Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Chapter 35

1) Label the parts of this diagram.

Include: Root System, Shoot System, primary root (taproot), lateral root, node, internode, axillary bud, terminal bud, cotyledon remnant, petiole, blade, simple leaf, compound leaf, leaflet.

Also label the parts of the diagram below:Include: Palisade & spongy parenchyma (also called mesophyll) the vein (xylem, phloem, and bundle sheath cells) the guard cells and stoma, epidermis and cuticle.

2) What part of a root absorbs water?

3) What are the functions of the two systems from the diagram above?

4) Why are carrots and turnips harvested before they flower?

5) What does pruning the terminal bud off of a plant do to the overall growth of a plant?(apical dominance)

6) What are the differences of structure and function of the following cell types?Parenchyma

Colenchyma

Sclerenchyma

7) How does the life cycle of bryophytes differ from other types of plants?

8) What is the function of pits in the secondary cell wall of xylem?

9) What is “ground tissue”?

10) What is the difference between annuals, and perennials?

11) What is a meristem?

12) What is the difference between primary (10) growth and secondary (20) growth? And what is responsible for controlling each?

13) If you look at the branch of an older tree, why is it thicker near the trunk, than it is near the end?

14) What are the 4 major parts of a root tip, and what do they do?

15) Describe how the parts of a leaf that you have labeled in this packet work together to perform the function of the entire organ.

Include: Palisade & spongy parenchyma (also called mesophyll) the vein (xylem, phloem, and bundle sheath cells) the guard cells and stoma, epidermis and cuticle.

16) Describe the direction of growth, and tissue generated by the following:

a. Vascular Cambium

b. Cork Cambium

17) Why do stems have rays?

18) What tissue makes up the annual rings of a stem, and why are there 2 distinct layers in each ring?

19) Explain why removing the bark of a tree trunk around the circumference would kill the tree.

20) How are the xylem of gymnosperms and angiosperms different?(tracheids vs. vessel elements & fiber cells)

21) What are the 3 main stages of plant development & why is each one essential?

22) How does the cytoskeleton of a cell effect the growth pattern of that cell?

Transport in Vascular Plants Chapter 36

In order to understand this chapter you need to know: the properties of water due to H-bonding, solute, solvent, solution, osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and facilitated diffusion. See Ch 8.

1) What is water potential?

*Like any other type of flow, water always goes from high water potential to low water potential.

2) If you increase the amount of dissolved solutes, what will happen to the water potential?

3) If you increase pressure, how will that effect the water potential?

4) Why do vegetables stay crisp longer in a dish of water than if you left them out?

5) How has the discovery of aquaporins helped to explain the movement of water in plants?

6) How does flow through the apoplast differ from flow through the symplast?

7) In order for material to move from the apoplast into the symplast, what must it do?

8) What is the main force that moves water from the roots to the top of a tree?

9) Why would a person trying to save his trees from a bark fungus inadvertently harm (or even kill) his trees by using a strong fungicide.

10) What is the function of the Casparian strip, and how does it work?

11) Why do the tips of blades of grass have a drop of morning dew on them?

12) Why don’t trees demonstrate guttation?

13) How do trees use solar power to move water from roots to the top, without using any of their own energy?

14) How do guard cells regulate transpiration, and what signals them?

15) How have xerophytes adapted to arid climates?

16) In the sieve tubes of phloem, sugar flows from a __________ to a ___________.

17) Why are tubers and bulbs considered sugar sources in spring, but sugar sinks in the summer?

18) Besides direction, how is the transport of phloem sap different from xylem sap?

19) What is the role of companion/transfer cells?

Plant Nutrition Chapter 37

1) What is the difference between a macronutrient, and a micronutrient?

2) Make a list of macronutrients and micronutrients

3) Why do plants turn yellow with a magnesium deficiency?

4) How can hydroponic farmers prevent their crops from drowning?

5) What does humus contribute to soil fertility?

6) What are the Three most important components of soil conservation?

7) Why is using compost better for the soil than commercial fertilizers?

8) What does the label “15-10-15” on a box of fertilizer mean?

9) Salination (increasing salt concentration) is a major problem caused by the over irrigation of crops. Why will salt accumulate in irrigated soil?

10) If bacteria were to be removed from soil (or killed), how would that effect plants growing in the soil?

11) How is Nitrogen absorbed by roots? (In what compound?)

12) Why are root nodules red? *Include the function of the compound.

13) Why is the fern Azolla often grown in rice paddies?

14) How are endomycorrhizae different from ectomycorrhizae? Which is more common?

15) What is an epiphyte? Do they harm other plants?

16) Why do some plants eat insects?