TRANSPORT AND CARBON FINANCE · 2017-08-30 · Transport Methodologies Large scale: MRTS, BRT, HSR,...
Transcript of TRANSPORT AND CARBON FINANCE · 2017-08-30 · Transport Methodologies Large scale: MRTS, BRT, HSR,...
Dr. Jürg M. Grütterjgruetter@transport‐ghg.com
www.transport‐ghg.com
Matching Transport with Carbon Finance
TRANSPORT AND CARBON FINANCE
CONTENT
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
EXAMPLES & LESSONS LEARNT
TRANSPORT AND CARBON FINANCE
Design, planning and implementation of GHG transport projects worldwide since 1992
Development, negotiation and monitoring of the 1st GHG reduction sales agreement of transport companies in Europe
The 1st approved CDM transport methodology
The 1st registered CDM transport project
The 1st registered VCS transport project
Offices in Switzerland, China, India, Bolivia and partner offices in Mexico, Brasil, South Korea, and VietNam...
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
1st
1st
1st
1st
Current Carbon Finance Transport Projects of grütter consulting
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
80%
of all approved CDM transport Methodologies & Projects worldwide !
Transport Methodologies
Large scale: MRTS, BRT, HSR, Freight (limited) plus under discussion Rail
Small scale: cable car, biofuel production, electric/hybrid vehicles, various singular technology measures and soon efficiency methodology for fleets
Standardized baselines: Under preparation
Most useful: ACM0016 basically for metro/LRT AM0031 for BRTs New rail meth large scale Electric/hybrid vehicles New efficiency meth fleets
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
Meth Experience GC IScope Status / Client
Development of standardized baselines for transport On behalf of UNFCCC
BRT (Bus rapid transit) methodology Approved by UNFCCC as AM0031Mass Rapid Transit methodology (for metro, tram, LRT, BRT) consolidatedbased on a bus-lane methodology and a metro methodology both proposed bygrütter consulting
Approved by UNFCCC as ACM0016
HSR (High Speed Rail) Methodology Approved by UNFCCC as AM00101Plant-oil production for transport usage Approved by UNFCCC as AMS.III.TCable car methodology Approved by UNFCCC as AMS.III.URevision and reformulation of AMSIIIC for electric vehicles Approved by UNFCCC as AMSIIIC Vs 13
Methodology for efficiency improvements in fleets Under review at the UNFCCC as SSCMethodology for Rail Projects Under review at the UNFCCC as large scale
methodologyDevelopment of a transport methodologies for GHG reductions in transport-Fuel switch (biofuels, gaseous fuels)-Mode switch freight and passengers-Logistics improvements-Vehicle fleet optimization-Quarry optimizations incl. conveyor belts, tunnels etc-Eco-drive
Approved by Swiss government
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
Scope Status / Client
Truck and mobile machinery efficiency methodology on behalf of CoOP Approved by the Government of British Columbia,Canada and under review at the VCS
Bike methodology on behalf of CityRide Under review at VCS
Methodology for assessment of CDM transport options UNDP, 2009
Reformulation of small scale CDM transport methodology for retrofit of vehicles
UNFCCC, 2009
Methodology for Transit Oriented Development (TOD) World Bank, 2008
Methodology for increasing metro ridership Metro Medellin, 2008
Methodology for increasing bus occupation rates World Bank, 2008
Methodology for ethanol-diesel usage Energenics, 2008
Methodology for improving efficiency of bus fleets World Bank, 2007
Report on potential small-scale CDM transport methodologies UNFCCC, 2007
Sourcebook on CDM and transport GTZ, 2007 (download: www.sutp.org)
Appraisal of potential small-scale CDM transport methodologies UNFCCC, 2007
Guideline for transport methodologies IADB, 2006
Review of more than 30 new methodologies proposed for CDM in the transport, energy and industrial sector (lead expert)
UNFCCC, since 2004
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
Meth Experience GC II
Projects GC IProject Country StatusBRT TransMilenio Bogotá Colombia Registered as CDM ProjectCable Car Medellin Colombia Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Barranquilla Colombia Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Medellin Colombia Registered as CDM ProjectBRT MIO Cali Colombia Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Chongqing China Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Zhengzhou China Registered as CDM ProjectMetro Delhi India Registered as CDM ProjectMetro Mumbai 1 India Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Edomex Mexico Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Insurgentes Mexico Registered as CDM ProjectBRT Guadalajara Mexico Registered as CDM ProjectProduction of plant-oil for usage in transport Paraguay Registered as CDM Project
