Transport of CO2

Professor Dianne WileySchool of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia

IEAGHG Summer School 2015University of Western AustraliaPerth AUSTRALIA6-12 December 2015

2

Transportation of CO2: Options

Road

Source: http://www.mfrbee.com/

Ship

Source: http://www.anthonyveder.com/

Source: http://www.bp.com/ Source: http://www.globaltrans.com/about-us/our-business/rolling-stock-fleet/

RailPipeline

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Thinking about transportation

• CO2 can be transported as a solid, liquid or gas

• Because gaseous CO2

occupies a very large volume, transport uses supercritical (dense liquid) CO2

• Storage depths are such that CO2 is usually in the supercritical state

4

Preparing for transport

Manage temperature and pressure to ensure single phase flow to avoid:

Flow and compression issues

Remove water to avoid: Corrosion Formation of hydrates

Manage other impurites: Remove themand/or Manage compression requirements Manage design requirements (such as pipeline thickness,

crack arrestors)

Source: http://www.bakerhughes.com/

5

Effect of impurities on transport & storage

• Impurities change the critical T & P

• May need more compressors along pipeline or thicker pipe or greater compression at the well head

• May change storage efficiency and effectiveness

Capture technology

Critical temperature

(°C)

Critical pressure

(bar)

Re-pressure distance

(km)

Post-combustion 31 74 300

Pre-combustion 29 83 105

Oxy-fuel 27 93 35

Source: Seevam et al, ‘Transporting the Next Generation of CO2 for Carbon, Capture and Storage: The Impact of Impurities on Supercritical CO2 Pipelines, IPC2008-64063

6

Existing USA CO2 pipelines

Source: IPCC (2005), ‘Special Report on carbon dioxide capture and storage’

7

Proposed ROAD network in the Netherlands

Source: slideshare.net/globalccs/eusew-presentation-by-andy-read-road’

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Short facts about pipeline transport

US has extensive experience with transport of supercritical CO2 by pipeline

Operating temperatures in the US are typically between 4 ºC to 24 ºCo requires high pressure (10 MPa to 19 MPa) to maintain

CO2 near supercritical conditions Approximately 3100 km of pipeline, capacity 48-58 Mt/yr >25 years of operation with good safety record

Pipeline design needs to consider risks of pipeline rupture transport through densely populated or environmentally

sensitive areas

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CO2 dispersion & ductile pipeline fracture

Source: folk.ntnu.no/zhiliang/?page_id=322

Source: wiki.iploca.com/display/rtswiki/13.8+Innovations+in+CO2+Pipeline+Construction

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Ductile fracture simulation

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz_OhonS28

11

Short facts about ship transport

Depending on conditions, ships may be more cost-effective than pipelines at large distances for:

more than about 300 km off-shore more than about 500 km on-shore

Recommended transport conditions vary 0.7 MPa and -50 ºC (ZEP) 2 to 2.5 MPa and -10 to -20 °C (Chiyoda) compare with triple point (maximum liquid density) at -56.4 °C

and 0.52 MpaOther considerations:

Need to reheat and recompress for offshore discharge May need storage and filling facilities for loading Need to include fugitive emissions in project evaluation and

design for long distance transport

Source: Yoo et al, International Journal Greenhouse Gas Control 12 (2013) 323

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Comparison of pipe and ship transport

PIPELINE SHIP

Higher upfront costs Lower upfront costs

Relatively little on-going cost Significant on-going costs

Limited flexibility after construction (no route flexibility, limited flow flexibility)

Flexible for route and flow once operational

Long lead time Shorter lead time

Low specific transport costs, especially on shore and for short distance off shore

Can have specific transport costs similar to (or less than) pipelines under some circumstances

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Pipeline design resources

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Transport and storage cost resource (onshore and offshore)

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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

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Nominal pipeline diameter (mm)

1 Mt/y

3 Mt/y

5 Mt/y

10 Mt/y

15 Mt/y

20 Mt/y

25 Mt/y

30 Mt/y

35 Mt/y

40 Mt/y

Increasing flow

0

200

400

600

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1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600

Nom

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Distance (km)

1 Mt/y3 Mt/y5 Mt/y10 Mt/y15 Mt/y20 Mt/y25 Mt/y30 Mt/y35 Mt/y40 Mt/y

Increasing flow

0

100

200

300

400

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0 50 100 150 200

Pipe

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Distance (km)

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Increasing flow-rate

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