuirements(

[edit] #rei%ht

Main article:Shipping

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chainin manufacturing(0271With increased

speciali/ation and glo!ali/ation, production is !eing located further away from consumption,

rapidly increasing the demand for transport(0281While all modes of transport are used for cargo

transport, there is high differentiation !etween the nature of the cargo transport, in which

mode is chosen(021?ogisticsrefers to the entire process of transferring products from producer

to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material$handling and

packaging, with associated e)change of information(

02


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.nventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through

the introduction of vehicles( #lso water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates

!ack to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large Auantities or over

large distances prior to the .ndustrial 'evolution(

The first forms of road transportwere horses, o)enor even humans carrying goods over dirttracks that often followed gametrails( aved roads were !uilt !y many early civili/ations,

including Mesopotamiaand the.ndus alley %ivili/ation( Theersianand 'omanempires

!uilt stone$paved roads to allow armies to travel Auickly( Geep road!eds of crushed stone

underneath ensured that the roads kept dry( The medieval %aliphatelater !uilt tar$paved

roads( The first watercraft were canoescut out from tree trunks( 9arly water transport was

accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the windfor propulsion, or a

com!ination of the two( The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites

for trading, !eing located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two !odies of water(

Entil the .ndustrial 'evolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and

consumption were located as close to each other as feasi!le(

TheWright ;rothersDfirst flight in 2


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in 2


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creation of regulation policy !y authorities( Transport engineering, a su!$discipline of civil

engineering, and must take into account trip generation,trip distri!ution,mode choiceand

route assignment, while the operative level is handles through traffic engineering(

The engineering of thisrounda!outin;ristol, Enited ingdom, attempts to make traffic flow

free$moving

;ecause of the negative impacts made, transport often !ecomes the su!@ect of controversyrelated to choice of mode, as well as increased capacity( #utomotive transport can !e seen as

a tragedy of the commons, where the fle)i!ility and comfort for the individual deteriorate the

natural and ur!an environment for all(Gensity of developmentdepends on mode of transport,

with pu!lic transport allowing for !etter spacial utili/ation( Cood land use keeps common

activities close to peoples homes and places higher$density development closer to transport

lines and hu!s> minimi/e the need for transport( There are economies of agglomeration(

;eyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when clustered( Transportation

facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement *devoted to streets and parking+ can easily

e)ceed 3B percent of the total land use( #n efficient transport system can reduce land waste(

Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for ma)imum vehicle throughput meansthat in many cities there is too much traffic and manyHif not allHof the negative impacts

that come with it( .t is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to !e

Auestioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which !ring in a much

!roader range of skills than those traditionally relied onHspanning such areas as

environmental impact analysis, pu!lic health, sociologists as well as economists who

increasingly are Auestioning the via!ility of the old mo!ility solutions( 9uropean cities are

leading this transition(

[edit] En'ironment

Traffic congestionpersists inSIo aulo, ;ra/il despite the no$drive days !ased on license

num!ers(

Main article:Transport and the environment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_assignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_agglomerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundabout.bristol.arp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundabout.bristol.arp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_choicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_assignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_agglomerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_the_environment


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Transport is a ma@or use of energy, and !urns most of the worldDspetroleum( This createsair

pollution,includingnitrous o)idesandparticulates, and is a significant contri!utor to glo!al

warmingthrough emission ofcar!on dio)ide,0381for which transport is the fastest$growing

emission sector(031;y su!sector, road transport is the largest contri!utor to glo!al warming( 03 however, this has !een offset !y an increase in the num!er of vehicles, and moreuse of each vehicle(0381Some pathways to reduce the car!on emissions of road vehicles

considera!ly have !een studied(04B104219nergy use and emissions vary largely !etween modes,

causingenvironmentaliststo call for a transition from air and road to rail and human$powered

transport, and increase transport electrificationand energy efficiency(

-ther environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestionand automo!ile$

oriented ur!an sprawl, which can consume natural ha!itat and agricultural lands( ;y reducing

transportation emissions glo!ally, it is predicted that there will !e significant positive effects

on 9arthDs air Auality, acid rain,smogand climate change(0431
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_(society)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-pnas_pdf-26%23cite_note-pnas_pdf-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-27%23cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-28%23cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-pnas_pdf-26%23cite_note-pnas_pdf-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-29%23cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_electrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-31%23cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_(society)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-pnas_pdf-26%23cite_note-pnas_pdf-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-27%23cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-28%23cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-pnas_pdf-26%23cite_note-pnas_pdf-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-29%23cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-30%23cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_electrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport#cite_note-31%23cite_note-31

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