TRANSPORT OF VIABLE DISSEMULES OF ALGAE AND …/67531/metadc130743/m2/1/high... · TRANSPORT OF...

TRANSPORT OF VIABLE DISSEMULES OF ALGAE

AND PROTOZOA BY SELECTED DIPTERA

APPROVED:

MarfoY Professor

Minor Professor\

Director of the Departmenb.jpf Biology

Dean of the Graduate School

Q& VXIUKHI OF KUShSt

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filter followed by a ©terile fi imtiim uaing type EH. wiIll-

pore fUt»n (Hillipore Filter Corporation, IwUlord, thmtm*

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liter flaOk twoeiving the filtrate bed two sideaftts <m« of

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diEf pans lag asimsl into vials*

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. ologged filters and produced at cloudy undesirable mmKUhu

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mi disfM&itsed into

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II

on »«ch b*tcfc ©f asdiuat &c*ptr*d+ fhie conaiit^

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at tveaty-fooxr Jb two d«?r«tt9 C«ntigr»><3t with a *isrfc««n

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vlabl* alf®« ami. porotoMt*, HtfeX® I U«t» til#®# i»®«i©fes mml

fell® «it*» #f efi-iiection.

Collation of Xnft«ct»

& P9i»f*xy mmMmmtim 1st eoXXectioa of inff«crt» v»» to

avoid oxtora*! coatftBi&atioa »« must* &« p»*»ibl«. With thii

i» m&m&t mmm collect#** by tiuroo m M i i (X) with

•t**iX« forceps, (g) With mmll styXon note carried litfea tit#

ftoid 4® jp» ©tat itopropanol. wt (5) With

regular «i«od arlw iMNM* a*t*« In <$**««

mtuwr# tli® l«t*or vmm mmM £m tmm&t capture tit# f#«»AMAity

of wtt to ii*f»@t tra»«f«r of triafei# **•

lntrodt*»«d. Waohiag of a raadm Mctioa of tho mt in

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mil owfcme* vra» perforated 1st f.fe« fi«U om tiam <m

«aeh eolioetifls* tetee «# n control.

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wm 4»ttwNtoo»(l i»t» Mil «*t*aot with *t*ril» forcop*.

Vials wnaew ti»«n roatoppcred with »t«ril« no»»8l»»o£b«»t cotton*

ViaX» of th# mttatSKQt wre carried into th# fioLd in a *tyxa»

fawn bait l**e »» a j oeattfcion ogni&st radiant boating. Bhaa

wiAl^s n»r« cm eoeiJt ao&loetiftf trip to oontaftl

jwwibility of «txm*ph«rie ogcacamination ciurissg iMNMriU&ian*

fl'il,.®. ttosidiitwl of following th« wan* am flint four

r cml r iammlJ&iaMi mmwt ttwrts is© linnet was .introduced

int» ttw viai. on* dun vnnhiiig nm.® wmM im

mmA fiv» iapmtia cnift*

viola of oxtrao* a till ccmtnining th« iM»cti

«w# wtawl t® tfen laboratory antl agitatod fey ten^l or with

a 9twr«*st Itaiiw Mixor (fteioatifie Intettvlw* Im«» ta's

?illa9»< V»k). Hie purpose of Kb4s wan to itls&oifo »f

altooiriis® 4&mmmm1jni fw» tli# «xt*v»At amrftMmi of tfen te@l

1st© tte wlMft ne&ittn# i.e.# M%m immmt® <mm "wutiMNS with

tiw mmiXrn noil extract.

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tifrilihfe -*» ftilMtt. itflttj Ai ii iifffiifcrtirfc-'ltiit jijTttii

«5E#

Mfma a j m m m m A l * {L«dl.) • mXlhgjtm® (w»12u) 'v C^?hX©r^tf fcu^1 jf,

«fflai* {!*•)

TMIfj 3E lirtr'flfr iff#

fflfiSSKiywiMI Jf51B: §«f i

Oal#x tsyaiiMi? Ooq«

BlpiOTt ?»ioi*tii» i»y

^soyoyhoya eiU»fti (rabrieio*)

(S.)

• ~tlclftrgo» ' Jtaeg.

litratue ' ftiMtalttS

J M # OAI>1Lmi Wmm®

WHMI t ViMM

Arfyl®. Vmem telvtftooi **sea« ¥am#m toils*#

wJ»03r»TO Hugotott, MMMHMF

OlwSwRtiri fnc. Wmmtm* T®m®M

XHmtoom* 9mm» m®Mm* Ooio. Hut/OtOii, IteKtMS

e«xth«9«i tan £t*mtosi, tews®

fcak« Dallas, IDSI8

ufa A ft ^ y% l l fn .Tr . . j3 j :

9 m WWm** Msihmf * f ern ® iN®i*t<»,* teiMi SNNtiMtt# fmmtm fernta*# ffe3€»© Dented# tmxm

ftftoaltxa Ia«ids >tlial«a (lbeq« f NaM*tt,« *oad, Mtocmy # Sfexaui

figntis t®.lmtm wam« Mdf&tt -It taAi Aubrey. taM Win Hummm# ftou

1%

tmtmctm ymwm £wm the twmmtw® by mm* <o£ tfeNril*

tmnmpm mft«r ttwlvth'to-mimtmmm feoure. %ecbM«i ww# piiroad m

mt,@.:lxm& im emmtf mm oUmmA mm apaciaa identification,

fbea* w m i d w t i f M i tttiaf Beenrar and Dalongr ($)# IClag (5).

