Transplantations and Borderlands Chapter 2. The Early Chesapeake 144 men set sail to the New World ...

Transplantations and BorderlandsChapter 2

The Early Chesapeake

144 men set sail to the New World In spring 1607 the 104 survivors made landfall around the

Chesapeake Bay

They sailed up the river (they named James) and created the settlement of Jamestown

The land was chosen because they thought it would be easy to defend, turns out it was a swampy mess that was owned by a confederation of Natives led by imperial chief Powhatan

They found it hard to establish a society since they had a bunch of gentlemen, not laborers; and no women


The colony was expected to send gold back to the London Company promoters With no gold to be found, they sent back lumber, tar, and

iron instead

Weakened by disease and lack of nutrition, the colonists quickly began to die off

John Smith saved the colony from extinction by instituting tough rules about working Before his arrival 34 of the 104 were still alive

“He that shall not work, will not eat”—John Smith

He grew the colony to about 200 people


The London Company, now renamed Virginia Company, was committed to making money in Jamestown They sent more ships with 600 colonists (those ships

became lost in a hurricane, one ran ashore in Bermuda)

When the five ships finally made it to Jamestown they were weak and unable to fend for themselves

The Natives, angry over raids lead by John Smith’s men, refused to help the colonists

The colonists did what the could to survive, eating WHATEVER they could

Known as the “starving time” it seemed that Jamestown would once again be on track to fail


A twist of fate seemed positive as the sixth ship appears in Jamestown after freeing itself from Bermuda It found about 60 of the 500 people who voyaged to

Jamestown alive

They packed up on the ship and headed back to England, or so they thought

The governor and his crew intercepted the ship and took them back to work

Soon the colony began to thrive


Tobacco became a popular crop in Europe after Columbus introduced it John Rolfe decided to see if it would grow in VA—it did!

Tobacco, however, strips the soil quickly, thus taking lots of land to produce it

A push to expand also meant more labor needed; they introduced the headright system

Headright meant that you would get 50 acres for yourself and each family member that migrated to VA to farm tobacco (and eventually other stuff too) This is how some families that own lots of land today in that region

got it

The colony was given full rights as Englishmen and were allowed to self-govern (the elected members to the House of Burgesses)


The first group of Africans appeared after a Dutch ship brought them in At this point, the colonists weren’t interested in using them for

slavery, they preferred indentured servants instead

The only reason the colony survived is because they suppressed the Natives The English kidnapped Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas

She was converted to Christianity, married John Rolfe, and then went to England where she died of smallpox

Powhatan never got over the grief, and when he died his brother Opechancanough, became chief and led raids into the colony killing 347 of them

The Natives would finally pull back when an attack failed

The Virginia Company in London was broke, resulting in the King revoking its charter and making VA a royal colony


Maryland was established by George Calvert He wanted to establish a colony for real estate, and a retreat

for English Catholics

His son was actually the one to get the colony started

This colony actually befriended Natives, and therefore did not experience assaults, plagues, or starving time

It was the first colony to practice religious tolerance

The Toleration Act would be repealed in 1655, as the colony fell into civil war

The colony emerged to follow in Virginia’s footsteps


Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia, put down an Indian uprising in 1644 In an agreement with the Indians to prevent further uprising,

he declared that white settlement would be limited to an agreed-upon border

As Virginia’s population went from 8,000 in 1640 to 40,000 by 1660, the colonists wanted to push westward into protected Indian land

The area considered the “backcountry” was constantly in danger of Indian attacks


Nathaniel Bacon called for raids into Indian lands after Natives killed a white servant After a back-and-forth volley of fighting, Bacon led a team of

men into Indian territory

He also went up against the governor twice

He burned the city of Jamestown, and sent the governor into exile

He would have taken the colony of Virginia if he had not died suddenly of dysentery

When British reinforcements appeared, the Natives reluctantly signed a new treaty

The Growth of New England

Puritans who were discontent with the Church of England got permission from the King in 1608 to go to Holland The Dutch decided the Puritans were trouble, and pushed for

them to leave

The King then granted them right to head to the New World and establish a colony

They sailed on the Mayflower, during which time they created the Mayflower Compact


The Mayflower Compact was a civil government that pledged their allegiance to the King

Upon arriving in the New World, they depended on the help of Natives, such as Squanto and Samoset This led to the first Thanksgiving festival

Within 13 years, the established relationships with the Natives were all but destroyed through disease and other issues

As their population grew, they chose William Bradford (many times) to be their governor


The colony was always poor, but they believed God put them in the New Word to live as a truly Christian community

Governor Bradford wrote: “As one small candle may light 1000, so the light here

kindled hath shown to many, yea in some sort of our whole nation.”

More Puritans slipped away to the New World under the Massachusetts Bay Company They left largely because King Charles I had instituted

policies against the Puritans’ religion

The King never noticed mass migrations under the guise of the Massachusetts Bay Company


The migration was led by John Winthrop While the new settlers didn’t seek to break away from the

Church of England, they did allow for their new churches to have complete liberty

These churches became known as The Congregational Churches

They accepted John Calvin’s predestination theory

They sought freedom to worship without interference from other organized churches

They sought to be a “city upon a hill,” by living thriftily and hard working as possible

While the ministers didn’t have power, the government did protect them by requiring citizens to pay taxes that assisted the church


As more people moved to Massachusetts, a larger number of people began to disagree with the colony’s religious structure Many chose to move to Connecticut

One those dissatisfied with the colony was Roger Williams, who called for a separation of church and state He established the colony of Rhode Island, where all faiths,

including Jews, were allowed to worship

Ann Hutchinson found herself relocated to Rhode Island when she made claims that God was giving her spiritual guidance

Bell Ringer

What was the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?