Westport LNG/CNG HDVs worldwide Registered as VCS projectBRT Johannesburg South Africa Registered as VCS projectMetro Seoul Line 9 Corea Registered as VCS projectVarious transport projects including:-Road to rail freight - Road to ship freight-Freight optimization measures - Fuel switch projects-Passenger transit projects - Vehicle fleet optimization-Building machine optimization measures
Switzerland More than 70 companiesregistered and selling emissionreductions
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
Projects GC IIProject Country StatusMetro Mexico Line 12 Mexico In registration as CDM ProjectBRT Megabus Pereira Colombia In registration as CDM ProjectBRT Metrobus Line 2 to 21 Mexico In validation as CDM ProjectMetro Buenos Aires Argentina In validation as CDM ProjectLohia electric vehicles India In registration as CDM ProjectElectrotherm electric vehicles India In registration as CDM ProjectEKO electric vehicles India In registration as CDM ProjectHERO electric vehicles India In registration as CDM ProjectMetro Gurgaeon India In registration as CDM ProjectBharathi Freight road to rail India In validation as CDM ProjectMetro Mumbai Line 2 India In validation as CDM ProjectBRT Guatemala Guatemala In validation as CDM ProjectBRT Quito Ecuador In validation as CDM ProjectLRT/Metro Tunis Tunisia In validation as CDM ProjectMetro Incheon Line 2 Corea In registration as CDM ProjectMetro Busan Extension Line 1 Corea In registration as CDM ProjectMetro Daegu Line 3 Corea In registration as CDM ProjectEfficient truck fleets Manila Philipinnes PDD under developmentBRT Dhaka Bangladesh PDD under developmentKTX Corea Corea PDD under developmentEfficient bus fleets Korea PoA under developmentIR double tracking rail lines India PDD under development
GRÜTTER CONSULTING
TRANSPORT PROJECTS
TRANSPORT AND CARBON FINANCE
Electric/hybrid vehicles
BRTs
Metros
LRTs
Cable‐Cars
Rail
...Eficiency Projects
and
CDM
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
To be a BRT at minimum a bus‐only lane plus another feature such as closed stations or smart ticketing should be included
Not all BRTs reduce emissions
Try whenever to include feeders (AM0031)
ERs between 30,000 and 600,000 per annum
BRTs ‐ Core Issues
ERs are based on trip emissions pax would have caused in absence of the BRT
Additionality problematic except if LDC or 1st of its kind
Core data requirements next to FSR:
• SFC of modes (or use defaults)
• Occupation rate of modes (can also be indirect over trip distance)
Example: PDD ZZ
BRTs ‐ Core Issues
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Metros, LRTs, Cable‐Cars and CDM
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Needs a lot of passengers to reduce sufficient emissions: see Busan
Must be new line. Less than 30km new metro is not worthwhile
Always much less pax than projected
ERs are based on trip emissions pax would have caused in absence of the MRTS but as indicator emissions per PKM and not per trip
ERs between 10,000 and 600,000 t per annum
Additionality very problematic except if LDC or 1st of its kind
Core data requirements next to FSR:
• SFC of modes (or use defaults)
• Occupation rate of modes
Example: PDD Tunis
Metros, LRTs, Cable‐Cars: Core Issues
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Electric vehicles and CDM
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Market: electric motorcycles and 3‐wheelers or hybrid fleets (min. 100 trucks/buses or 1,000 taxis, cars)
Needs a lot of vehicles Sensitive to grid factor. Max. grid factor of 0.8kgCO2/kwh –
otherwise electric vehicles have comparable emissions to gasoline ones
ERs between 10‐30,000 per annum ERs are based on relative emissions electric to gasoline
(motorcycle) Additionality simple based on market penetration rate. Core data requirement SFC of baseline vehicle Example: PDD Hero
Electric vehicles – Core Issues
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Rail and CDM
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
New meth for new rail tracks
Minimum 100km new track
Can be operated by diesel, electric, coal train
Freight or pax transport
Methodology not yet approved
Good potential and fairly large projects
Needs information on pax and types of goods transported
ER basically based on rail versus road
See example PDD IR
Rail Core Issues
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Efficiency Projects
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
Fleets: Easiest bus fleet
Efficiency improvements including ecodrive, tyres, hybrids, oils, etc