jgtonc (15), aa& Vtoiaywr (i6)» Vb* of

qp*i«* of Mptmra «®IX«@tiK$ «•# wri f i## by th© WnltwA fttato*

19op«*twa** of Agricrulfcuj*. Agrioultttural BtmnAi torvi«««

IMMtlSfy IteSNtawatt Biviiion# V. §• SatlanaX mmwsm#

Wxrtiisgtcn# 0. C* &«t«nrijiatlGNis m t Mi# by S » . Man

Ston<© and If. 8, AaAormu

ffe# iaoo«]«K «bt«iiw« by «h« forogolag {HMKMh&r** wil'i

feeacMfavtb in this paper be cultures, m nm^4ag«»®

Usual! ewXture <mm» aovmrod with Pa»fiJ»s (s , 8. taggm* and 0o«*

B»XX**, ¥«»#) to r«tw€ evaporation* iaffiei«»t aeration

«&# awKNW&iatMrt % p«af®ir«t£iig thm pwvfilm with severaX

plis»!t®l«#* Quito*** mm mAmrnqpantly Mk4Htftim4 in a plant

9#e*t>» ahmib«r (JU?) b«14 at a temperature of twmty-loaz

pi»o or isir.ue t w degreee #wfcifr®f# «a6 having a ®&mmm -.in tat-. .jimfe. ,§L&, Au,*,

15

ai l ot ttm mltmam and contzoltz. were tsh ckad for the

Pbnmwmk o£ ml@m *o& p$m®mm at timm 1stwmmXm of fewo* «is.

Mm* md tmlm wMtau f» mhimwm mmimm 4iMvlMAm of

aells, vial* w»m agitata* ultli a tart** mmim mkmw hmmm

c m U m m . at aacfo saa&Uag i*t«nra3U t»« fesf» «§*#

cftia<0ka4 wit& thra* txaaaaota £mf «a«& % a seanMRg

sauroh* iwpi* raeoval i» «U w m w@© «£tb atovi)*

atttfteiavad 9fe*fcto0*«

© l a a a l f o f algaa ta tba gmmtia tmmt wm aataUrvad

fey tulai Waaflhiw (8), ffalnar (§}, feraaeofct {1% U)» and

feitlt <H)» ««W2,@ frnMaa w » itotif@«l'»t£I4«i»0 ftnum® (3)*

$8§WI {%!# »hte (6)| aaft SmvAAm (T). Photoenier-ogr«§H» m

fc.|&k«® &$ #9l3islfciitil, M0M 1:03? -

<3uures&

i* Sold# a* C.i Jtogjfrioloqv of PXaa-tc# X«w York, Harper aod »roth«x«, 1957"""'

2. Borror, Donald J« and S. X. Belong, &a Introduction to Bfit&v of lasectff, Mew York, kolt# &i*i®aart

af*4 Wi»et©it» Inc. , 1964,

3 . «ra*ik*, 9i«rr«~?. , »ait» 4m apologist t o w jS, ffaria, M&saon It Cie^SditttorSr 195&«

4. John# T. J*. * How to Jftwwr tfc» yrofco»oa, Dubuqu«, lorn# Ha* C* SgKMi Qm^mf* 1

5* *i«fi w. V., et« al* « A o£ th« tfoaiinltooa of B S ^tkeagtars fait** g*ato»Tlin4t5 gtaf a"~~ Dapar twent o* Agriculture Handbook m • 175# I960.

l&plo, It* R» » t|j|ijy>tl8>plofly« Xllinoitf C. C. T3»owmj.

7. X*Mdin, F. C. and u. S. MMt, The Itta^fciviag iif tli® gwwr jj>«nlnauia of mdkimm, «aasqp«tte? Michigan, Th« Hortnexa Michigan Coiitfa 1963.

3. Haodhaa, Jaa»* Q. aad P. &• Haadham, A Guide to th« S&gz j£ E££gSm%M ***loqx, Sm wtmmlttm,' Holdwn-Day, Xne., 1962-

9. Fainwr, C. M. # Algaa in Wafewr Suppllaa, 0. £» Public Health Publication Ho, 657, 19f

10* troaeott, a. W„, Ajqit of %t*® Wmmtmm Oro* htikm Araa, Ifcabuqu*, Iowa, 1®#. Q* ftmnm Company, "•••• 19ft.

16

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• & « & i ^ c ^ y / 1 8 3 a n » Twmf» ISfbwBZ

W * ttnitfe, « . « U , a s 2 t e a & M H & S B I M J E S s S W

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tiMLifttifei** o f C a l i l # » £ » * * * • » , 1 9 $ $ .

mmym

Tmbl® Zt stwww 9mm® of aJfMi mM

cnltamd f*a* «a®Siti*fii according to «p«eies wl HX of all

aa*ayod Mpters. Aim® isMtlti&od for mmk wpm&m of iwmmt

i* t&e whAmmc vaahed, M t e of dili«e«at etHlkwrtii aad

msab«r of culture* tltat yielded no algae or protosoa* fafel#

t (Chapttr It) fives f# r&gliA«»l location* of oaptore of

e#«h of the A t w epeeiee. B&ttMWWMrati* eUTipw and

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alg®# ud jpttMMNU ttfiitj p#r cent of fell# calufcres? of tooth

%n«e Mi««. fabtniAi w t wwtfid in iisprarfcaiss© ae«snesftiuf to

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el«v«A« five* throe/ amd few goooora respectively.

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*j*d jrrotoooa ia coK$Hurieoa with ftoraefiiee and craneflie*.