Some Natives did try to adapt to European life “Praying Indians” were Natives who converted and joined

Puritan communities

Most Natives did not have positive encounters as the Puritans tried to civilize them The Natives viewed them as a threat because the whites

tried to take their land and their food supply

Some Indians became alcoholics, some converted to Christianity, but some went to war


One of the most violent struggles between the English and the Natives occurred when the English allied with the Narragansett tribe, who were rivals of the Pequots Hundreds of Pequots were killed; others were sold into

slavery

In the end, nearly the whole tribe was wiped out

One of the longest conflicts occurred when the Wampanoags rose up against the English Led by King Phillip (Metacomet), the three-year war led to

the destruction of several towns and killed approximately 1,000 colonists


The tide would turn against the Wampanoags when Metacomet was captured and executed The British placed his head on a pike and paraded it through

town

King Philip’s War had very high casualties due to an increase in weapons technology

In the end the Natives were simply unable to compete even with advanced weapons and new forts—the English had more people and more firepower

Restoration Colonies

By the end of the 1630s there were six British colonies: VA, MA, MD, CT, RI, and NH

Britain would not establish any more colonies for several years as they were dealing with the English Civil War at home When the war was over, King Charles II was restored to the

throne

Charles II was committed to colonizing America Under his reign we gain the colonies of Carolina, NY, NJ, and

PA


The Carolina colony started as a land grant from the King to 8 proprietors They hoped to make money off of speculation and annual

payments from those under the headright system

Carolina promised religious freedom to all Christians and a representative assembly Wanted to steal away colonists from other colonies

Initially they failed, but Anthony Ashley Cooper financed for people to voyage to Carolina Eventually was able to get enough people to populate the

colony capital—Charles Town (later renamed Charleston)


Worried that the colony would end up like England John Locke was asked to help develop a constitution The Fundamental Constitution for Carolina created a utopia

society (sorta)

In reality, the North and South were very divided

The North was backwoods farmers, no aristocracy, no significant slave importing

The South was more “high society,” farmed for profit (rice), and sold Native slaves

Most unique to Southern Carolina was its relationship with Barbados where African slaves were taken—eventually they moved the slave trade into the colony

The King took control of Carolina and split it into NC and SC to try and stabilize it

Two Carolinas

Rural NC Fort Sumter, SC


Charles II granted the land between the DE and CT rivers to his brother James, duke of York The land was already claimed by the Dutch

The English invaded the port of New Amsterdam (NYC) and won the colony from the Dutch

It was renamed New York and had a very diverse population of Dutch, British, German, French, and Scandinavians, as well as African slaves

The colony allowed for various faiths, and power was very split amongst the Dutch, English, and fur traders

Manhattan Island, 2006


NJ was established as a piece of NY that was given to a couple of proprietors Their squabbling led to the King making NJ a royal colony

The colony was very diverse like NY

It did not have many wealthy people

It also did not have any major cities develop


PA has a similar story to MA’s settlement A “radical” religious group, called The Society of Friends (or

Quakers), was not welcomed in England due to extreme views

They believed in women and men having the same power in the church, no predestination, all could attain salvation, and were pacifists

They wanted a colony in America but knew the King would not grant them one—until one of their own, William Penn, was owed money by the King

He instead gave him a huge piece of land in America


The Penn never made money off the colony, and he died in debt but he established a colony that upheld Quaker ideals Developed well laid out cities such as Philadelphia (Brotherly

Love)

Land was bought from Natives fairly

The colony did become profitable due to Penn’s planning and the good soil of the region

The colony struggled the absolute power of the government Penn eventually granted representative assemblies under

the Charter of Liberties

Unique Georgia

James Oglethorpe hoped to establish a barrier colony to protect the English colonies from Spain He also wanted Georgia to be a place for people of England

to be able to start anew

He collected up those rotting in debtor’s prison to come live in GA so that they could farm it and become soldiers

No Africans (slave or free) were allowed in the colony and no booze or Catholics

Other than debtors, poor tradesmen moved from England and Scotland Eventually they demanded the right to buy slaves, which

was granted, as was access to alcohol and eventually the colony was turned over to the King

Scenes from Savannah, GA

Unifying the Colonies

England began to call for a reorganization of its colonial holdings

They wanted to make sure that they were getting the benefit out of the American colonies and upholding the mercantilist ideology they held

In order to do this they passed three Navigation Acts

1. Colonies were closed to all trade except that involving English ships (imports or exports) and were required to export tobacco straight to England

2. Goods being shipped to the colonists had to go through England so it could get taxed

3. (as punishment for not following the first 2) Duties on costal trade was imposed and customs officials were placed in port towns to enforce the Navigation Acts

If you violated you were tried naval courts which did not have the same rights of the accused that colonial courts did

There was some benefit to the colonists—Britain trying to make money off of them, encouraged and subsidized their industries and farms

Assignment

ON YOUR OWN: Read “Borderlands and Middle Grounds” and “The Evolution of the British Empire” p. 54-65. Pay particular attention to the slave revolts and be able to discuss them.

Chose which colony you would have wanted to live in Write a short summary of what the colony was like regarding

religions, profitability, agriculture, early inhabitants, and interactions with natives

Write an argument why that colony is better than other colonies (be sure to use comparisons such as “x” was not a colony designed for profit while “y” was) and support it with facts!

Create a flyer for your colony convincing people back in Britain to move to your location

Due Thursday, September 6th

Transplantations and Borderlands Chapter 2. The Early Chesapeake 144 men set sail to the New World ...

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