Dynamic baseline: comparable group of vehicles without measure is monitored and project is monitored; difference = ER
Core issue is if these measures really reduce SFC
Additionality relatively simple with market penetration rate
Monitoring relatively complex
Efficiency Projects – Core Issues
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
POAs Not really much advantages but far more complex also legally Perhaps for efficient fleets
NAMAs Still unclear if and how Similar discussions since years with sectoral approach, programmtic
approach etc…. Problems of benchmark, geographical scope etc are significant
TRANSPORT PROJECTS & CDM
STANDARDIZED BASELINES Regional scope e.g. LDC and Asia (except India, China, Indonesia) Pre established number for baseline; guideline gives path to determine
baseline factors Additionality based on benchmark Indicators: gCO2/pkm ; gCO2/tkm ; gCO2/km
EXAMPLE: BRT Zhengzhou
City of 3.5 million people
BRT including feeders has around 2 million passengers per day
32 km of ring trunk road exclusively for buses used by 12 BRT routes
130 feeder routes
400 trunk and around 3,000 feeder buses
The Project
On trunk routes articulated diesel buses On feeder routes large diesel, CNG,
some diesel‐hybrids and electric battery buses
Uses AM0031
The project was registered 06/2011 (2nd registered transport project in China after BRT Chongqing, also by GC)
1st issuance of CERs end 2012
Around 200,000 tCERs per annum
Problems:
• Validation took 2 years due to validator (Germanischer Lloyd)
• Data collection for monitoring, especially fuel consumption, at start not easy due to lack of QA
Success: operational, generates credits, growing in size
EXAMPLE: BRT Zhengzhou
CDM
EXAMPLE:Metro Delhi
City of 14 million inhabitants
Project includes only phase II
102 km of metro with 11 lines
Around 1.1 million passengers per day
Passengers take metro instead of car, taxi, rickshaw, bus
The Project
Uses ACM0016 The project was registered 06/2011 (1st metro project
worldwide) Since 08/2011 fully operational all lines 1st issuance of CERs end 2012 Around 500,000 tCERs per annum Problems:
• Validation 1st TUEV North and after 1 year changed to SQS as TUEV North was completely incapable of even writing CLs or CARs. SQS then validated.
• Costly monitoring (survey, leakage)
Success: operational, generates credits, growing in size
EXAMPLE:Metro Delhi
CDM
• Electric scooters in all over India
• Speed range of scooters: 25‐60 km/h
• Distance range: 40‐100 km
• Power: 250‐1,800 Watt
• 2,000‐3,000 sold scooters per month per project (gasoline around 400,000 scooters per month)
• Even with grid of 0.9kg CO2 /kWh in India electric scooters are still more efficient that gasoline ones in terms of CO2 emissions
• Baseline: gasoline scooters
• Market share electric scooters in India: < 1% (additionality base)
The Project
EXAMPLE: Electric Scooters
Uses AMSIIIC (small scale)
First electric vehicle projects worldwide
4 projects around producers (Hero, EKO, electrotherm, Lohia)
In registration all 4; around 30,000 tCERs per annum per project
1st issuance of CERs end 2013
Problems: • Validation 1st TUEV North: TUEV was not capable of a report after around
3 years; Complaint to UNFCCC; Icontec then validated.
• Needs a lot of scooters, especially in India due to high grid factor
Success:Projects finally in registration
CDM
EXAMPLE: Electric Scooters
EXAMPLE: Rail
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
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100%
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
road
rail
Mode share passenger transit India
The Projects• High Speed Rail
– KTX Korea Seoul Mokpo– 300km/h operating speed– 232 km new line– Without KTX many passengers would have used the plane
• Conventional rail– Double tracking in India including various lines– Line Daund – Gulbarga is double tracking of 235km– Diesel and electric part– Passenger and freight – 50% of freight is cement– 10 million tkm per day freight– 30 million pkm per day passenger– Around 60 trains per day
EXAMPLE: Rail
• HSR:– Methodology approved by UNFCCC– PDD under development– Around 200,000 tCERs per annum– Operational 2016– Difficulty: additionality
• Conventional Rail:– Made on behalf of ADB– Methodology under discussion at the UNFCCC; expected approval
end 2012– Daund line around 450,000 tCERs per annum– Difficulty: data baseline on road transport– Success: large impact of project– Rail is if based on diesel or electric far more efficient than road
CDM
EXAMPLE: Rail
Thank you very much !
TRANSPORT AND CARBON FINANCE
• Dr. Jürg M. Grütter• jgruetter@transport‐ghg.com• www.transport‐ghg.com