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mlmmm fmmm «f altfo* mmi •mmmm mm twwtai#

twnnty M&IMM « i «8»4<wl tfclttMn gmmm*

mm$M tim AlfMi ami cha^ama «siy *n» f i lMMrtM

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(YabX* I* ) t t o w A t h * t c a r r i e d a iga i f i o tu i t l , /

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28

(all f«smm groapai) carried ®ixt*«iia €l££mtmmt gaaara,

get## and dilrora».Bi two. It ie dem&d significant to nefea Iwtm

that mil 9<nMira «£ lMMQte ohftiltod aajrriad at Xaaat one *!#&«

*abla ¥ liata tlie per cent froguancy af <ts«»g«iic® of

. «a«tt §«SP»# off alfae £8*6 protoa©^ a owstiag to th© two

huadtoed «#v«fey«tw» cuXturaa, smut suKttae&ing to th« eighteen

of nipt^r* c ©ckc4.» INK" esat or »t§ali

gaaara is tha total two hurutrad a«v»ntywtv*> cnilturco v r«

ls«r ttom tl»i» ofo&ervedi 5>y «arl£« dht#c,kiiif

Odcmata* (2, 3), Iter c«afc f*a<$*ettci«B according tc» inject

smew favorably eompfttwi wit**! of th&a& -workers*

Of til® alae §«»«rt. of efeMrv«d, Chxoococcus

fg» with greateat ffcaqtMney oa ftiptarun

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jM fawawt ay» a»& l^spi^a eg. fhetm £?«?* 22*2* %mH 16.6;.'

*a«3SH*otiv>aXy. jP©r c«5t - frequencies in cuXtux©# io-tlowad

r srimilar tread* JPsmr other .geenrs ap$>«ar«d in

culture* at but lower fee^ericdes*

psierm of <gr©«sti alg^s wre i<5«pitiii«d in tit#

ouXttttaa (Table V). frot g&wig jgg« ami cfolaralia sg>* oeeomd

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pm mmt ( m h n n i o f fit# eight#*!! s p e c i e s e&MMrit«4» » a i r a © c h l © r A « ~ l i k e

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lawnr frequencies la fc®fcal ealtmrw# but thm tzm& w»» tit* same.

f!s® t**lv* ofefesr g*a«ra cultaroA wsm &m»mt m mlf mm to

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f» »**««!», X» W», B. ». BchXiohti»o, Jr., «*<t X, w. itewart* *&iqper*ftl. of Ntc»»9K¥aai#«» by Meet** «km»*ft in M o m f e , * lK«M»8U(ayi jf Jg» 3^y^gg»

(Tfl p3P(*K®f»

St»vcrt# K- V. m d H. S. fiehliohting, tfr., #&i8pd£»ai of Alfa# «wt 9r«feoaMt % Sel«ot*£ Aquatic X&saat*#"

' M fatofr *** »**«•.

32

C3BEMMH681 XV

fteaalta of thia wtuUy lestistoMitii tba.t mmf o£ «h« nat«r-

fy«qMttUS9 Diptara a*a iaportaat oarrlara of viabla alga*

awl proton®®* eoMparlaoo of of faMe II with MMmlt*

eMsaAnad by CM) aba* that fan* huadrad forty-nine

apaeiaaas of eightaas diptaraa apaeiaa carriad total

dlffaraitt famwn of al,§a« an# £»»*©»», trtiaraa* ana liia»ai«Nt

eighty-two iadividoala of t«asity-alx apaeiae of othar w»t«r-

lasaeta (twanty-ttfo ofeoatM# ona mayfly* mm

fiy* ©a® twiMttiif# own widga) fifty*® Ass total different

gaaara* 9m <§@@M tmmltm ebtaljMMI with tins? fiaw apawdaa

<®wnhm« t» tb i t rajpart iaplf *ba% further wwfc «i th othar

apaelaa wi l l yiald poattlve information that w i l l further

tha ifltportanea of tha biptera, o*ar*U, 1* paaaiva

dinparfml of algaa mS pcotoMoa*

33

34

ftamit* 9IVM in tha pfwiaii ohaptour indicate that

Tip**!,a, im# fcfcwsMii wr» t&a m m t important

of tha Mpt*** ahadtad, mm mmlmw of viablt d i i M w l M .

laiatiiNi teiikwrt^we of tlw m m m of aa& ipula

a# Kiic 'oorga ir© 4iMMia«tar* wall not %h§ alao*

iMoots mm mm, mm& until mOmt wmwv«l after inoculation*•

JRmmrI* hmMifIUmi «®g«ar«i Us© pmAttAmte in nHhbara of

organiaaw «HurcUd« although •« f*w *al«a w v « eaptur^d

(only fMr of tfeixfty»teo) that a vaUd «^air4s«a aamot

hm «**$*«

of Bittaaqattapiia « « ©®,pt*w«i £» & boggy

amm Sw»34*w a pond, nil* mgxmio* i* aattvo #»&n§

tha day in partly m wholly ahadsd sit»feiei®sfi (^5). Xsdivi-

dttalft wwt#' i»e*fe»*I cm algal wife® and alighting n p »

noiat anaxfant institution and objects, Uwmmm mmtmtB

m m mote with ooiat A|«dtfi, #t*r£»g mating, fey both aalaa

mA immlm within ralAtivviy abort parioda of ti»a. towa©

a m ooemm in inc§i*»d®6«f* pool* wham partial** of dartvAttw

accuwtlat*. Ovipoaition by iMtlas in anoh situations,

awaggtnaa of adnlte of both s u m * and activity in tte

•iainity of boggy awao&y #sr wMMtihy air# iimmmmS t®

35

account tm tkm.p&dk «p of tho viabim torn* of mifjs® mw$

pmteMM* that «tMNM insets carry. *© w M t

Amtmrnm lit wilon oould Tarn found §m this iaooot; hawvwa«7

roforoacMi ic »«*» by Mveiral authors (5# 15. 53» 37) to tho

iiVovtiiMM of tht astiartfod first tmwml sognont m an aid in

®t the *fmei«s. this Inaoet la « 1M1 flior,

and iiae he«tm fi^e«rr®<il utilising tho ©aiargeil flat tarsal

sspMm&s as %dtotf plmmm# aiding iatarai mmmmmt* ft is

aswmed that la this ay, fMjs iasoct might tmmmm oauflht

up in straw wind ourronts an# Is® ascarisdi « m i M m b l m distanoos

w«r4«€» Behavior «feie!i poMlbly ®e«»s&t# £m

piakup of viabla alga* astd protosoa by thi» spooioa could

similarly soasuHt for dapesltion in a m m ®p«t4€ or

agp«ti« aftor overland *ovaewrat.

ill# habits of acitilc <rig»uxi<g» « « gsnorally ninilar to

thoso of vtioy wr# memm ia wist wonis sad

ateif «tx«a» teite CW!« fonalss deposit «§ga while flyiaf

omar *mtsr. ftm Iicvm of iM»y opMi®# of ilygl* aro fouad

ia M&HHSlfOi aitttati**** d?.S8p *oil, Wit MMMaSf and in

daaayftaiy iwi. disporsiswi diatsttsas awe wist waiUutJL*

for soot spoalos.

56

Mumf iMt VMnadMhi fgvqNMnt tta« aoi*t nhoree &£ panda#

imm« *»# mritaniag patAm m xnz&zvxis 'mtmm taktag

hlmA mmmIb awtealc* AdtuJU« attach nfgii in atasMc to

Immm o< ofmtitt ne plant# snob a* eafctfcila

Clfrnh. m>.\ sad -uxaanad (#Wty»f||a «£.)• *N mmm of

ptsatoM mm wmmwc^mA m mtmm ol jHftgpiMi pJDMflft A* «ray

«mi tdM »t«B» e< *te cotajaan

9msa. (S3). W&m tatoiiiag* Mm>mm "I into tb* *at«r «r

«nfe» wit Mil* occur® in. damp Mdl» Doth nwmi

of Mmwtii qp*ei«« 0f WtimMm Innr# Inm* aiaawn *» OlaptttM

SiHM@i8 i« t m i of wile*. t§e»®% lwara«£U«0 «*• strong,

mM% tlimrm* iii» Immi 1«4 t© difficulty is 6mK»st*at£i»9

mm®& 4UL«traNMMi torawMMHNI fis® ot tint wpmo&mm

to tuiffi »twdy, iia$» mm I.

)M** fe#<n atom* to dis r©** up to 5*5 ml 8,2 Mil**

MqptMrtUflwiy (SB). 9Ssi« Mifpgii't* ttMMS tac MMINIW al§H@

mm& mmmfefetfftfe fcn Jta 1§¥ &<lul»t; wwnpRT H© ' ' r ' 1 *wfc w *wiwi W J mttgm* *!W iPPif^i^ssw

»arfe>aiiii ija otwfcitA fam Bfeliiviilv SStiOCiAS ^ iSS#SSS@©®

£11 very iterl ywrJueMfei «f t4m»« ftiace «wt*af« flight «sf«®was

Aw *»fef»ii$At mm limt&d m baiav tmmty-tlvm adM« pe* h@m (15).

37

Although MMMsoitoes c»»r i«S fewor t o t a l a lga» aatf p r a t o a o i

I9imi e t aae&i*** ytutiMwni oraaofHoft* ami winttrihMB

f « s « * of v l i fe le &h§m aaft pfoftewoii w t iOoa t i f io f t

i s au l t a rmr . tfcoy «b*K*#oet tsay &# ootMiMwd Ijaporteist

Jtewfjiiteww mmm® aqua t i e n i t m t i w ® ,

r o * t 1» <S»»p «f mmrgaftt vegufcaiisart, and the f@»ales o v i p o s i t

to, m wwmp f f » » l « # t f t w Uniting m felso* warnt*

and Hnljm § m m l m w*te» feaoMt* t o t he f r o w d *»#

f l y aboat wi th ek iming-hoppin* jaofc p r i o r t o

o v i p o a i t i o a ( a ? ) . « i * « a t vary ing fe«i«ht« afcova

frwuwl* PoMaio «M0t»UB« WMHgtftito«f aepoa i t «gy« %A.il@ a t

CMit m f t » wmtm mxtfmem or ost #onn oJ>j«wt m r t t h * *6ge

of t$MB vw&mr «fi§i m m a l g a l a a t o r bios*. (88% ftu» f a n a l e

aln»y» to«0h#« m t c r Auriftg th« w i p o a i t l o n Amm* (%!# GtwtMt

i * a*tt» v l t l i t h* aweond «nA tb i s f t f » l r of logs* proboacis#

o r i&P&mmn. -Culm: mtm mttlmm m th» vstoff •taurfaev Awing

o v l i M l U o n (S3)» itoiiiaB u tmal ly o v i p o s i t * on «toi»t s o i l

rnhmm tit* wrtwar lino# *atf « f f » hfttcftt hImmi mdHMQM«ttti.y

f looded A t r i a f mtlM* JMagmraal f a r ou l io id# hwv*

bmm oHtanaivoly u twSte i feMNMtM of ttioiir s i g n i f i c a n t a s

Ca&»etm im&m hmm bmn

38

*m m up to 3-11 mile* (6, JFXighe* mm watems

»**• of*«n f x m t i m thi<* mifratecy Mttt«aoik (29)

<pwt## a *»port: toy Curry « f ea&UHtt&qr WW®** o f

toJU^witww twwsr tlMi A t l an t i c , « » tauitfie** an€ t « t mile® mm

«f 0»p» *«wy« | ^ « i v«x»at> wwt twr mpmirn* hat*

« f l i g h t r«age of *& t » Uwwty^ff i** t o t h i r t y a i l * e (8# S,

l$* ST* 35) * On* iB?*eti9Rsor (so) turn gqpaet«d a ansa

ttlgftstioa of tip t a tone fMstewl « i t h i v t y n i l#ns» &

orottLd a * t !«t $ftm£ fcr t$I i^«rfd*t i 4UL#t;jKv# aC &?: ttiQxocsAmj

gmmml tanKMtifiMr* &*v« Uafc«4 d iasmwim 4ktmtaamm «ff

.g^j^iawKigJlgvtixg of up to fmsir couLXm ( I * 5* ?» 8#

XI, 13* X*, IT, 15/ SX, **# §S* >&). ttwit U « t t b *

dUttwrn* *& lAtaxmX iw««BWt mm tmm mm fas taio

Stotb c t t l i e ia t tteftqvits** cshia€fe«I torn te®«» 9hot*i to» 1m

MslAtiwXy J W i - a i i f s » r y • jptcla* wlt3» distanc** of

.!«#« thm mm m tm M4## ft# •§# Mt l6r ST# 3®')*

4USMWM0. 44ataMMNt * • *» &JUlMft f o r g i i t t ^^mra c l l l s t a ,

to w t « S i n isH# £Wi i6 i i f <mJLttur»» toon the a l t y * * ,

JtewiitaHflif * » i m&mmmm m** MM s#% mhi fe i t

Kigf t i f laaat §mmmm af «%«# unit prafcaao* y$mm «wp»r#«l

w i th r<*rty-«i#ht £m.xotiimui: &p». &mim& two a&g»*«

39

Sttmmxt (>5) ikMnd four al<gral fmmmm tm iawBl;y » . <

a o 4 I « s t « d o n l y cm* h u a d r t d p « l e f r a i M i # ® w « a # x t m *

Jalt iaMy that# minm M&Ubit goatocaliy

siadHJUur iMfcit* to s8o*$U&»bs« tfeoy would 1m aJwttt

ti^08ffc3toi:ti *§® %#y f§ v 8MMM&J*tw£

a&tiJjwi iss «hi* study A^ve xjoc bocae thi» out. ChlronaBBJUi m .

deposit* #gg» singly or iss imssm; or cm fclws morftMtt of

vafcor U l ) r or o® object* i a wot decaying iaatfe«r ( l £ ) ,

ftiaoo ©»iy two of $&£t&+*wmt » t «qati»oXa c»te i ja«t

« y «rcwth, this? a>9t»K« mMeMI aswM bs ooM&tavdl o s s s n t i s l l y

asogrtio. Al l «haa w<a«hjbag» wore nogstiv*, t h i s iadiaatos

H0 X muXIMNA j&nswi t&tMt #Jf p#ir

©KB* I m p l W CSj wSlorafi 4Sl®Cjn»afSt oar

£or tho

i0MME"t} H.% :fay%;."BHt ft

*ho *en«ra of algae and pvotosw* And their rol*txv«

of osi«»n»swis t o sfwseioii **•£« t l i i l H t to

rsgNurtod by f t * w o t (36) . sh« &m ooat frequencies of 55.3 *

27-7/ 22.2, ana 16.6 per cent a f a r ffcomldllSi !»««

«w* sp»# XMpMitiv«ty«

(tojjm t h i s study. cottjair# favorably with results by Stsvart C?6)»

*0

8* r»poart«4 pwant«9«« of 87,0# 61,5# 90«3« 19.8, and 23»3

per <mit for til# mom bl«®*fr@®u» ob Odpaatwt and otlt*r aquatia

âects. ProtocQccatB up,, ChloreIla sp.* and Chlerocoecum » .

w©r© found on #%•%» and JM9L8 per cent of the diptaratie

<sh««aced drnrlug thin atudy. fhi« eeapftrmi with percentages of

U.5> 2>.lf and 4$»3 jpaar emmt m 0do»at®«» Although

jp«3ra»iita f«» for grotococc-ae »p. and Chiorella bp. do not

dLUrttttty all tttre* of th«*« f®n®ra vnc th* »©»t

pstdtalaaiit §r©«n alga# in caltwar®# in bath studies. Xn h&th

studi®®, MmlmlA ap. and Hitascfala gp« weir® found la »ea*~e«pal

p#xw«ota*aa, Otiwr yallw-graana war* found at 1«»mut paroantafaa.

9 m ©iptâ to a«t vppwx tm ««ny |»r®t©*oa to tl»a @Kfc®i*t

that ©their agnatic i)»«©et» do, Howavar, Bodo sp. or Sod@»Uk®

*la<j<allata» vwr» a m i on ©l^t®ra tttaii ©** ©thar a&tatie

inaoetta eheaked by Stowart (3&)»

OBfttlM flmA eawiad by Diptaira that hav# not praviaualy

report## eamrlad by ©tli©r Inmmtti wewm

blu9~%wmm9». (deimtd), s a M S J t ^ J £ & S U & E 9 .&•'

jjg. and a Itooehiiiwa-iile® eUMte, M l thes®

Qemx;r®& at rolativaXy lew freêooiaa,, fwr cent tn«nieja<5l«is

®f a U ®*faiiAfi»a iss tha two hundred seventy-fcw® war®

4l

wasti lower than those shewn "hy ofcHer mttfeisrs (.70, 36). Thi»

w w j*lw#!i dtaa to higher ratios of negative ettlter«w to

totals for Dipt r* (on® htftrtrod thirty-4a#o of two hundrwS

wnwsa lsio} * in eswspjsariaaa to aaanatas a®8 etbags ia nhidti

ca#« Hfcwr incKSttlatiaria yi«lAa2 jscf&tiva cultures. %mrgm

tMrisal «®fct®r# of ealturee made of Sdpfentft jKMEbap* o ousstai

fee th* £wer«ft>XiJ cNgngpariaon of peawentagas «ff o«faii£wi

carriod l>jf tftat eigliteeai ag«?t«if>s vifch few other i»#«ieti§

x&pmct'&S. hf pmvxouw, wrikiors, OoLttHa?©

of tu*a>» «ix, t&m, aa& tmlv* wmkw* cmiM not fen joattwacially

dtaBtMMd 4taa to tfie great awwat o£ tizae rwjuixvA f«e

aetii»i«i8 «»»iistatie8i« l « m a of this, of g«»»

of «!f»« awl reprot*d bore for isdi iaawwst ars

©£»!»* since of m « gmwrm* especially

piroteisoa, fluctaat« <3»k short p«ri«X«u

I.* & pipy kn^twyj £ort »nSll0

s issS## #$* AI$ribMffB w srs @ciH,#©%siS 1, y #ifp# hm"#

to iMMtal»t« tut IwwItoP® vial* of m mtmilm mltwm

42

S?- fee v * r e «ralfet«»S A® a p&gfttt

gsroirtte chiBribwr a t £&HK?*C. a rixtewi h o a r r&atophaaa. «**>* ' *** **'

3~ O v e r a l l , t h l r t ^ i w w n difftesw&fc f * n « r a o f a t g w s a d

xnratoiiaa wmm st>#«rwi€ in t h « two hwridxnd » w « s t y - t e o es&.<artml.

^•vmtfhdnss.9

**» A» a grs*$p, f i w apeci«« of YaS«njld0 crs r r led t w a n t y

osrsas d i £ f e x * a t fteaaofa o f v i a b l e snd p r o t o » o a . X t ^ i v i d o a l

«$Mtad«a of ovmiflJUwi, tjfapttla tafiiriUw!* attd fftMoiten o r s m o f l i * * ,

%, ewrvtaft thm am» iswg»«f of gwwim.

5 * o f f o o r p w » t t % n » p s r f c * d flaw®* f « a « a

of vl«ibl« a l g » t and grot»38oa t h a n %«raefl5,s«t ora»»fXl«ii«

&F9*wfcMm d i f f e r e n t « p g « r ® w s r © f o u n d i n o n * ! u x n d r o d e i g h t y -

n i n e c o l t * * * # * >,

6 . tihadboKUbi and Chironantide t o g e t h e r c « r r i « d o n l y flour

g*Nav»« t h m l i y be ing tins ieaart impor tan t p a a s l v a diggwdUiMMMi

dMntci tti€ Uipfcearjj efhfccS&ed >

? . A * f t o d f l n t # * t * a n a l y s i s of nx*aib«r of d i f f e r e n t m i c r o -

i n cultttjr««f A « « 4 t h a t e r a w f l i M r s fewmt^

a M horvof l i iHi w a x 1 * 4 e i g a i f i o f t a t l y more al,§a® and p r o t o n s *

t han »o»psits>®® o r ®M§««gu fta#pjl%#«i «*rr l«A i i A f n l f t « t t J , i f

m o r e t h a n m i d f « ® „

43

Mk."' jgp» 4 jtot&cvctiB gp. f

-SB" «»* laasfea ,iflp» were tlie moot jrc cmlmitt

bXww$r««n aig« carriixl % Sifted* fecifcoeo«»fe @ge f

SMffiElIi, M* * .ChJ^PttBQpcon ftp* * mid fjamocftlcariB gp. utara

the irwi oXQae StimaCL wavicula «£. an*!

MMgMS MB>* (diufcaBw), ladfe #b, and Aai HBic -Ulve

(Su Xttttoide) «mS tiiii slliafegs ftaacaiiagglt^*? l ,g jukI

w« found at high ffcatgaoMtlce,

fl» Jmalts »ssd cUsporsior, dint ices ©f Sl tera checked

tihiji #* #8%. tluit; nu&terocm &I9&& a.j&d jpot&aNMik

<tcaoiuxtsmt«g to l>« c«*ri#d# could &© j?i«k%:a wp «t one a^atie

mux Jm transport^' t« aw? be deposited in

os}o£b«*r*

10* ®**« WffWt tl»t at least borc» »ipt«ra oontriimfc*

fcuifeetaafcifctXy to -she jp&gsivti ewwla»4 dispesftal, &£ Xmg»

xmnfoMfft #j? ctifica3,"©jst. stiff act and piro€;0%B»

t I . 9* 9 . i " M M ONNumit iocw m t t e f lAgM* o f S ta ined JkMqph«2.1tMM» a t IMIOmm*,. IfcirtJjoitti fteisfsift#®

o f y r o p l m l | OT f w i f ™ " S 4 B ,

P* it* K* n a i s , A . I f e j i d i *dNwf rva t io«# on th© ftaMTMN* |irf f S i m m m w r m A m m e*£ Atlma* ^ssOtAmmmm mmM Xfefi I d f i l t i f a t i e w i Sato t t w I teXM % t » i * i k m m t * W&mrml M a l a r i a o f H»H,li* 1 (1933 ) ,

3# &v»v kg i i emon t , •# f • S.# M« i M M i aa£ N* *« M k t x t m , about t h * F l y i n g Radian o f jfcws to

j b k i i m $ > m ~ W

4 . B a t t e * , I t * , " O v i p o o i t i o n Bs fper lmn ts v i * h Jtoophol ine v# XCM1XM& &£

xx ( I <ao%

5* M t i m F * ©« tmd M« J*»Jtemcf* Jgs iRtyo^nefc ie i i t » i# H«i# I'orkT"mzlt/ Mn#h&rt~imd

BfttOOr &U5-. , & 9 & .

6 . B resc ia , Frarifc, e t . a l » , *H 9tuAy o f t h e M i g r « t o r y W i b i t * Of ®aJLfe IjairaKti fltml Skmemthmil i.mm Mpuaep.tj tommm - * iwwal t i a#

( S f i n , t S M iHx i to ty o f mmr&m* wt» m m , w * * 4

? . CwrjMmtoar# 0 . J . , «r. * . Brack i n , J r . , andi &» *» Athtoo# • &RtMMlcwUr*l . H®«k <#««&??§ I S ^ I ftossinp #» fet» K s l « r M ProtvUro,* Jou rna l o f t l i e R B t l M a l C l a r i s ffoooity# i c i m ' h i i 5 7 ~ m r ~ * ~ ~

$* e&s&Hs# «J. I>»* tatpi gut# l i o g w i t y o f IfeMHiiiitoo* OiMrtwS w i t h A n i l i n e £ y « « , • P roce^a ime o f tfcai Wm

^ ' ' " ' * i * mmjmk3}*

44

45

•JrelindnT* Sggresi? Report.. Do Hate mmwd-tmm Vly ** far «s fwnlMRf SIB A# rUfbt Katng» of ail Mowepj.tto** the Wsmmf* M»*cmi.to J*w»f», HI l6~£i.

*0" >' *•*•*£•• «t tfli# Viifbt Range of

il, Sarllng* S. ?,, *»ntcrw>Io<c?ic«l l®i»A In Malaria,* jjf^ttSSSSX&S^OsP

jomx (W5), U?« 1* •», Xnsfcgtg ami MMmhi of Weam Starts *M»»i<nu

ipokH, 55%

13- 38yle»# S. 8,. *Aw on the sang* of ©iupesfsio® ,ffr.|i .sBf gite t fn lAifti itftityWti> littfin lH utite. aw-jjiUf mi ttalrifr irtifir iiinMiH'.nn TO ariBd Etik-a* mm •ititifft iir -Ttfr -4fr itrto iiirrT ft6f> j|lWT,i,iaftifiWntftti itfitfftfUfci fe- fimitii' Bal

"Sowg few?m jHisNMreal of lata#*1

aga sma&f ** w*«.

15, Paurb, »efc«BTj fit# Xn#«cte, iPwr Yoxk, Tim®* tncorpornt^., I96fr«

!/•-„ M* H+, *®laiper«al Stad£#« «m ftadi©acrtive~fl*jgg0& y«g * mrn^xlto mm* xkxv <X96*)«

r. GteA<j«!jr, J. e,, Ws <S. aa£ R. B» «Parb«tt, "»ff«ctiv» Malaria 9MtK»l in a Rice- ri«U with ONwrBKiflR« or 8Sriiaent« on Moaqult©

IS. €, M.< If. W. and H. K. fttage, •ffcuftie* ok m®m. mmm (Half.) «ai gtictictte (m»*9»)« - ....j . <.• ^ „ jt ^ » P ipPWPPfJlW igWWf il*!l|IISW<PP ^ =,

ytowl 1fet»r HQ«qultoft«i in the l*aw#r rolwnbin Riv«r fMllMf$• ImMM 1# tip EiSt-orooXolcal Society &j marim* $yB|W5i|7 WB8£$T£m

46

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Publishing Coapany# Inc., 196?.

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M a # *. Ii. # Jggw tg ISaoif tha Protozoa, ©ubwjua# Iowa, m®. C. Browi Gcmpany Fublishars, 1949.

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2fc*do# *• *•# grptogpoloqy, 4th ad,# Springflald# Xllinoia# C. C. ffcoaas# Publ., 1954.

48

49

Zinadln, f . C., aa* U. 8. WMt» lis* f r ^ M i r l a s .gjwwwwiwi. f t feint Qt miebimm* muwmttrnt

Si® Morfc&iirt* Nlcfoigaa 4»t t*f« »*•*«» I f®*

llMCmxy* D.. îuipwrt m ttm o£ wmlwmm*** ttiimslty of fteJUtwar* f ta t ioa# WmmA$ M m m > I Bttll*ti» X». ®S6# I960.

mtU««o» rn*, ®£ ttw Kosquitê- o£ SSorth America, Xthaca, Saw Yozk« GactcNfe VtflAlalULag ©wpmif, 19*4*

l iM#iat i i f ^sBte # .# m i * • X . M i « i i A # a i 4 e t o tH» f t » t y M f i g # M t « g W E ' ® « I f w w i ^ o , M t a » * f t y , XMm 1 9 f t .

f a i r n , G+ Xm M w in w>t«r SuppU—, V. ft. Wblio Health fifeUm*inn » T W » i i «

* » • * # t . »** a t f i a R i g M. H a , i s l M Wm York, HonaM Pxmm* IS*D«

f r * * o o t t « « . w.» Momi o f t l » wm%mm fgoyfc rnumm * * * * * 9n)tnqv«i Xom« w*u C* Brown CMpny* f a b U d m r t i lfi@«

„*» »wr Meow ttm 9x*&rmfi*s M i« Mr* 6 . Atomr Ccwpany. rtti»ll«l»*r«, 135*.

_ _ _ _ _ _____ _ 3WNa »®# XoMt Mr* 6. Brow# Ccwpany. rtti»ll«l»*r«, 195*.

ft9f«ra# J«

Iff of Mlohifoa

flgtitla# #* II* * £ £ l y m f t m f r Mmm mi tfco Initial gtwioai* Wm tmtk* flMrmfeffiUuL 0«np«ayt Xna., 1950*

Stone.. i# JUmi* f h o WjHKMSX&m p f tftjo giftftyttfar o f W w m m M rnîcm, w, s . 0 . I t . K i l f i t ' * w b l . tto* $ m T w m *

I* £•*« JEliStSal ttrtvamfcy of tfulift

*• <*•# Aaaotio f®—isfeo CaLitoal&, l n k « l « y . oftiifon&o* w ^p 8 jp ^mFj0gr W

50

hstlclmm Admtrn, V. e , € * , WmmmMimm oa ttws V l i f h t « f Mwlwr i l

Am| (mU»»« a t l ' X » f t , i » H i m Hb^daaia, - teMii a f fy i j f r i t f i l , i—d jg j j i * «na ywwwi tQiaay j xxxxv ( w o ) « f 5 - * 5 I

A f r i d t * it* Xmt and S» A- *9bf*rralMLmMi mi Sang* o f ot Culax msi# Its M l l l n t i M

i n t e tfca D e l h i arbM. Ara«.« JoarnU. to«titart« 9t India. I (1958J, 155-1.67.

Asm. fcallaiwmt, #* * • St-, KL 9o*ga* t and N. 8 . fM&ajr l f t* *1fcMMMHri*ihMiris* »1nwt JflirjLstffl HaJH-tiM a# ito—wBi 1

?^dfedel,iy;'.:j,-:rt wgg j kg | Plsnjetdgm i f t

Bm%t®*$ M«* *#»r£$#»4tigi# laspwlMsfe# v&tlt lto#qtato«a» * JMylgMi .jte»0M& «£ rnm&ml m&X«lm* m (19*0),

BwMia» f rank# #fc a l . , *A ftndiy of t he Mpmtoary A t M t i #f S a l t Wmmn an t Jurioph^line *

tooi.tv 9t mniae.

QNepaatsar* t , #«# * „ f « Brackln, J r» f azsd B. f»# Ashton, *lst«»XogA«® i «3arfc iwarinf lf#l SMrariitg cm fit# Hnlariii » * * » • » . ' J w w » l a f t t » * . t l « m « l * » l w i » Boc l« ty , 1 f W t f # 15 f * l t t 8 .

<U«lk# j r . In« " P l i f h t feayw and i M g w l t y #£ X o a q i i t a * * Bttated K i t t i I tet lJjs# Spw#* Proceedings j £ j g g Jgpr Jersey

l i t # l « t — l a a t l o n aesoeiat icm, XXX { U45)» f> r r

• » • I *« lJ* ia«»ry 9%®§mm $rnp®m* W® M i l # $tswm£tm& Wtf an f a r a® f t m & M ? X* t i l# f U f h t Baa** o f a l l *«*ptAt<*&a t i t * iaam?" j f c w m i t o Mmm* 111 (19*2)« l>&*fltl«

51

«, *#tudi«s m tUm f l i gh t laago of ltowgultoos** a m a m i at x c o a m i a m % e m i M x . a m <w*3). isi- iae.

W m l l m * <• 9.# "Sa**mt>X&gic*l t r n m m m £a Medical Jomrml, WHS (1985)»

O . K . f f wJto i K f w r i m t n t on the Sta9« of fiiipwwioii o€

. , " u r n ftm«* Mapmnd. of Public Health Reix*rts,

*f.

r«»iHiU» S. $L* •Dispersal mt&lmm m 9mt&mMvm+9u§(t»A lim-wslmimB** mmmltm Wmm* XXXV (19 6*)

'So*

#•!§*«?»• «T, C«# W*. C« ?ittdy« and ». S< *XfAwtiv« Malaria Qcmtrol in a f tas H*id Piotriot# wifcli Cfciwtfvtttiane on itoiqailo f l i^ht i i* f t ^ 1 , **&«»* I O T

Oiiiciii fsrttWr •Hartal Flwsktoti and I t s Conditio*# of Wit#* x n s i 109* ubS,

QjtUUai C. w. W» t»A flu X. 9t*gm, **tttAJjw m &®#m» ymmm «bA A&des stictlcms (KvJLf«), Flood Water ilpmgiaitaMi i s the %mm» Golmtoia ItAwtr *»"••*• * j @ e t e | £ S a f s M t i a & B L s s i s s x M

Oooftwia. X* a. i Ar*f 9a»MmfeloM o» AiapotftaX of

Say frotc. % fiPM®itss§ teM Xatott* tgaAofesr* f i l l (3£*9

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*mlltm' * f w # ' * ^ i U a a e i a a i s .

^ ? r ? 0 a ± ! t L ^ S F I a a ® «* * * " * • » « f H * U * U » S rnmmmAm <g

• m m M I * w« » . , *A. j^.p»t4®a of &ectea 5 1 Wgfm&Uffl. W U 54*. *TOR4.

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* W r a w # * • * • « « * « « . * • »r««c*fet, *9oxle Fr«*hwat«r *lg*m,m

" ' * J*"'* tax f l f 5 * | t 75- t *»«1Mr* #» «M ( t e „ Observations ®n th« jkUe S U M t y . M m M . . 25 m m i s m

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